{"id":10908,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mamo-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:49:55","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:49:55","slug":"mamo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/mamo\/","title":{"rendered":"Mamo"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10908\" class=\"elementor elementor-10908 elementor-1339\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mamo, esprit de la tradition tib\u00e9taine<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mamo est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de la tradition tib\u00e9taine.<\/p><p>Esprits-m\u00e8res f\u00e9minins et sombres de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, entre protection et \u00e9pid\u00e9mie.<\/p><p>Les Mamo sont des \u00eatres dakini de la tradition tib\u00e9taine et incarnent une force naturelle sauvage et indompt\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funts, \u00eatres de la nature, esprits domestiques ou gardiens des seuils. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou \u00e0 des familles.\">Geist<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition tib\u00e9to-bouddhiste et B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, monde des Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_mamo-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131186\" alt=\"Mamo - esprits de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_mamo-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_mamo-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_mamo-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_mamo.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mamo (ma mo)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Mamo (tib. <em>ma mo<\/em>, \u00ab m\u00e8res \u00bb) forment une classe particuli\u00e8re d&rsquo;\u00eatres f\u00e9minins largement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e dans le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des dieux d'une religion ou d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panth\u00e9on<\/span> tib\u00e9tain. Elles se situent entre esprits protecteurs, m\u00e8res de la terre et d\u00e9mons dangereux. En tant qu&rsquo;esprits-m\u00e8res ambivalents, elles peuvent apporter prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9, sant\u00e9 et pluie, ou, lorsque l&rsquo;ordre est viol\u00e9, d\u00e9cha\u00eener \u00e9pid\u00e9mies, guerres, catastrophes naturelles et troubles sociaux.<\/p><p>Les Mamo sont \u00e9troitement li\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;id\u00e9e d&rsquo;un \u00e9quilibre rompu entre l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain et la nature. La tradition tib\u00e9taine interpr\u00e8te fr\u00e9quemment les pand\u00e9mies, les bouleversements climatiques et les catastrophes politiques comme l&rsquo;expression d&rsquo;un <em>ma mo&rsquo;i gtor chen<\/em>, une \u00ab grande \u00e9poque d&rsquo;\u00e9jection des Mamo \u00bb, durant laquelle les esprits-m\u00e8res se retournent contre un monde d\u00e9figur\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aper\u00e7u rapide : Mamo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Cat\u00e9gorie de d\u00e9mons-m\u00e8res f\u00e9minins<br>Origine : Conceptions pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhistes de la m\u00e8re-terre ; traditions indiennes-bouddhistes des <em>dakini<\/em> et des <em>matrika<\/em><br>Textes : Cycles de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tantrique indien l\u00e9gendaire (VIIIe s.) ; a transmis le bouddhisme au Tibet.\">Padmasambhava<\/span>, Kangyur\/Tengyur, manuels rituels des divinit\u00e9s protectrices<br>Effets : \u00e9pid\u00e9mies, mauvaises r\u00e9coltes, guerres, troubles psychiques ; positivement : fertilit\u00e9 et prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9<br>Protection : Ma-mo-Torma, offrandes de fum\u00e9e, pratique rituelle des Dharmapalas<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777529073 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777529073\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777529073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777529073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><em><strong>Distinction avec les Gyalpo :<\/strong> Contrairement aux <a href=\"\/fr\/gyalpo\/\">Gyalpo<\/a>, les d\u00e9mons-rois masculins, les Mamo sont des esprits-m\u00e8res f\u00e9minins et sombres \u2013 non pas des moines d\u00e9chus, mais des incarnations de la nature f\u00e9minine sauvage et indompt\u00e9e dans la tradition tib\u00e9taine.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte historique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradition des Mamo poss\u00e8de deux racines principales : d&rsquo;une part, des conceptions pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhistes tib\u00e9to-centrasiatiques de divinit\u00e9s-m\u00e8res de la terre et de ma\u00eetresses des espaces sauvages ; d&rsquo;autre part, l&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage indien-bouddhiste des <em>matrika<\/em> (divinit\u00e9s-m\u00e8res) et des <em>dakini<\/em> (voyageuses c\u00e9lestes). De l&rsquo;assimilation tib\u00e9taine de ces deux courants na\u00eet le champ Mamo avec ses traits ambivalents et sombres.<\/p><p>Il est notable que Padmasambhava, lors de l&rsquo;introduction du bouddhisme dans les hauts plateaux tib\u00e9tains, aurait li\u00e9 de nombreuses Mamo et les aurait int\u00e9gr\u00e9es dans le cercle des esprits protecteurs. Dans les \u00e9crits Gelug des si\u00e8cles suivants, la classe des Mamo est d\u00e9crite de fa\u00e7on syst\u00e9matique.<\/p><h3>Positionnement mythologique<\/h3><p>Les <em>Mamo<\/em> sont des esprits ou des d\u00e9esses f\u00e9minins dans le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain et dans la croyance pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhiste du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"La tradition religieuse pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhiste du Tibet ; travaille avec les Tsen, Nyen, Lu et D\u00fc comme classification des \u00eatres non humains.\">B\u00f6n<\/span>. Elles apparaissent en groupes collectifs plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;individuellement : certaines Mamo sont des esprits-gardiens des montagnes, d&rsquo;autres agissent comme d\u00e9mons de la destruction. Leur g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie remonte \u00e0 la religiosit\u00e9 tib\u00e9taine pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Mamo sont v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es et redout\u00e9es dans l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;espace culturel tib\u00e9to-bouddhiste. Certaines Mamo li\u00e9es \u00e0 des lieux pr\u00e9cis sont attach\u00e9es \u00e0 des montagnes, des cols et des monast\u00e8res particuliers (par exemple Palden Lhamo au lac Lhamo Latso, au sud de Lhassa). La figure de Palden Lhamo (skt. Shri Devi) est la Mamo institutionnalis\u00e9e la plus \u00e9minente, divinit\u00e9 protectrice du Dala\u00ef-Lama et de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Sources principales : cycles de Padmasambhava et textes Terma de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole Nyingma ; Kangyur\/Tengyur avec la litt\u00e9rature dakini et matrika ; manuels rituels consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 Palden Lhamo. Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence : Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956) ; Willis, Janice D. (1987) \u00ab Dakini: Some Comments on Its Nature and Meaning \u00bb ; Simmer-Brown, Judith (2001) Dakini&rsquo;s Warm Breath.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En tib\u00e9tain <em>ma mo<\/em>, la traduction litt\u00e9rale \u00ab m\u00e8res \u00bb d\u00e9signe ici une classe et non la maternit\u00e9 biologique.<\/p><ul><li><strong>D\u00fc mo<\/strong>, \u00ab m\u00e8res de Mara \u00bb, sous-forme particuli\u00e8rement sombre.<\/li><li>Gya mo, nom collectif pour diverses sous-classes de Mamo.<\/li><li>Palden Lhamo (dpal ldan lha mo), \u00ab D\u00e9esse glorieuse \u00bb ; Mamo institutionnalis\u00e9e la plus \u00e9minente, skt. Shri Devi.<\/li><li>Ekajati, Mamo \u00e0 une seule dent, un seul \u0153il et un seul sein ; gardienne des enseignements Terma secrets.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence.<\/strong> Les Mamo sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme des figures f\u00e9minines \u00e0 la peau sombre ou bleu-noir, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement nues ou v\u00eatues de peau de tigre, avec des cheveux emm\u00eal\u00e9s, des parures de squelette, des colliers de cr\u00e2nes et des traits sauvages. Palden Lhamo chevauche une mule dont la selle est recouverte de peau humaine ; Ekajati est borgne, n&rsquo;a qu&rsquo;une seule dent et un seul sein.<\/p><p>Comportement. Les Mamo r\u00e9agissent avec violence aux perturbations morales et \u00e9cologiques : violation de pactes, profanation de lieux sacr\u00e9s, grands d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres. Elles peuvent alors d\u00e9clencher \u00e9pid\u00e9mies, guerres, famines et maladies psychiques. Lorsqu&rsquo;elles sont li\u00e9es, elles sont de puissantes protectrices du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme, le devoir et l'ordre cosmique ; dans le bouddhisme, l'enseignement du Bouddha.\">Dharma<\/span>.<\/p><p>Notion du temps. Les \u00ab \u00e9poques Mamo \u00bb sont des p\u00e9riodes de crises collectives ; en ces temps, de grands rituels Ma-mo-Torma et Ch\u00f6pa sont accomplis.<\/p><h3>Apparence et symbolique<\/h3><p>Les <em>Mamo<\/em> sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme des esprits f\u00e9minins au feu rouge et dor\u00e9 ou comme des furies bleu-noir sombre. Elles portent des armes et des symboles de puissance. On les figure souvent en groupes de trois ou cinq, chacune avec sa propre couleur et son attribut. La symbolique varie selon qu&rsquo;elles sont comprises comme esprits protecteurs ou comme esprits obstacles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Mamo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects les plus importants des Mamo en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte culturel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Divinit\u00e9s-m\u00e8res de la terre pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhistes, traditions indiennes-bouddhistes des <em>matrika<\/em> et des <em>dakini<\/em> ; syst\u00e9matis\u00e9es par Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Concernant<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les communaut\u00e9s en p\u00e9riode de crise collective ; les profanateurs de lieux sacr\u00e9s ; les malades et les personnes psychiquement instables ; dans un sens positif : les tantrikas et les monast\u00e8res plac\u00e9s sous leur protection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence des Mamo<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure f\u00e9minine \u00e0 la peau sombre ou bleu-noir, aux cheveux emm\u00eal\u00e9s, par\u00e9e de squelette et v\u00eatue de peau de tigre ; souvent arm\u00e9e (\u00e9p\u00e9e, coupe cr\u00e2nienne, trident).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domaine d'action<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c9pid\u00e9mies, mauvaises r\u00e9coltes, guerres, instabilit\u00e9 psychique, oppression nocturne ; positivement : fertilit\u00e9, pluie, protection r\u00e9solue.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Don offert \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offrandes<\/span> Ma-mo-Torma, offrandes de fum\u00e9e Sang, pratique rituelle des divinit\u00e9s protectrices (Palden Lhamo, Ekajati), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une succession r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actes symboliques \u00e0 signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> Ch\u00f6dpa, visualisation tantrique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00catres apparent\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonctionnellement apparent\u00e9es aux Matrikas hindoues et aux aspects de Kali, toutes deux se manifestant comme m\u00e8res courrouc\u00e9es collectives. Dans la tradition bouddhiste mahayana au sens large, les <em>dakini<\/em> se situent, \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re d&rsquo;Empousa, au seuil entre fonction terrifiante et fonction lib\u00e9ratrice. \u00c9quivalents tib\u00e9tains : <a href=\"\/fr\/palden-lhamo\/\">Palden Lhamo<\/a> comme d\u00e9esse protectrice courrouc\u00e9e, Ekajati comme gardienne courrouc\u00e9e des tantras, <a href=\"\/fr\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja<\/a> comme juge des morts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection au quotidien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>C\u00e9r\u00e9monies Ma-mo-Torma.<\/strong> En p\u00e9riode de crise collective ou dans le cadre de la pratique monastique r\u00e9guli\u00e8re, de grandes f\u00eates Torma sont organis\u00e9es pour apaiser simultan\u00e9ment de nombreuses Mamo.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une succession r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actes symboliques \u00e0 signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">Rituel<\/span> de Palden Lhamo. La grande divinit\u00e9 protectrice est v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e quotidiennement dans de nombreux monast\u00e8res, en particulier dans l&rsquo;\u00e9cole Gelug ; au Lhamo Latso, le \u00ab lac de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> \u00bb, des visions sont recherch\u00e9es depuis des si\u00e8cles.<\/p><p>Pratique Ch\u00f6dpa. Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une succession r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actes symboliques \u00e0 signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> tantrique du Ch\u00f6d, dans lequel le pratiquant offre son propre corps aux \u00eatres affam\u00e9s, est particuli\u00e8rement efficace dans la relation avec les forces Mamo.<\/p><p>\u00c9cologie et morale. Traditionnellement, la protection contre la col\u00e8re des Mamo s&rsquo;obtient aussi par la pr\u00e9servation des lieux sacr\u00e9s, le respect des enseignantes f\u00e9minines et le maintien des pactes collectifs.<\/p><h3><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">Culte<\/span> et v\u00e9n\u00e9ration<\/h3><p>Les <em>Mamo<\/em> sont apais\u00e9es au Tibet par des rites destin\u00e9s \u00e0 temp\u00e9rer leur force destructrice. Les rituels consacr\u00e9s aux Mamo font partie des pratiques de protection dans les monast\u00e8res. Elles sont invoqu\u00e9es pour se pr\u00e9munir contre les catastrophes naturelles et pour repousser les \u00e9nergies d\u00e9moniaques f\u00e9minines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mamo, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Inde\/Hindouisme.<\/strong> Les <em>matrika<\/em> (divinit\u00e9s-m\u00e8res) et <em>Kali<\/em> sont les parentes les plus proches ; l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus iconographiques et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> avec parures de squelette et carnation sombre est partag\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Bouddhisme. Les figures <em>dakini<\/em> sont iconographiquement proches des Mamo ; dans la r\u00e9ception occidentale, les deux termes sont souvent confondus \u2013 Dakini d\u00e9signe les messag\u00e8res c\u00e9lestes, Mamo la classe plus sombre des m\u00e8res de la terre.<\/p><p>Europe. Baba Yaga et les m\u00e8res-for\u00eats slaves apparent\u00e9es, la <em>mormo<\/em> grecque : <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> universel des Grandes M\u00e8res ambivalentes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6f829c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa6f829c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1e9e62d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1e9e62d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les Mamo dans le panth\u00e9on tib\u00e9to-bouddhiste<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9717e61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9717e61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6793fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6793fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <em>Mamo<\/em>, souvent \u00e9crites en tib\u00e9tain <em>ma mo<\/em>, forment une classe distincte d&rsquo;\u00eatres f\u00e9minins au sein du monde complexe des esprits du bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain. Elles sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des puissances courrouc\u00e9es, associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la maladie, \u00e0 la guerre et au malheur.<\/p><p>Dans les classifications de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, elles sont fr\u00e9quemment rattach\u00e9es aux divinit\u00e9s protectrices, mais leur statut est ambigu : selon le contexte, elles apparaissent comme des forces sauvages et dangereuses ou comme des protectrices de l&rsquo;enseignement li\u00e9es au <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans les religions indiennes, l'enseignement et le juste ordre de l'action.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>.<\/p><p>Cette double nature n&rsquo;est pas une contradiction : elle correspond \u00e0 une logique fondamentale de la religion tib\u00e9taine. Nombre des principales divinit\u00e9s protectrices sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des \u00eatres originellement sauvages, pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhistes ou d\u00e9moniaques, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis par un grand ma\u00eetre \u2013 dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, souvent Padmasambhava \u2013 et li\u00e9s au bouddhisme par un serment.<\/p><p>Les Mamo appartiennent \u00e0 ce groupe de puissances li\u00e9es mais dangereuses par nature. Leur domestication n&rsquo;est jamais d\u00e9finitivement assur\u00e9e ; elle doit \u00eatre renouvel\u00e9e sans cesse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Appartenant \u00e0 un d\u00e9roulement d'actions religieuses codifi\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituellement<\/span>.<\/p><p>La recherche en sciences des religions sur la religion tib\u00e9taine \u2013 notamment les travaux fondamentaux de Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz sur les divinit\u00e9s protectrices du Tibet \u2013 a mis en \u00e9vidence les Mamo comme exemple de la stratification du panth\u00e9on tib\u00e9tain.<\/p><p>En elles se combinent des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la religion autochtone pr\u00e9bo\u0443\u0434dhiste, des influences du tantrisme indien et la syst\u00e9matique ordonnatrice du bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain d\u00e9velopp\u00e9. Les Mamo ne peuvent donc pas \u00eatre ramen\u00e9es \u00e0 une origine unique. Elles sont le produit de la longue fusion d&rsquo;histoires religieuses qui caract\u00e9rise le Tibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp47e7baa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp47e7baa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf0966a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf0966a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les Mamo, la maladie et le d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre du monde<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6942b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6942b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6bc54c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6bc54c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans la conception tib\u00e9taine, les Mamo sont \u00e9troitement associ\u00e9es aux \u00e9pid\u00e9mies, aux maladies et \u00e0 la d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration sociale. Elles sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme les puissances qui r\u00e9pandent les maladies contagieuses et qui se renforcent en p\u00e9riode de d\u00e9clin moral.<\/p><p>Ce lien n&rsquo;est pas fortuit : la religion tib\u00e9taine interpr\u00e8te fr\u00e9quemment les malheurs collectifs comme la cons\u00e9quence d&rsquo;un ordre perturb\u00e9, d&rsquo;un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre entre les \u00eatres humains et les puissances invisibles de leur environnement.<\/p><p>Les Mamo sont d\u00e9crites, dans ce contexte, comme particuli\u00e8rement sensibles \u00e0 la souillure et \u00e0 la rupture des pactes. Lorsque des serments sont bris\u00e9s, lorsque des obligations rituelles sont n\u00e9glig\u00e9es, lorsque le monde se d\u00e9tourne de l&rsquo;enseignement, dit-on, les Mamo entrent en col\u00e8re et envoient maladie et guerre.<\/p><p>Leur action est ainsi un indicateur de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de l&rsquo;ordre moral et rituel. Elles sont moins des fl\u00e9aux arbitraires qu&rsquo;une sorte d&rsquo;instance d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution qui r\u00e9agit aux perturbations.<\/p><p>Cette interpr\u00e9tation a eu des cons\u00e9quences pratiques sur la pratique rituelle. En p\u00e9riode d&rsquo;\u00e9pid\u00e9mie ou de guerre, les monast\u00e8res accomplissaient des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies particuli\u00e8res adress\u00e9es aux Mamo pour apaiser leur col\u00e8re. Ces rituels comprenaient des offrandes, des aveux de fautes et le renouvellement rituel du lien des Mamo \u00e0 l&rsquo;enseignement.<\/p><p>La recherche en sciences des religions y voit un exemple \u00e9clairant de la fa\u00e7on dont la religion tib\u00e9taine inscrivait les crises collectives dans un cadre d&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation cosmologique et y r\u00e9pondait par un travail de r\u00e9paration rituelle. Les Mamo n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas seulement la cause du malheur, mais aussi son destinataire : c&rsquo;est \u00e0 elles que s&rsquo;adressait l&rsquo;effort rituel visant \u00e0 r\u00e9tablir l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens approfondis<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li>Page culturelle <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Autres profils individuels du Tibet : <a href=\"\/fr\/lu\/\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/tsen\/\">Tsen<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/nyen\/\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/gyalpo\/\">Gyalpo<\/a>.<\/li><li>D\u00e9tail sur les Mamo \u00e0 venir<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie de recherche<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection compacte de travaux centraux sur les Mamo :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Simmer-Brown, Judith : <em>Dakini&rsquo;s Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism.<\/em> Shambhala, Boston 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Willis, Janice D. : <em>Dakini: Some Comments on Its Nature and Meaning.<\/em> In : Feminine Ground: Essays on Women and Tibet, Ithaca 1987.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mamo-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-mamo-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-mamo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mamo-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-mamo-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici constitue une mise en contexte scientifique de traditions historiques. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1696,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mamo Dakini","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mamo \u2013 \u00eatres dakini et force de la nature","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Les Mamo, esprits-m\u00e8res f\u00e9minins et sombres de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, \u00eatres proches des dakini, entre protection et \u00e9pid\u00e9mie.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[29,25,63],"class_list":["post-10908","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geister","category-kulturen","category-tibet"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mamo \u2013 \u00eatres dakini et force de la nature<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les Mamo, esprits-m\u00e8res f\u00e9minins et sombres de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, \u00eatres proches des dakini, entre protection et \u00e9pid\u00e9mie.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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