{"id":10901,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:58","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mahr-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:49:43","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:49:43","slug":"mahr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/mahr\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10901\" class=\"elementor elementor-10901 elementor-1032\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr, esprit de la tradition germanique<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de la tradition germanique.<\/p><p>La presseuse nocturne f\u00e9minine, forme originelle conserv\u00e9e dans le langage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funts, \u00eatres de la nature, esprits domestiques ou gardiens des seuils. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou \u00e0 des familles.\">Geist<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/germanique\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Monde des dieux et des esprits pr\u00e9chr\u00e9tiens d'Europe du Nord et du Centre.\">Germanisch<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131200\" alt=\"Mahr - esprits de la tradition germanique, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le Mahr (ou la Mahr, traditionnellement f\u00e9minin) est une figure du folklore germanique \u00e9troitement apparent\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;Alp.<\/p><p>Tous deux sont des esprits oppresseurs de la nuit, tous deux provoquent des cauchemars et la <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/fr\/paralysie-du-sommeil\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tat perceptif dans lequel la conscience s'\u00e9veille mais o\u00f9 le corps reste paralys\u00e9 par l'atonie REM ; souvent accompagn\u00e9 d'hallucinations.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">paralysie du sommeil<\/a>. La diff\u00e9rence est d&rsquo;ordre linguistique et historique : le Mahr appartient \u00e0 une couche plus ancienne, proto-germanique (germ. <em>*maran-<\/em>), attest\u00e9e dans le vieil anglais <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, le vieux norrois <em>mara<\/em>, le vieux haut-allemand <em>mara<\/em>. L&rsquo;anglais <em>nightmare<\/em> et le fran\u00e7ais <em>cauchemar<\/em> portent ce mot jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p><div><p><strong>Figure f\u00e9minine dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> nordique et allemande<\/strong><\/p><p>Le Mahr appara\u00eet souvent comme une figure nocturne f\u00e9minine dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> nordique et allemande. Dans l&rsquo;<em>Edda en prose<\/em> de Snorri Sturluson (r\u00e9dig\u00e9e vers 1220), des figures f\u00e9minines \u00e0 la nature f\u00e9erique et d\u00e9moniaque sont d\u00e9crites, oscillant entre d\u00e9esse et d\u00e9mone.<\/p><p>Bien que l&rsquo;Edda ne nomme pas explicitement le Mahr, les visitations nocturnes d\u00e9crites par des \u00eatres f\u00e9minins correspondent aux r\u00e9cits ult\u00e9rieurs sur le Mahr. La tradition populaire su\u00e9doise et allemande de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne a ensuite pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 davantage cette figure.<\/p><p>Jacobus Sprenger et d&rsquo;autres d\u00e9monologues du Marteau des sorci\u00e8res ont d\u00e9crit des d\u00e9mons nocturnes f\u00e9minins qui visitaient les hommes et s&rsquo;unissaient \u00e0 eux. Ces \u00eatres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s dans certains cas comme M\u00e4hre ou Mahr, ce qui sugg\u00e8re une continuit\u00e9 entre la tradition nordique pa\u00efenne et la d\u00e9monologie chr\u00e9tienne.<\/p><p>Le Mahr n&rsquo;\u00e9tait donc pas principalement une emprunt \u00e0 des traditions \u00e9trang\u00e8res, mais un produit local dot\u00e9 d&rsquo;une profondeur historique propre.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En un coup d'\u0153il : Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Esprit oppresseur nocturne f\u00e9minin<br>Origine : Couche germanique ancienne (<em>*maran-<\/em>)<br>Textes : Vieux norrois, vieil anglais, moyen haut-allemand ; Grimm, collections folkloriques<br>P\u00e9riode : Haut Moyen \u00c2ge jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 nos jours (linguistiquement vivant)<br>Protection : comme pour l&rsquo;Alp, pied-de-druide, chaussures, acier, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adresse verbale de l'\u00eatre humain \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">pri\u00e8re<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Attest\u00e9 linguistiquement d\u00e8s le proto-germanique (radical commun en vieux norrois, vieil anglais, vieux haut-allemand). T\u00e9moignages m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux dans la litt\u00e9rature et les sources juridiques. Richement document\u00e9 au XIXe si\u00e8cle (Grimm). Vivant jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui dans les mots \u00ab nightmare \u00bb \/ \u00ab cauchemar \u00bb \/ \u00ab Albtraum \u00bb (ce dernier synonyme des deux figures).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de r\u00e9partition<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ensemble de l&rsquo;espace germanique, avec des noms r\u00e9gionaux : Mahr (all.), mare (angl. dans <em>nightmare<\/em>), mara (vx. norr.\/su\u00e9d.), Mart\/M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, n\u00e9erlandais <em>nachtmerrie<\/em>. Pass\u00e9 dans les langues romanes via le fran\u00e7ais <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Textes m\u00e9dicaux vieil-anglais, sagas vieux-norroises (le roi Vanlandi est tu\u00e9 par une Mara dans la Ynglinga saga), sources juridiques en moyen haut-allemand, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des r\u00e9cits mythologiques transmis d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythologie<\/span> grimmienne, archives folkloriques des XIXe et XXe si\u00e8cles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vieux norrois :<\/strong> <em>mara<\/em>, pluriel <em>marur<\/em>.<br>Vieil anglais : <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>.<br>Vieux haut-allemand : <em>mara<\/em>.<br>Formes modernes : Nachtmahr, Nachtmar, Mart, M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, angl. <em>nightmare<\/em>, fr. <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<br>Apparent\u00e9 : Alp (masculin, souvent synonyme).<\/p><p>La Ynglinga saga raconte comment la reine-sorci\u00e8re su\u00e9doise Hulda envoie une Mara contre le roi Vanlandi, qui est pi\u00e9tin\u00e9 dans son lit pendant son sommeil. C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;un des plus anciens t\u00e9moignages litt\u00e9raires et il illustre la puissance mortelle de cette figure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence<\/strong><\/p><p>Figure f\u00e9minine, petite, aux longs cheveux emm\u00eal\u00e9s. Peut prendre une forme animale : chat, chien, araign\u00e9e. Entre par le trou de la serrure, la chemin\u00e9e, l&rsquo;interstice de la porte. Dans certaines r\u00e9gions, elle est d\u00e9crite comme une belle jeune femme, dans d&rsquo;autres comme une vieille femme dess\u00e9ch\u00e9e.<\/p><p><strong>Comportement<\/strong><\/p><p>S&rsquo;assoit sur la poitrine du dormeur, oppresse, d\u00e9robe le souffle, provoque des \u00e9tats cauchemardesques. Peut \u00ab chevaucher \u00bb les chevaux ; le matin, on observe des crini\u00e8res enchev\u00eatr\u00e9es (\u00ab tresses du Mahr \u00bb) et des animaux \u00e9puis\u00e9s. Dans les cas les plus graves, mort s&rsquo;ensuit (Ynglinga saga).<\/p><p><strong>Domaine d&rsquo;action<\/strong><\/p><p>Chambre \u00e0 coucher, \u00e9curie. Certaines nuits (jours-fronti\u00e8res, nuits du jeudi) sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme particuli\u00e8rement propices. Les personnes ayant une faible circulation, apr\u00e8s un repas lourd, en position dorsale, sont jug\u00e9es plus vuln\u00e9rables dans la croyance populaire.<\/p><p><strong>Classification mythologique<\/strong><\/p><p>Proto-germanique. Peut-\u00eatre apparent\u00e9e \u00e0 la conception d&rsquo;une \u00e2me errante (<em>mara<\/em> comme forme d&rsquo;\u00e2me f\u00e9minine dissoci\u00e9e qui erre la nuit). Figures \u00e9troitement apparent\u00e9es dans la tradition slave (Mora, Mura).<\/p><p><strong>Apparence et symbolique<\/strong><\/p><p>Les Mahre sont d\u00e9crites comme des ombres cr\u00e9pusculaires qui s&rsquo;assoient sur les dormeurs. Parfois elles apparaissent comme des \u00eatres elfiques. L&rsquo;Alb peut prendre une forme animale : cheval, oiseau ou chat. L&rsquo;oppression et la paralysie respiratoire sont leurs signatures. Le fer est r\u00e9put\u00e9 protecteur.<\/p><div><p><strong>Sorcellerie et tradition populaire de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne<\/strong><\/p><p>Dans l&rsquo;allemand du XVIe au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, le Mahr \u00e9tait \u00e9troitement li\u00e9 \u00e0 la sorcellerie. Des sorci\u00e8res accus\u00e9es \u00e9taient notamment inculp\u00e9es de chevaucher la nuit, sous la forme d&rsquo;un Mahr, des personnes endormies, de provoquer des cauchemars et de s\u00e9duire des hommes.<\/p><p>La fronti\u00e8re entre une forme d&rsquo;\u00eatre d\u00e9moniaque et une sorci\u00e8re se transformant magiquement en cette forme se brouillait souvent. Des traditions villageoises \u00e9voquaient des femmes capables de <em>chevaucher en tant que Mahr<\/em>, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire d&rsquo;envoyer leur \u00e2me sous cette forme tandis que leur corps physique dormait.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cette conviction n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas limit\u00e9e \u00e0 une seule r\u00e9gion, mais r\u00e9pandue sur l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;espace germanophone et en Scandinavie. Jakob Grimm a document\u00e9 dans la <em>Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des r\u00e9cits mythologiques transmis d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em> (1835) des centaines de r\u00e9cits sur le Mahr provenant de diverses contr\u00e9es, montrant que la tradition du Mahr \u00e9tait plus ancienne et plus r\u00e9pandue que l&rsquo;attention acad\u00e9mique de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque ne le laissait supposer.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects essentiels du Mahr en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte culturel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Couche proto-germanique ; peut-\u00eatre une forme d&rsquo;\u00e2me f\u00e9minine errante. Conserv\u00e9 linguistiquement jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui dans \u00ab nightmare \u00bb et \u00ab cauchemar \u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Victimes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Personnes endormies (en position dorsale, apr\u00e8s un repas lourd), chevaux \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9curie. Certaines nuits-fronti\u00e8res particuli\u00e8rement propices.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence du Mahr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00e9minine, petite, longs cheveux emm\u00eal\u00e9s. Capable de se m\u00e9tamorphoser en animal (chat, araign\u00e9e). R\u00e9gionalement d\u00e9crite comme belle femme ou vieille femme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonction<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oppresse, d\u00e9robe le souffle, provoque des cauchemars. \u00ab Chevauche \u00bb les chevaux. Peut \u00eatre mortelle dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> litt\u00e9raire (Ynglinga saga).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Comme pour l&rsquo;Alp : pied-de-druide, chaussures retourn\u00e9es devant le lit, couteau sous l&rsquo;oreiller. En outre : livre de cantiques ou psautier sous la t\u00eate, signe de croix au moment de se coucher.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00catres comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alp (proche parente), Mora\/Mura slaves, <a href=\"\/fr\/lilu-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b et Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection et interpr\u00e9tation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pratiques de protection<\/strong><\/p><p>Identiques \u00e0 celles contre l&rsquo;Alp : pied-de-druide, chaussures retourn\u00e9es, couteau sous l&rsquo;oreiller, psautier ou Bible sous la t\u00eate. R\u00e9gionalement : un balai avec les soies vers le haut dans le coin, une petite poup\u00e9e de paille \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9curie.<\/p><p><strong>Protection des chevaux<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c0 l&rsquo;\u00e9curie contre la \u00ab chevauch\u00e9e \u00bb par le Mahr : miroir de l&rsquo;Alp (un fragment de miroir au cou du cheval), amulettes b\u00e9nites, lanterne allum\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;\u00e9curie. Les tresses du Mahr au matin \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme signe manifeste d&rsquo;une visite du Mahr.<\/p><p><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation moderne<\/strong><\/p><p>Comme l&rsquo;Alp, le Mahr est aujourd&rsquo;hui compris comme un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/fr\/paralysie-du-sommeil\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tat d'\u00e9veil avec atonie musculaire REM ; interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 dans le monde entier comme exp\u00e9rience de contact avec des esprits (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 explicable neurologiquement.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">paralysie du sommeil<\/a>. La recherche folklorique (David Hufford et al.) a montr\u00e9 que la ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie v\u00e9cue est stable d&rsquo;une culture \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre ; les images mythologiques varient, l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience demeure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les et r\u00e9ception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><strong>Parall\u00e8les pan-germaniques et slaves<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp dans l&rsquo;espace germanophone, <em>mare<\/em> en anglais, <em>mara<\/em> en nordique, <em>mora<\/em>\/<em>mura<\/em> dans l&rsquo;espace slave. Tous renvoient \u00e0 une couche indo-europ\u00e9enne commune, voire plus ancienne encore.<\/p><p><strong>Parall\u00e8les de l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poque de la culture grecque et romaine, environ 800 av. J.-C. \u00e0 600 apr. J.-C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiquit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"\/fr\/lilu-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b et Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> partagent avec le Mahr structure et fonction. La figure nocturne f\u00e9minine qui oppresse les dormeurs est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> r\u00e9pandu dans le monde entier.<\/p><p><strong>R\u00e9ception<\/strong><\/p><p>Le <em>Cauchemar<\/em> de F\u00fcssli (1781) est la repr\u00e9sentation picturale la plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre. La po\u00e9sie de Heine et le <em>Roi des Aulnes<\/em> de Goethe reprennent le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>. La litt\u00e9rature d&rsquo;horreur et le cin\u00e9ma modernes y font r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement appel.<\/p><p><strong>Post\u00e9rit\u00e9 et r\u00e9ception :<\/strong> La tradition du Mahr se perp\u00e9tue dans le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Syst\u00e8me religieux dans lequel des sp\u00e9cialistes communiquent avec le monde des esprits.\" tabindex=\"0\">chamanisme<\/span> moderne. Les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de cauchemar lui sont en partie attribu\u00e9s. En psychologie occidentale, l&rsquo;Alb est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne transculturel. Dans la fantasy, les Mahre sont souvent des esprits farceurs elfiques. La culture de l&rsquo;Alp reste vivante en Bavi\u00e8re.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer><div><p><strong>Nature physique et d\u00e9moniaque du Mahr<\/strong><\/p><p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> r\u00e9current dans les r\u00e9cits est la pr\u00e9sence physique ambivalente du Mahr. Certains t\u00e9moignages \u00e9voquent un \u00eatre tangible, une femme d\u00e9charn\u00e9e aux longs ongles et au teint bl\u00eame, effectuant des gestes d&rsquo;\u00e9tranglement.<\/p><p>D&rsquo;autres r\u00e9cits sugg\u00e8rent davantage une pr\u00e9sence spirituelle ou fugace, une sorte de forme d&rsquo;angoisse int\u00e9rioris\u00e9e qui \u00e9chappe \u00e0 toute objectification physique. Cette ambivalence fait du Mahr un \u00eatre ni enti\u00e8rement spirituel ni enti\u00e8rement corporel, mais plut\u00f4t situ\u00e9 \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re des deux.<\/p><p>La question de savoir si le Mahr doit \u00eatre compris comme un \u00eatre d\u00e9moniaque, comme une projection de la peur humaine ou comme la cons\u00e9quence d&rsquo;un trouble m\u00e9dical du sommeil a re\u00e7u des r\u00e9ponses diverses en folkloristique. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La science qui \u00e9tudie les religions de mani\u00e8re comparative et sans engagement confessionnel.\" tabindex=\"0\">science des religions<\/span> actuelle reconna\u00eet cette ambivalence sans la r\u00e9soudre et traite le Mahr comme un produit culturel aux fonctions sociales et psychologiques r\u00e9elles.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf76f55e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf76f55e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp607ca10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp607ca10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le Mahr et le mot europ\u00e9en pour le cauchemar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee16b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee16b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fe14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp91fe14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le <em>Mahr<\/em> est, sur le plan linguistique, l&rsquo;un des \u00eatres spirituels les plus influents de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> germanique. Son nom se retrouve dans l&rsquo;anglais <em>nightmare<\/em>, dans le fran\u00e7ais <em>cauchemar<\/em> et dans plusieurs autres mots europ\u00e9ens d\u00e9signant le cauchemar. Ces traces montrent que la conception d&rsquo;un esprit oppresseur f\u00e9minin harcelant le dormeur la nuit \u00e9tait largement r\u00e9pandue dans l&rsquo;espace ouest-europ\u00e9en et y plonge de profondes racines.<\/p><p>La famille de mots est bien attest\u00e9e \u00e0 travers les langues germaniques : en vieux haut-allemand, en vieil anglais comme <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, en vieux norrois comme <em>mara<\/em>. La litt\u00e9rature vieux-norroise conna\u00eet un r\u00e9cit saisissant dans la <em>Ynglinga saga<\/em> de Snorri Sturluson : le roi Vanlandi est pi\u00e9tin\u00e9 \u00e0 mort par une <em>mara<\/em> qui lui marche d&rsquo;abord sur les jambes, puis sur la t\u00eate.<\/p><p>Ce passage compte parmi les plus anciens t\u00e9moignages litt\u00e9raires d\u00e9taill\u00e9s de cette conception et montre que le Mahr pouvait d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00eatre per\u00e7u au Moyen \u00c2ge comme une menace mortelle.<\/p><p>La recherche linguistique a propos\u00e9 diverses interpr\u00e9tations de la racine, notamment un lien avec un verbe signifiant \u00ab broyer \u00bb ou \u00ab \u00e9craser \u00bb, ce qui correspondrait bien \u00e0 la fonction de l&rsquo;esprit oppresseur. Il n&rsquo;existe pas d&rsquo;\u00e9tymologie enti\u00e8rement \u00e9tablie. Cependant, la grande port\u00e9e g\u00e9ographique et temporelle du mot est certaine.<\/p><p>Le Mahr est ainsi un exemple de la fa\u00e7on dont un \u00eatre spirituel exerce, par le biais de la langue, une influence qui survit de loin \u00e0 son contexte croyant d&rsquo;origine. Quiconque parle aujourd&rsquo;hui d&rsquo;un cauchemar utilise, sans le savoir, le nom d&rsquo;un ancien esprit oppresseur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp599ff74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp599ff74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcaa6cd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcaa6cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le Mahr entre \u00eatre spirituel et \u00e2me envoy\u00e9e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5ca891c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5ca891c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp888ab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp888ab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> folklorique sur le Mahr n&rsquo;est pas uniforme ; elle articule deux mod\u00e8les explicatifs distincts. Selon le premier, le Mahr est un \u00eatre spirituel propre, venant de l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur et harcelant le dormeur.<\/p><p>Selon le second, le Mahr est l&rsquo;\u00e2me ou la volont\u00e9 envoy\u00e9e d&rsquo;un \u00eatre humain vivant. Dans cette seconde interpr\u00e9tation, une personne \u2013 souvent sans le savoir elle-m\u00eame \u2013 tourmente durant son sommeil une autre personne, en ce qu&rsquo;une part d&rsquo;elle-m\u00eame quitte le corps et erre sous la forme du Mahr.<\/p><p>De cette seconde conception d\u00e9coulaient des sch\u00e9mas narratifs concrets. Un type de r\u00e9cit r\u00e9pandu rapporte que le Mahr p\u00e9n\u00e8tre dans la chambre \u00e0 coucher par une petite ouverture, par exemple un n\u0153ud de bois. Si l&rsquo;on bouche l&rsquo;ouverture, il ne peut plus sortir et se trouve prisonnier.<\/p><p>Le matin, on d\u00e9couvre \u00e0 cet endroit une personne \u2013 souvent une femme \u2013, d\u00e9masqu\u00e9e comme \u00e9tant le Mahr. Dans certaines versions, l&rsquo;homme \u00e9pouse cette femme, mais d\u00e8s que l&rsquo;ouverture autrefois bouch\u00e9e est rouverte, elle dispara\u00eet par le m\u00eame chemin.<\/p><p>Ces r\u00e9cits associent \u00e9troitement le Mahr \u00e0 la croyance aux sorci\u00e8res et aux conceptions de l&rsquo;\u00e2me librement mobile. La recherche en sciences des religions et en folkloristique y voit la confluence de plusieurs couches : une ancienne conception de l&rsquo;esprit oppresseur nocturne, une conception de l&rsquo;\u00e2me envoy\u00e9e et la conception de la sorci\u00e8re de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne.<\/p><p>Le Mahr n&rsquo;est donc pas un \u00eatre aux contours bien d\u00e9finis avec une biographie fixe, mais un n\u0153ud o\u00f9 se croisent diverses croyances. C&rsquo;est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette complexit\u00e9 qui le rend si f\u00e9cond pour l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de la croyance populaire aux esprits.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaac957d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaac957d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fb037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp91fb037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les victimes chevauch\u00e9es : Mahr, animal et \u00eatre humain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75a2800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp75a2800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa41a19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa41a19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un fil particulier de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> sur le Mahr concerne non pas l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain, mais le b\u00e9tail. Dans de nombreuses r\u00e9gions de l&rsquo;espace germanophone et en Scandinavie, le Mahr \u00e9tait \u00e9galement consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un fl\u00e9au pour les chevaux.<\/p><p>Un cheval trouv\u00e9 le matin \u00e9puis\u00e9, en sueur et \u00e0 la crini\u00e8re emm\u00eal\u00e9e dans son \u00e9curie \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 chevauch\u00e9 par le Mahr. Les m\u00e8ches nou\u00e9es et emm\u00eal\u00e9es dans la crini\u00e8re \u00e9taient d\u00e9sign\u00e9es sous le nom de <em>Mahrlocken<\/em> ou par des termes similaires, et interpr\u00e9t\u00e9es comme preuve visible de la visite nocturne.<\/p><p>Cette conception explique une observation agricole r\u00e9elle : les chevaux peuvent effectivement se retrouver en sueur et \u00e0 la crini\u00e8re emm\u00eal\u00e9e pendant la nuit, que ce soit par la maladie, l&rsquo;agitation ou des parasites.<\/p><p>Dans le cadre de la croyance au Mahr, cette observation devenait la confirmation de la visite de l&rsquo;esprit. Il en d\u00e9coulait des mesures de protection \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9curie : on y suspendait certains objets, gravait des signes dans le bois ou se fiait \u00e0 des plantes protectrices pour tenir le Mahr \u00e0 distance.<\/p><p>Le terme d\u00e9signant la crini\u00e8re emm\u00eal\u00e9e a pu, dans certaines r\u00e9gions, s&rsquo;\u00e9tendre \u00e0 une apparence humaine, \u00e0 des cheveux fortement emm\u00eal\u00e9s et impossibles \u00e0 d\u00e9m\u00ealer. La recherche folklorique a bien document\u00e9 cette extension de la conception du Mahr de la chambre \u00e0 coucher \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9curie et de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de la paralysie du sommeil \u00e0 l&rsquo;observation sur l&rsquo;animal.<\/p><p>Cela illustre clairement comment un sch\u00e9ma explicatif une fois \u00e9tabli s&rsquo;\u00e9tend \u00e0 des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes toujours nouveaux. Ce que le Mahr expliquait \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine, c&rsquo;\u00e9tait l&rsquo;angoisse nocturne d&rsquo;\u00e9touffement de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain. Ce qu&rsquo;il expliquait en outre, c&rsquo;\u00e9tait une s\u00e9rie d&rsquo;autres observations frappantes et inexpliqu\u00e9es qui pouvaient s&rsquo;inscrire dans le m\u00eame sch\u00e9ma interpr\u00e9tatif.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/germanique\/\">Germanisch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/alp\/\">Alp<\/a> (parent\u00e9 la plus \u00e9troite), <a href=\"\/fr\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/nix\/\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/troll\/\">Troll<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/lilu-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b et Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/fr\/paralysie-du-sommeil\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tat d'\u00e9veil avec atonie musculaire REM ; interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 dans le monde entier comme exp\u00e9rience de contact avec des esprits (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 explicable neurologiquement.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Paralysie du sommeil<\/a> \u2013 recherche<\/li><li>F\u00fcssli, \u00ab Le Cauchemar \u00bb<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie (s\u00e9lection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection de travaux essentiels sur le Mahr :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Hufford, David J. : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pennpress.org\/9780812213058\/the-terror-that-comes-in-the-night\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Terror That Comes in the Night<\/a><\/em>. Philadelphia 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich : <em>Ephialtes<\/em>. Leipzig 1900.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Grimm, Jacob : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Mythologie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deutsche Mythologie<\/a><\/em>. Berlin 1875, 78.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning : <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-mahr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici rel\u00e8ve de la classification en sciences des religions de traditions historiques. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette ligne culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1681,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahr \u2013 esprit de la tradition germanique | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Le Mahr, presseuse nocturne f\u00e9minine de la tradition germanique. Forme originelle conserv\u00e9e dans le langage \u2013 li\u00e9 au cauchemar et au nightmare anglais.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[306,29,310,51,43,25,44],"class_list":["post-10901","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-esprits","category-geister","category-germanique","category-germanisch","category-kinderdaemonen","category-kulturen","category-nachtwesen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahr \u2013 esprit de la tradition germanique | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le Mahr, presseuse nocturne f\u00e9minine de la tradition germanique. 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