{"id":10834,"date":"2026-05-13T20:29:26","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:29:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/khormusta-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:48:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:48:17","slug":"khormusta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/khormusta\/","title":{"rendered":"Khormusta \u2013 dieu c\u00e9leste supr\u00eame des Mongols"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10834\" class=\"elementor elementor-10834 elementor-2639 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta, dieu supr\u00eame bouddhico-tengriste des Mongols<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta (mongol <em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>, tib\u00e9tain <em>brGya-byin<\/em>) est, dans le tengrisme mongol et dans sa reformulation bouddhiste, le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 des 99 Tengri c\u00e9lestes et le chef des 33 Tengris occidentaux \u00ab blancs \u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cr\u00e9ateur de la tradition Sib\u00e9rie \/ Tengrisme.\">Cr\u00e9ateur<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/chamanisme-siberien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythologie de la tradition Sib\u00e9rie \/ Tengrisme.\">Sib\u00e9rie \/ Tengrisme<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinit\u00e9 supr\u00eame.\">Divinit\u00e9 supr\u00eame<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130978\" alt=\"Khormusta - dieux de la tradition sib\u00e9rienne et tengriste, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le dieu supr\u00eame <strong>bouddhico-tengriste<\/strong> dans les syncr\u00e9tismes mongols et tib\u00e9tains.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification et profil succinct<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta est une figure particuli\u00e8rement bien document\u00e9e de la religion mongole tardive.<\/p><p>Il constitue un pilier de pont entre trois couches : l&rsquo;Ahura Mazda indo-iranien (Pahlavi <em>Hormizd<\/em>), l&rsquo;Indra bouddhiste (sanskrit <em>\u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra<\/em>) et le <a href=\"\/fr\/tengri\/\">Tengri<\/a> turco-mongol ancien. Dans la litt\u00e9rature narrative de l&rsquo;Histoire secr\u00e8te et dans les textes \u00e9piques ult\u00e9rieurs (\u00e9pop\u00e9e de Geser Khan), il appara\u00eet comme le \u00ab p\u00e8re des 33 dieux de l&rsquo;Ouest \u00bb et arbitre des conflits c\u00e9lestes.<\/p><p>Au sein de la <a href=\"\/fr\/chamanisme-siberien\/\">tradition sib\u00e9rienne-tengriste<\/a>, il marque le passage du Tengri informe vers un panth\u00e9on bouddhiste personnalis\u00e9. Du point de vue de l&rsquo;histoire des religions, il constitue une le\u00e7on exemplaire sur le fonctionnement du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion de repr\u00e9sentations ou de divinit\u00e9s issues de diff\u00e9rentes traditions religieuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncr\u00e9tisme<\/span> religieux.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La litt\u00e9rature scientifique consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 Khormusta est, compar\u00e9e \u00e0 de nombreuses autres figures Tengri, exceptionnellement dense. Les <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) de Walther Heissig y sont aussi indispensables que les travaux de Klaus Sagaster et de Christopher Atwood. Cette densit\u00e9 s&rsquo;explique par sa fonction de pont : \u00e9tudier Khormusta, c&rsquo;est \u00e9tudier simultan\u00e9ment les religions iranienne, indienne et mongole dans leurs contacts.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et \u00e9tymologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le nom d\u00e9rive du moyen-perse <em>Hormizd \/ Ohrmazd<\/em>, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire du dieu supr\u00eame de l&rsquo;Iran zoroastrien (Ahura Mazda). La transmission s&rsquo;est probablement op\u00e9r\u00e9e aux VIIe\u2013IXe si\u00e8cles par les routes commerciales sogdiennes vers l&rsquo;Asie int\u00e9rieure.<\/p><p>Dans l&rsquo;espace linguistique mongol, le nom re\u00e7oit le suffixe Tengri (<em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>), int\u00e9grant ainsi le dieu supr\u00eame iranien dans le syst\u00e8me c\u00e9leste mongol \u2013 un exemple classique de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion de repr\u00e9sentations ou de divinit\u00e9s issues de diff\u00e9rentes traditions religieuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncr\u00e9tisme<\/span> religieux.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>L&rsquo;histoire linguistique et religieuse pr\u00e9cise est complexe : les Manich\u00e9ens et Zoroastriens sogdiens dans les villes-oasis d&rsquo;Asie int\u00e9rieure (Tourfan, Khotan, Samarcande) en furent probablement les m\u00e9diateurs. Hans-Joachim Klimkeit a reconstruit ces routes de transmission en d\u00e9tail dans <em>Die Seidenstra\u00dfe<\/em> (1988).<\/span><\/p><p>Dans les traductions tib\u00e9taines, Khormusta appara\u00eet sous la forme <em>brGya-byin<\/em> ou <em>dBang-po brGya-byin<\/em>, rendant l&rsquo;indien \u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra, \u00ab Indra aux mille noms \u00bb. Cette identification l&rsquo;a d\u00e9finitivement int\u00e9gr\u00e9 au syst\u00e8me divin bouddhiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description et iconographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans l&rsquo;art mongol \u00e0 influence bouddhiste, Khormusta appara\u00eet comme une figure royale couronn\u00e9e sur un tr\u00f4ne de lotus, tenant dans la main droite la foudre (vajra, mongol <em>otschir<\/em>) et dans la gauche l&rsquo;arbre des v\u0153ux. Il chevauche l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9phant tric\u00e9phale Airavata, ce qui l&rsquo;identifie iconographiquement et d\u00e9finitivement \u00e0 l&rsquo;Indra bouddhiste.<\/p><p>Dans les couches mongoles pr\u00e9-bouddhistes, dans la mesure o\u00f9 elles sont reconstructibles, sa repr\u00e9sentation \u00e9tait moins fix\u00e9e ; il apparaissait plut\u00f4t comme \u00ab roi parmi les 99 Tengri \u00bb dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> orale que dans des types d&rsquo;images stabilis\u00e9s. La bouddhisation de la Mongolie depuis le XIIIe si\u00e8cle, et surtout depuis les XVIe\u2013XVIIe si\u00e8cles, a \u00e9tabli l&rsquo;iconographie tantrique aujourd&rsquo;hui usuelle.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Klaus Sagaster a catalogu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re exhaustive la tradition iconographique de Khormusta dans <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971). Il est remarquable d&rsquo;observer que les formes populaires mongoles pr\u00e9sentent souvent une iconographie mixte : guerrier couronn\u00e9 avec vajra, mais sur cheval blanc plut\u00f4t que sur \u00e9l\u00e9phant \u2013 indice de l&rsquo;adaptation populaire de la forme bouddhiste standard.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00e9cits mythologiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e de Geser Khan (versions mongoles et tib\u00e9taines), Khormusta est la source d&rsquo;o\u00f9 le h\u00e9ros Geser est envoy\u00e9 sur terre pour remettre en ordre un monde d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9 par des \u00eatres malfaisants. Khormusta y agit comme commanditaire c\u00e9leste et remplit la fonction qui, dans les \u00e9pop\u00e9es indiennes, incomberait \u00e0 Indra.<\/p><p>Un second r\u00e9cit d\u00e9crit la guerre entre les 33 Tengri blancs de l&rsquo;Ouest et les 44 Tengri noirs de l&rsquo;Est sous le Khan noir <em>Atai Ulan<\/em> ; Khormusta l&#8217;emporte en forgeant la foudre, ce qui assure l&rsquo;ordre cosmique. Ce r\u00e9cit de bataille dualiste porte des traces zoroastriennes manifestes.<\/p><p>Dans l&rsquo;Histoire secr\u00e8te des Mongols (1240), Khormusta n&rsquo;est pas nomm\u00e9 directement ; la tradition ult\u00e9rieure, cependant, identifie par endroits la formule \u00ab M\u00f6ngke Tengri \u00bb avec lui. Igor de Rachewiltz a discut\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re critique cette identification tardive dans son commentaire chez Brill (2004).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte et v\u00e9n\u00e9ration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des pratiques religieuses de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> de Khormusta \u00e9tait historiquement ancr\u00e9 \u00e0 la cour mongole depuis l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Yuan. Il fut int\u00e9gr\u00e9 syst\u00e9matiquement par Kubila\u00ef Khan dans le cadre du rituel de cour tib\u00e9to-bouddhiste. Aux XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles, sous l&rsquo;influence de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole Gelug, il devint le protecteur des monast\u00e8res de plusieurs banni\u00e8res.<\/p><p>Au niveau populaire, Khormusta appara\u00eet dans les rituels Ovoo comme destinataire principal des pri\u00e8res ; des offrandes d&rsquo;encens (mongol <em>sang<\/em>) lui sont faites aux premi\u00e8res heures du matin, et les mots \u00ab Qormusta Tngri \u00f6ber\u00f6\u00f6 \u00bb (\u00ab Khormusta en personne \u00bb) ouvrent de nombreuses invocations. Caroline Humphrey a d\u00e9crit cela en d\u00e9tail dans <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>Dans la Mongolie contemporaine, Khormusta est surtout pr\u00e9sent dans le bouddhisme monastique ; certains monast\u00e8res (Gandan \u00e0 Oulan-Bator) y c\u00e9l\u00e8brent des liturgies annuelles de Khormusta. Il fait \u00e9galement partie du r\u00e9pertoire de certains groupes n\u00e9o-tengristes, qui le marginalisent toutefois parfois comme \u00ab trop bouddhiste \u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pratiques de protection et \u00e9l\u00e9ments apotropa\u00efques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans une perspective d&rsquo;histoire des religions : les pratiques de protection dans le complexe Khormusta sont \u00e9troitement li\u00e9es au concept bouddhiste des \u00ab huit grands dieux \u00bb et aux mandalas de protection tantriques. Les \u00e9l\u00e9ments apotropa\u00efques habituels sont la fumigation au gen\u00e9vrier, le suspendu de <em>khadag<\/em> (\u00e9charpes de bienfaisance bleues) et la r\u00e9citation du texte <em>Sang<\/em>. Khormusta est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une source de lumi\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, et non comme un dieu de protection sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 contre des maladies pr\u00e9cises.<\/p><p>Une forme particuli\u00e8re est le <em>Khormusta-Sang<\/em>, un texte liturgique pour la purification de la maison et de la cour, transmis dans plusieurs \u00e9ditions mongoles (P\u00e9kin, Urga) depuis le XVIIe si\u00e8cle. Klaus Sagaster en a \u00e9tabli une \u00e9dition critique.<\/p><p>Dans la pratique populaire, Khormusta n&rsquo;est pas le destinataire direct d&rsquo;un v\u0153u de protection ; on s&rsquo;adresse plut\u00f4t \u00e0 ses messagers ou aux puissances Yer-Sub li\u00e9es aux lieux. Cette structure de m\u00e9diation est caract\u00e9ristique de la religion mongole et correspond typologiquement \u00e0 la pratique catholique consistant \u00e0 s&rsquo;adresser de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un saint plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;\u00e0 Dieu directement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Directement li\u00e9 \u00e0 Ahura Mazda (Iran), Indra (Inde), \u015aakra (bouddhisme), les divinit\u00e9s du centre Heng-O (Chine). En Sib\u00e9rie m\u00eame, il est assez analogue \u00e0 <a href=\"\/fr\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence notable que Khormusta est nettement personnalis\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re bouddhiste-tantrique.<\/p><p>Un parall\u00e8le particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressant est l&rsquo;identification avec le Yuanshi Tianzun chinois de la tradition tao\u00efste, que l&rsquo;on rencontre dans plusieurs syncr\u00e9tismes mongols-chinois. L&rsquo;Encyclop\u00e9die de Christopher Atwood discute cette identification comme exemple de \u00ab divinit\u00e9 supr\u00eame \u00e0 strates multiples \u00bb.<\/p><p>Dans une perspective comparative plus large, Khormusta est un exemple typologique de \u00ab dieux migrateurs \u00bb, qui conservent leur propre g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie \u00e0 travers plusieurs fronti\u00e8res linguistiques et religieuses. De tels dieux migrateurs sont rarement aussi clairement document\u00e9s que Khormusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00e9ception contemporaine et recherche<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Khormusta est l&rsquo;objet de la mongolistique chez Walther Heissig, Klaus Sagaster (<em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em>, 1971), Christopher Atwood (<em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia<\/em>, 2004) et dans l&rsquo;\u00e9cole russe chez N. L. \u017dukovskaja. Dans le bouddhisme mongol contemporain, il est toujours vivant ; dans les \u00e9crits n\u00e9o-tengristes, il est parfois marginalis\u00e9 comme \u00ab trop bouddhiste \u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p>Un courant de recherche propre s&rsquo;int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la tradition Khormusta-Geser en tant que forme \u00e9pique orale et \u00e9crite. L&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e de Geser Khan fut mentionn\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois en Europe par Bruno Gallinucci en 1716, traduite de mani\u00e8re syst\u00e9matique depuis 1839 (Schmidt) ; les recherches de Walther Heissig ont renouvel\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u00e9clairage sur sa relation \u00e0 Khormusta.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Dans la Mongolie actuelle, Khormusta est de nouveau invoqu\u00e9 comme \u00ab dieu supr\u00eame mongol \u00bb lors des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies officielles du 800e anniversaire de Gengis Khan (2006) \u2013 un exemple de l&rsquo;imbrication entre histoire des religions et politique identitaire au XXIe si\u00e8cle.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9bats scientifiques et questions ouvertes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le principal d\u00e9bat scientifique porte sur la succession des couches : Khormusta fut-il d&rsquo;abord l&rsquo;iranien Hormizd, int\u00e9gr\u00e9 ensuite dans le syst\u00e8me Tengri, puis identifi\u00e9 par le bouddhisme \u00e0 Indra ? Ou existe-t-il une couche autochthone plus ancienne dans laquelle le nom iranien fut ult\u00e9rieurement tiss\u00e9 ?<\/p><p>Un second d\u00e9bat tourne autour de la notion des \u00ab 99 Tengri \u00bb : ce nombre est-il autochthone-mongol ou import\u00e9 du bouddhisme ? Walther Heissig plaidait pour une racine pr\u00e9-bouddhiste ; des recherches plus r\u00e9centes (P. K. Kozin) soul\u00e8vent des doutes.<\/p><p>Enfin : quelle est la relation de Khormusta avec la religion chamanique sib\u00e9rienne ? Chez les Bouriates, il est fortement pr\u00e9sent ; chez les Touvains et les Alta\u00efens, \u00e0 peine. Cette asym\u00e9trie g\u00e9ographique est instructive du point de vue de l&rsquo;histoire des religions et attend encore une \u00e9tude syst\u00e9matique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta dans la religion de Mongolie-Int\u00e9rieure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La position de Khormusta en Mongolie-Int\u00e9rieure (aujourd&rsquo;hui province de la R\u00e9publique populaire de Chine) m\u00e9rite une \u00e9tude particuli\u00e8re. L&rsquo;influence bouddhiste y est la plus forte, tandis que des influences tao\u00efstes chinoises s&rsquo;y m\u00ealent. Khormusta est identifi\u00e9 dans plusieurs monast\u00e8res mongols int\u00e9rieurs (notamment Wudangzhao) avec le tao\u00efste Yu-Huang Shangdi \u2013 un triple <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion de repr\u00e9sentations ou de divinit\u00e9s issues de diff\u00e9rentes traditions religieuses.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncr\u00e9tisme<\/span> qui n&rsquo;a gu\u00e8re \u00e9t\u00e9 surpass\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;histoire.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Christopher Atwood a reconstruit cette identification multiple dans son <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004) et montr\u00e9 comment Khormusta est devenu un pont entre trois visions religieuses du monde : irano-zoroastrienne, indo-bouddhiste et sino-tao\u00efste. Cette fonction de pont est scientifiquement unique.<\/span><\/p><p>Dans la politique identitaire mongole contemporaine, Khormusta est parfois c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 comme un \u00ab remarquable syncr\u00e9tiste \u00bb, parfois critiqu\u00e9 comme une \u00ab superposition bouddhiste de l&rsquo;authentique Tengri \u00bb. Les deux appr\u00e9ciations sont saisissables du point de vue de l&rsquo;histoire des religions et instructives sur le plan politique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources et lien avec le centre culturel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ceux qui souhaitent \u00e9tudier le complexe Khormusta dans toute son ampleur trouveront sur la page de pr\u00e9sentation <a href=\"\/fr\/chamanisme-siberien\/\">Tradition sib\u00e9rienne-tengriste<\/a> les principales r\u00e9f\u00e9rences crois\u00e9es vers des figures apparent\u00e9es telles que <a href=\"\/fr\/tengri\/\">Tengri<\/a> (couche plus ancienne), <a href=\"\/fr\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> (parall\u00e8le sud-sib\u00e9rien) et <a href=\"\/fr\/asbuiga\/\">Asbuiga<\/a> (couche des esprits auxiliaires inf\u00e9rieurs).<\/p><p>Les <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) de Walther Heissig et la <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) de Klaus Sagaster sont les ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence indispensables. Pour la tradition Geser Khan, le volume Brill de Walther Heissig (1983) est central.<\/p><p>Les <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&rsquo;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988) de N. L. \u017dukovskaja offrent la principale synth\u00e8se russophone. Les travaux ethnographiques de Caroline Humphrey des ann\u00e9es 1990 et 2000 compl\u00e8tent le tableau avec une profondeur contemporaine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta dans la tradition de Geser Khan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le r\u00f4le de Khormusta dans l&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e de Geser Khan, l&rsquo;une des \u00e9pop\u00e9es h\u00e9ro\u00efques orales les plus monumentales d&rsquo;Asie int\u00e9rieure, m\u00e9rite une \u00e9tude approfondie. L&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e existe en versions mongole, tib\u00e9taine et bouriate ; elle comprend typiquement plusieurs milliers de vers et est chant\u00e9e lors de plusieurs nuits de repr\u00e9sentation.<\/p><p>Dans toutes les versions, Khormusta est le commanditaire c\u00e9leste qui envoie le h\u00e9ros Geser sur terre pour remettre en ordre un monde d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9 par des \u00eatres malfaisants. Cette fonction narrative correspond typologiquement au r\u00f4le d&rsquo;Indra dans les r\u00e9cits d&rsquo;Avat\u0101ra indiens.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig a \u00e9tabli une \u00e9dition critique de l&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e de Geser Khan en plusieurs volumes ; son volume Brill (1983) est l&rsquo;\u00e9dition de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Au XXIe si\u00e8cle, l&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e conna\u00eet une renaissance en Mongolie-Int\u00e9rieure, o\u00f9 elle est cultiv\u00e9e comme \u00e9l\u00e9ment central de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 culturelle mongole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00e9flexion m\u00e9thodologique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recherche sur Khormusta soul\u00e8ve plusieurs probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9thodologiques. Premi\u00e8rement : la stratification religieuse multiple (iranienne, indienne, mongole, chinoise) rend difficile l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement d&rsquo;une g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie claire. La linguistique historique fournit quelques rep\u00e8res, mais de nombreuses transitions restent sp\u00e9culatives.<\/p><p>Deuxi\u00e8mement : la couche bouddhiste est bien document\u00e9e (textes monastiques, iconographie), tandis que la couche pr\u00e9-bouddhiste n&rsquo;est reconstructible qu&rsquo;indirectement. Le mod\u00e8le stratigraphique de Walther Heissig est aujourd&rsquo;hui partiellement r\u00e9vis\u00e9.<\/p><p>Troisi\u00e8mement : la pratique contemporaine de Khormusta en Mongolie et en Mongolie-Int\u00e9rieure s&rsquo;inscrit dans des contextes politiques et religieux diff\u00e9rents ; une description unifi\u00e9e est m\u00e9thodologiquement probl\u00e9matique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta dans la politique identitaire mongole contemporaine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La politique identitaire mongole contemporaine utilise d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment Khormusta comme \u00ab dieu supr\u00eame cosmopolite \u00bb symbolisant la fonction de pont de la Mongolie entre l&rsquo;Iran, l&rsquo;Inde et l&rsquo;Asie orientale. Cette lecture est notamment propag\u00e9e dans des publications officielles du minist\u00e8re mongol de la Culture depuis les ann\u00e9es 2010.<\/p><p>Sur le plan scientifique, cette politique identitaire est instructive : elle fait de Khormusta l&rsquo;incarnation d&rsquo;une \u00ab cosmopolis mongole \u00bb dans laquelle la pluralit\u00e9 religieuse est per\u00e7ue non comme un probl\u00e8me, mais comme une force. Cette vision contraste avec les mod\u00e8les identitaires monoth\u00e9istes.<\/p><p>Caroline Humphrey a soulign\u00e9 dans plusieurs articles que cette appropriation politique de Khormusta est elle-m\u00eame une pratique religieuse \u2013 une forme de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration s\u00e9culi\u00e8re qui coexiste avec la tradition monastique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta comme exemple m\u00e9thodologique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta est pour la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La science qui \u00e9tudie les religions de mani\u00e8re comparative et sans engagement confessionnel.\" tabindex=\"0\">science des religions<\/span> un exemple m\u00e9thodologique exceptionnel. Il montre comment un concept religieux peut traverser deux mill\u00e9naires, trois contextes linguistiques et trois contextes religieux sans perdre ses axes fonctionnels fondamentaux : dieu supr\u00eame, cr\u00e9ateur, garant de l&rsquo;ordre du monde. Une telle stabilit\u00e9 est rare en ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie des religions.<\/p><p>Simultan\u00e9ment, sa substance se transforme : du Hormizd irano-zoroastrien \u00e9merge le Khormusta \u00e9quivalent d&rsquo;Indra indo-bouddhiste, qui finit par se fondre avec le complexe Tengri mongol-tengriste. Cette dynamique simultan\u00e9e de stabilit\u00e9 et de mutation est, du point de vue de l&rsquo;anthropologie des religions, un cas d&rsquo;\u00e9tude de premier ordre.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster a analys\u00e9 cette dynamique dans <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) comme un mod\u00e8le de \u00ab transfert religieux \u00bb. Christopher Atwood a affin\u00e9 les r\u00e9sultats dans son Encyclop\u00e9die (2004). Pour les jeunes chercheurs, Khormusta est un objet d&rsquo;\u00e9tude particuli\u00e8rement f\u00e9cond.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta dans la litt\u00e9rature monastique mongole<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La litt\u00e9rature monastique mongole des XVIIe\u2013XIXe si\u00e8cles, dans laquelle Khormusta appara\u00eet dans une multitude de textes liturgiques, m\u00e9rite une \u00e9tude approfondie. Les \u00e9ditions de P\u00e9kin, Urga et Lhassa contiennent des textes de Khormusta-Sang, des descriptions de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagramme circulaire repr\u00e9sentant le cosmos dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> de Khormusta et des traductions de tantras de Khormusta depuis le tib\u00e9tain.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster a \u00e9tabli une \u00e9dition critique des principaux textes mongols de Khormusta dans son m\u00e9moire d&rsquo;habilitation (1976). Cette \u00e9dition est aujourd&rsquo;hui l&rsquo;un des outils les plus pr\u00e9cieux de la recherche mongolistique en histoire des religions et devrait \u00eatre consult\u00e9e pour toute \u00e9tude s\u00e9rieuse de Khormusta.<\/p><p>Les textes montrent comment le Khormusta originellement irano-bouddhiste est devenu, dans la tradition monastique mongole, une figure autonome dot\u00e9e de ses propres liturgies, pratiques et conventions iconographiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2047651f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2047651f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2230923b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2230923b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La reformulation bouddhiste d'une ancienne divinit\u00e9 c\u00e9leste<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266018fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp266018fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cafb229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cafb229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le nom <em>Khormusta<\/em> (en mongol aussi <em>Qormusta<\/em>, <em>Khurmasta<\/em>) compte parmi les t\u00e9moignages les plus \u00e9vidents du fait que l&rsquo;histoire religieuse mongole ne forme pas une unit\u00e9 close, mais superpose des couches d&rsquo;origines diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p><p>Sur le plan linguistique, le nom remonte \u00e0 l&rsquo;iranien <em>Ahura Mazda<\/em>, transmis par le sogdien et l&rsquo;ou\u00efghour. Par les textes manich\u00e9ens et bouddhistes d&rsquo;Asie centrale, la d\u00e9signation parvint dans le monde turco-mongol, o\u00f9 elle s&rsquo;agr\u00e9gea \u00e0 une repr\u00e9sentation d\u00e9j\u00e0 existante du seigneur supr\u00eame des cieux.<\/p><p>Dans la litt\u00e9rature bouddhiste de la Mongolie, Khormusta se fond avec Indra, le roi des dieux du panth\u00e9on indien, qui y appara\u00eet comme seigneur du ciel <em>Trayastrimsha<\/em> et protecteur de la Doctrine.<\/p><p>Ainsi, d&rsquo;une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> autonome \u00e9mergea un prince divin int\u00e9gr\u00e9 au mod\u00e8le cosmologique bouddhiste, qui occupe certes une position \u00e9lev\u00e9e, mais reste subordonn\u00e9 au Bouddha et aux Bodhisattvas. Cette classification n&rsquo;est pas un effet secondaire, mais \u00e9tait voulue pour des raisons politico-religieuses : la diffusion du bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain depuis le XVIe si\u00e8cle exigeait non pas d&rsquo;\u00e9carter les anciennes divinit\u00e9s c\u00e9lestes, mais de les subordonner hi\u00e9rarchiquement.<\/p><p>Sur le plan de la critique des sources, il convient de souligner que presque tous les t\u00e9moignages \u00e9crits relatifs \u00e0 Khormusta proviennent de contextes \u00e0 dominante bouddhiste \u2013 tels les invocations de l&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e de Geser ou les manuscrits rituels. Une forme pr\u00e9-bouddhiste de la figure ne peut s&rsquo;en d\u00e9duire qu&rsquo;indirectement.<\/p><p>Des chercheurs comme Walther Heissig ont signal\u00e9 que les quarante-neuf ou trente-trois Tengri mentionn\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;\u00e9pop\u00e9e, \u00e0 la t\u00eate desquels se trouve Khormusta, repr\u00e9sentent une syst\u00e9matisation secondaire, apparue probablement au contact du sch\u00e8me des nombres divins indo-bouddhistes.<\/p><p>Pour la compr\u00e9hension de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> sib\u00e9rienne-tengriste, cela signifie : Khormusta illustre de mani\u00e8re exemplaire que le <a href=\"\/fr\/chamanisme-siberien\/\">tengrisme<\/a> n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas un syst\u00e8me statique, mais un champ perm\u00e9able qui accueillait des noms et concepts \u00e9trangers pour les associer \u00e0 ses propres repr\u00e9sentations. Qui interpr\u00e8te cette figure de mani\u00e8re isol\u00e9e comme purement mongole passe \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l&rsquo;histoire de m\u00e9diation centre-asiatique qui reste visible dans son nom jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie (s\u00e9lection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Walther Heissig : <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Klaus Sagaster : <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Christopher Atwood : <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Igor de Rachewiltz : <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill, 2004)<\/span><\/li><li>N. L. \u017dukovskaja : <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&rsquo;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988)<\/li><li>Caroline Humphrey : <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon : <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span><\/strong> de Khormusta relie les repr\u00e9sentations c\u00e9lestes tengristes aux couches bouddhistes ; les principales <strong>sources<\/strong> sont les chroniques mongoles, les \u00e9pop\u00e9es de Geser et les textes rituels \u00e0 influence tib\u00e9taine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Mots-cl\u00e9s apparent\u00e9s : Khormusta Qormusta Tngri Geser Khan Ahura Mazda Indra dieu supr\u00eame mongol.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-khormusta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard et les traditions de protection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans la tradition culturelle et historique des objets de protection portables, dans la tradition de <a href=\"\/fr\/chamanisme-siberien\/\">Sib\u00e9rie \/ Tengrisme<\/a> et de nombreuses autres cultures du monde entier. 41 niveaux, or v\u00e9ritable, platine, argent, fabriqu\u00e9 en Allemagne. Droit de retour sous 30 jours.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">En savoir plus sur l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">En savoir plus sur l'iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Les exp\u00e9riences personnelles peuvent varier. Ne constitue pas un dispositif m\u00e9dical. Aucune promesse de gu\u00e9rison.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard n'est <strong>pas un dispositif m\u00e9dical<\/strong> et ne remplace pas une consultation m\u00e9dicale ou psychoth\u00e9rapeutique. Les contenus relevant de l'histoire des religions constituent une mise en contexte culturelle et historique, et non une recommandation de pratique spirituelle.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2863,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khormusta dieu supr\u00eame mongol","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khormusta \u2013 Dieu supr\u00eame mongol, mythe et sources","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khormusta est le dieu c\u00e9leste supr\u00eame des Mongols, fusion de couches irano-bouddhistes et tengristes. Mythe, culte et sources.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sibirisch-tengrismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"class_list":["post-10834","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goetter"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Khormusta \u2013 Dieu supr\u00eame mongol, mythe et sources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Khormusta est le dieu c\u00e9leste supr\u00eame des Mongols, fusion de couches irano-bouddhistes et tengristes. 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