{"id":10793,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:40","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ishtar-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:47:27","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:47:27","slug":"ishtar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/ishtar\/","title":{"rendered":"Ishtar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10793\" class=\"elementor elementor-10793 elementor-2063 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar, d\u00e9esse de la tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar est la d\u00e9esse de la tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne.<\/p><p>D\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour, de la guerre, de V\u00e9nus, souveraine sauvage des cieux. Ishtar (sum\u00e9rienne Inanna) est la plus puissante d\u00e9esse f\u00e9minine de M\u00e9sopotamie, quasi indomptable. Elle est \u00e0 la fois s\u00e9ductrice et guerri\u00e8re, tendre et courrouc\u00e9e, une d\u00e9esse qui offre la victoire aux rois et les condamne \u00e0 l&rsquo;heure suivante.<\/p><p>R\u00e9gnant depuis Uruk sur l&rsquo;amour et l&rsquo;\u00e9toile du matin, elle est la d\u00e9esse pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e des hommes, redout\u00e9e des dieux eux-m\u00eames.<p>Ishtar (sum\u00e9rienne Inanna) est la principale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> f\u00e9minine du panth\u00e9on m\u00e9sopotamien et r\u00e9unit les sph\u00e8res apparemment contradictoires de l&rsquo;amour, de la guerre et de la royaut\u00e9.<\/p><p>Ses textes hymniques (Enheduanna, vers 2300 av. J.-C.) comptent parmi les plus anciens textes religieux autoris\u00e9s transmis. Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> de la descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux Enfers est l&rsquo;un des textes cl\u00e9s de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La discipline scientifique portant sur Dieu et sur la croyance d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> m\u00e9sopotamienne. Son culte s&rsquo;\u00e9tend sur l&rsquo;espace linguistique s\u00e9mitique et influence les cultes d&rsquo;Aphrodite et d&rsquo;Astart\u00e9 des p\u00e9riodes ult\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dieu \/ D\u00e9esse : puissance supr\u00eame personnifi\u00e9e dans le panth\u00e9on d'une culture, avec des attributions pr\u00e9cises, forces naturelles, destin, guerre, fertilit\u00e9. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par des cultes, des sacrifices et des institutions templi\u00e8res.\">D\u00e9esse<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/mesopotamie\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Berceau de la religion document\u00e9e, Sumer, Akkad, Babylone, Assyrie (vers 3500 av. J.-C. \u00e0 330 av. J.-C.).\">M\u00e9sopotamie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131241\" alt=\"Ishtar - dieux de la tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aper\u00e7u rapide : Ishtar<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Divinit\u00e9 principale m\u00e9sopotamienne, d\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour et de la guerre<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des dieux d'une religion ou d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panth\u00e9on<\/span> : Akkad\/Babylone\/Assur (pendant sum\u00e9rien : Inanna)<br>Fonction : amour, plaisir sexuel, guerre, pouvoir cosmique, \u00e9toile de V\u00e9nus<br>Attributs principaux : couronne \u00e9toil\u00e9e, lion comme monture, arc et fl\u00e8che, \u00e9toile \u00e0 huit branches (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe repr\u00e9sentant une id\u00e9e ou une signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span>)<br>Principaux lieux de culte : Ninive (temple E-mash-mash, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>), Uruk (Eanna), Babylone (porte d&rsquo;Ishtar)<br>Identification astronomique : V\u00e9nus (Dilbat)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte historique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar est attest\u00e9e depuis l&rsquo;\u00e9poque akkadienne ancienne (3e mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C.), en tant qu&rsquo;akkadisation de la sum\u00e9rienne <em>Inanna<\/em> (\u00e0 Uruk). Apog\u00e9e de sa v\u00e9n\u00e9ration : p\u00e9riodes babylonienne ancienne, moyenne et n\u00e9obabylonienne.<\/p><p>Dans l&rsquo;Empire assyrien, elle \u00e9tait la d\u00e9esse principale de Ninive et Arb\u00e8les, patronnes protectrices des rois assyriens. La c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <em>porte d&rsquo;Ishtar<\/em> de Babylone (aujourd&rsquo;hui \u00e0 Berlin) est l&rsquo;un des plus grands monuments antiques conserv\u00e9s. Elle est mentionn\u00e9e dans la tradition biblique sous le nom d&rsquo;<em>Ashtoreth<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principaux lieux de culte : <strong>Ninive<\/strong> (temple E-mash-mash, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> n\u00e9o-assyrien principal), <strong>Uruk<\/strong> (temple Eanna, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> comme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lieu sacr\u00e9 d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une divinit\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaire<\/span> d&rsquo;Inanna), <strong>Babylone<\/strong> (porte d&rsquo;Ishtar, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> dans le complexe Esagila), <strong>Arb\u00e8les<\/strong> (aujourd&rsquo;hui Erbil, l&rsquo;une des plus anciennes villes continuellement habit\u00e9es). \u00c0 Akkad comme d\u00e9esse principale de Sargon. Dans le monde m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en, pr\u00e9curseure d&rsquo;Aphrodite via Astart\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sources principales : cycle mythologique <em>Inanna-et-Dumuzi<\/em> (Sumer), <em>Descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux Enfers<\/em>, <em>\u00c9pop\u00e9e de Gilgamesh<\/em> (tablette VI, Ishtar demande Gilgamesh en mariage), <em>Inanna et Enki<\/em>, <em>Hymne \u00e0 Ishtar<\/em>, inscriptions n\u00e9o-assyriennes sur Ishtar d&rsquo;Arb\u00e8les. Litt\u00e9rature secondaire : Wolkstein\/Kramer, <em>Inanna. Queen of Heaven and Earth<\/em> ; Foster, <em>Before the Muses<\/em> ; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e sous deux formes : en haut, en robe transparente, couronne du pouvoir, corps nu ou combatif ; en bas, arm\u00e9e comme un guerrier avec lance et bouclier, un lion ou une panth\u00e8re \u00e0 ses pieds.<\/p><p>La couronne en forme d&rsquo;\u00e9toile \u00e0 huit pointes la caract\u00e9rise, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe repr\u00e9sentant une id\u00e9e ou une signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span> de l&rsquo;\u00e9toile du matin (V\u00e9nus). Son arme est la <em>Piyattu<\/em> (lance de feu). Un scorpion ou une colombe peuvent l&rsquo;accompagner. Elle est souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e agenouill\u00e9e ou debout dans une pose guerri\u00e8re.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar est la d\u00e9esse de la prostitution sacr\u00e9e, guerri\u00e8re, gardienne du droit et du pouvoir. Elle d\u00e9termine l&rsquo;issue des combats et b\u00e9nit ou condamne les rois selon son humeur. Dans <em>La descente d&rsquo;Ishtar<\/em>, elle est tu\u00e9e aux sept portes des Enfers, en punition de son orgueil, un profond r\u00e9cit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythique<\/span> sur le pouvoir f\u00e9minin et ses limites.<\/p><p>Les <em>hi\u00e9rodules<\/em> (pr\u00eatresses sacr\u00e9es) officiaient dans son <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>. De grandes f\u00eates lui \u00e9taient consacr\u00e9es, des mariages liturgiques (<em>hieros gamos<\/em>) avec des rois, et en temps de guerre, des sacrifices massifs. Ishtar \u00e9tait la d\u00e9esse des hommes, invoqu\u00e9e directement, redout\u00e9e directement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Ishtar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects les plus importants d&rsquo;Ishtar en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il. Les champs suivants r\u00e9sument l&rsquo;origine, la fonction, l&rsquo;apparence, la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration, les symboles et les parall\u00e8les.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar est la fille du dieu lunaire <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) et de <em>Ningal<\/em>, s\u0153ur du dieu solaire <em>Shamash<\/em>. Dans son pendant sum\u00e9rien <em>Inanna<\/em>, elle est fille d&rsquo;An et de Nammu. L&rsquo;\u00e9poux de la d\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour : <em>Dumuzi<\/em> (Tammuz en akkadien), un jeune dieu pastoral et de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythe<\/span> de la <em>descente d&rsquo;Inanna<\/em> : elle descend aux Enfers pour retrouver sa s\u0153ur Ereshkigal, y est d&rsquo;abord tu\u00e9e puis ramen\u00e9e \u00e0 la vie par Ea ; Dumuzi doit descendre aux Enfers en expiation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En rapport avec<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Double fonction : d\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour et de la guerre (r\u00e9unies en une seule figure, une constellation unique dans le monde antique). Aspect amoureux : plaisir sexuel, attrait \u00e9rotique, mariage. Aspect guerrier : bataille royale, commandement des arm\u00e9es. Astronomiquement : \u00e9toile du matin et du soir (V\u00e9nus). Dans le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> personnel, \u00e9galement patronne des femmes, des pr\u00eatresses du temple (<em>nadi-tu<\/em>), des devineresses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence d'Ishtar<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anthropomorphe, repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme une belle jeune femme en longue robe \u00e0 plusieurs couches, avec une <em>couronne \u00e9toil\u00e9e<\/em> ou un haut diad\u00e8me en forme de coiffe. Attributs caract\u00e9ristiques : <em>arc et fl\u00e8che<\/em> (guerre), <em>double masse d&rsquo;armes<\/em> (guerre), <em>\u00e9toile \u00e0 huit branches<\/em> (son principal symbole, repr\u00e9sentant V\u00e9nus). Monture : <em>lion<\/em> (souvent debout sur une paire de lions). \u00c9galement sous forme nue (tradition Inanna-Astart\u00e9) sur des reliefs en terre cuite. \u00c0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque n\u00e9obabylonienne, l&rsquo;\u00e9toile \u00e0 huit branches seule, comme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe repr\u00e9sentant une id\u00e9e ou une signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span> divin, sur des st\u00e8les et des sceaux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activit\u00e9<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domaine d&rsquo;action :<\/strong> Ishtar \u00e9tait invoqu\u00e9e par toutes les classes sociales : par les femmes pour les affaires amoureuses, par les rois avant les batailles, par les pr\u00eatres dans la divination.<\/p><p>Les rois assyriens (Sargon II, Sennach\u00e9rib, Asarhaddon) \u00e9taient ses prot\u00e9g\u00e9s particuliers ; \u00e0 chaque campagne militaire, le roi invoquait \u00ab Ishtar d&rsquo;Arb\u00e8les \u00bb. \u00c0 Uruk, les pr\u00eatresses du temple <em>nadi-tu<\/em> assuraient le fonctionnement du temple. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de s'adresser \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 une puissance de mani\u00e8re suppliante ou conjuratoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocation<\/span> personnelle avec de l&rsquo;encens de c\u00e8dre et de la viande de mouton r\u00f4tie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c9toile \u00e0 huit branches (symbole principal, repr\u00e9sentant V\u00e9nus), arc et fl\u00e8che, double masse d&rsquo;armes, lion (monture), couronne \u00e9toil\u00e9e, haut diad\u00e8me en forme de coiffe, longue robe \u00e0 plusieurs couches. Plantes : c\u00e8dre, dattes, lys. Animaux sacr\u00e9s : lion (souvent accompagn\u00e9 du dragon Mu\u0161\u1e2bu\u0161\u0161u), serpent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Inanna<\/em> (Sumer, pr\u00e9curseure), <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Ph\u00e9nicie, reprise presque identique), <em>Anat<\/em> (Ougarit), <em>Ashtoreth<\/em> (h\u00e9breu, mention biblique), <em>Aphrodite<\/em> (Gr\u00e8ce, aspect amoureux), <em>Ath\u00e9na<\/em> (Gr\u00e8ce, aspect guerrier), <em>V\u00e9nus<\/em> (Rome, astronomique), <em>Hathor<\/em> (\u00c9gypte, syncr\u00e9tisme tardif), <em>Freyja<\/em> (germanique, amour et choix des morts au combat), <em>Durga<\/em> (hindouisme, d\u00e9esse guerri\u00e8re sur lion).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pratiques de d\u00e9votion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituels de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration<\/strong><\/p><p>Ishtar (sum\u00e9rienne Inanna) \u00e9tait l&rsquo;une des divinit\u00e9s les plus centrales de M\u00e9sopotamie, d\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour, guerri\u00e8re et d\u00e9esse de V\u00e9nus \u00e0 la fois. Son principal sanctuaire \u00e9tait Eanna \u00e0 Uruk (4e-3e mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C.).<\/p><p>Les rites du mariage sacr\u00e9 <em>hieros gamos<\/em> (sum\u00e9rien <em>nig-mussa-tum<\/em>) entre le roi et la grande pr\u00eatresse en tant qu&rsquo;incarnation d&rsquo;Inanna sont attest\u00e9s depuis Schulgi\/Sin-Iddinam (Ur III) (cf. Frymer-Kensky, <em>In the Wake of the Goddesses<\/em>). La prostitution templi\u00e8re (sumer. <em>nu-gig<\/em>) faisait partie de sa v\u00e9n\u00e9ration, un constat controvers\u00e9 sur le plan des sciences des religions (cf. Lambert, Roth).<\/p><p><strong>Invocations<\/strong><\/p><p>La \u00ab Descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux Enfers \u00bb (sum\u00e9rien, Kramer, <em>The Sumerians<\/em>) et son pendant akkadien \u00ab Le Voyage d&rsquo;Ishtar aux Enfers \u00bb (Foster) sont les textes mythiques centraux. Le \u00ab Grand Hymne \u00e0 Ishtar \u00bb de Naram-Sin (Akkad, vers 2250 av. J.-C.) est la plus ancienne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de s'adresser \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 une puissance de mani\u00e8re suppliante ou conjuratoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> personnelle qui lui soit adress\u00e9e. La pri\u00e8re rituelle \u00ab \u0161u\u02beila \u00bb (pri\u00e8re \u00e0 main lev\u00e9e) s&rsquo;adressait souvent \u00e0 Ishtar en cas de crise personnelle.<\/p><p><strong>Amulettes et symboles de protection<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c9toile \u00e0 huit branches (V\u00e9nus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe repr\u00e9sentant une id\u00e9e ou une signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span>) sur des cylindres-sceaux babyloniens et des bornes-fronti\u00e8res (cf. Black\/Green). Compagnons lions (elle monte un lion, char \u00e0 sept lions). Des figurines apotropa\u00efques en terre cuite de femmes nues, les mains sous les seins (images d&rsquo;Ishtar), \u00e9taient enterr\u00e9es dans les murs des maisons (Ur, Larsa, Sippar, fouilles de Woolley).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Ishtar partage avec Aphrodite (Gr\u00e8ce) l&rsquo;amour, avec Ath\u00e9na (Gr\u00e8ce) l&rsquo;aspect guerrier. Avec Isis (\u00c9gypte), elle partage le pouvoir f\u00e9minin insondable. Dans les cultures indiennes, elle ressemble \u00e0 Durga ou \u00e0 Kali, principe f\u00e9minin sauvage, destructeur mais indispensable \u00e0 la vie. Aucune autre d\u00e9esse du Proche-Orient ancien n&rsquo;est aussi complexe sur le plan psychologique et aussi centrale sur le plan culturel qu&rsquo;Ishtar.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0b1f45 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa0b1f45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66dddd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp66dddd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inanna et Ishtar : une d\u00e9esse en deux langues<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp466eb10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp466eb10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf447111 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf447111\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Derri\u00e8re le nom Ishtar se cache l&rsquo;une des divinit\u00e9s les plus anciennes et les plus importantes de M\u00e9sopotamie.<\/p><p>Dans les sources sum\u00e9riennes, elle s&rsquo;appelle <em>Inanna<\/em> ; dans les textes akkadiens, babyloniens et assyriens ult\u00e9rieurs, <em>Ishtar<\/em>. La recherche part du principe que l&rsquo;Ishtar akkadienne a \u00e9t\u00e9 largement assimil\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;Inanna sum\u00e9rienne, mais qu&rsquo;une d\u00e9esse s\u00e9mitique originellement ind\u00e9pendante s&rsquo;est \u00e9galement fondue dans cette figure. Au fil des mill\u00e9naires, diff\u00e9rents courants de la tradition se sont rejoints.<\/p><p>Ishtar r\u00e9unit des domaines de comp\u00e9tence qui, au premier abord, semblent oppos\u00e9s. Elle est la d\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour charnel et, en m\u00eame temps, une d\u00e9esse de la guerre. Elle repr\u00e9sente le d\u00e9sir et l&rsquo;attrait tout autant que la bataille et la violence.<\/p><p>La recherche ancienne y a parfois vu une contradiction ou la coexistence de deux d\u00e9esses. Des travaux plus r\u00e9cents soulignent plut\u00f4t que les deux domaines sont reli\u00e9s dans la pens\u00e9e m\u00e9sopotamienne par une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 commune : une force qui transcende les limites et brise l&rsquo;ordre, active aussi bien dans la passion que dans la guerre.<\/p><p>Son aspect astral est la plan\u00e8te V\u00e9nus. En tant qu&rsquo;\u00e9toile du matin et du soir, Ishtar fut associ\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;astre le plus remarquable apr\u00e8s le Soleil et la Lune. Ici aussi se manifeste sa double nature, car la plan\u00e8te appara\u00eet tant\u00f4t le matin, tant\u00f4t le soir.<\/p><p>Ce lien avec V\u00e9nus est riche de cons\u00e9quences pour l&rsquo;histoire des religions, car il constitue un pont vers les d\u00e9esses de l&rsquo;amour ult\u00e9rieures du monde m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en, vers la ph\u00e9nicienne Astart\u00e9 et vers la grecque <a href=\"\/fr\/aphrodite\/\">Aphrodite<\/a>, qui furent \u00e9galement associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la plan\u00e8te V\u00e9nus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp17a967f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp17a967f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04c62b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb04c62b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La descente d'Ishtar aux Enfers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe59b334 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe59b334\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cped066e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cped066e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> le plus connu sur Ishtar est sa descente aux Enfers. Il est transmis \u00e0 la fois dans une version sum\u00e9rienne plus ancienne, <em>La descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux Enfers<\/em>, et dans une version akkadienne plus courte, <em>Le Voyage d&rsquo;Ishtar aux Enfers<\/em>. La d\u00e9esse d\u00e9cide de descendre dans le royaume des morts, gouvern\u00e9 par sa s\u0153ur Ereschkigal.<\/p><p>Sur le chemin qui m\u00e8ne aux sept portes des Enfers, Ishtar doit \u00e0 chaque porte abandonner un v\u00eatement ou un bijou, signe de son pouvoir.<\/p><p>Nue et d\u00e9pouill\u00e9e de ses insignes, elle se pr\u00e9sente finalement devant Ereschkigal et y est tu\u00e9e ; son cadavre est suspendu. Avec la mort de la d\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour, toute fertilit\u00e9 s&rsquo;\u00e9teint sur la terre : humains et animaux ne peuvent plus procr\u00e9er.<\/p><p>Sur l&rsquo;intervention des dieux sup\u00e9rieurs, Ishtar est ramen\u00e9e \u00e0 la vie et peut quitter les Enfers, mais la loi du royaume des morts exige un rempla\u00e7ant. Dans la version sum\u00e9rienne, son \u00e9poux Dumuzi, akkadien Tammuz, est d\u00e9sign\u00e9 ; il doit d\u00e9sormais passer une partie de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e aux Enfers.<\/p><p>Ce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> est important pour la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La science qui \u00e9tudie les religions de mani\u00e8re comparative et sans engagement confessionnel.\" tabindex=\"0\">science des religions<\/span> \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9gards. Il associe une d\u00e9esse au cycle de la fertilit\u00e9 et de la st\u00e9rilit\u00e9, fournissant ainsi un exemple pr\u00e9coce du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> r\u00e9pandu du dieu de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation temporairement retenu aux Enfers.<\/p><p>En m\u00eame temps, l&rsquo;abandon progressif des insignes aux sept portes r\u00e9v\u00e8le un univers rituel \u00e9labor\u00e9. L&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation ancienne comme pur mythe de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation est aujourd&rsquo;hui consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme trop restrictive ; la recherche met davantage l&rsquo;accent sur les th\u00e8mes du pouvoir, de l&rsquo;impuissance et de la fronti\u00e8re entre les mondes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83c3e12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp83c3e12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe241c29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe241c29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Temple, clerg\u00e9 et pratiques cultuelles<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2ed9a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2ed9a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp598d56f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp598d56f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar poss\u00e9dait des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> et des sanctuaires dans de nombreuses villes de M\u00e9sopotamie. Un ancien centre de son culte \u00e9tait la ville d&rsquo;Uruk, o\u00f9 se trouvait le grand <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lieu sacr\u00e9 d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une divinit\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaire<\/span> <em>Eanna<\/em>, la Maison du Ciel.<\/p><p>Elle \u00e9tait \u00e9galement une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> majeure \u00e0 Ninive et dans d&rsquo;autres villes assyriennes ; les rois assyriens invoquaient Ishtar comme aide dans les batailles et lui attribuaient leurs victoires.<\/p><p>Les pratiques cultuelles impliquaient un cercle vari\u00e9 de serviteurs du temple et de personnes actives dans le culte. Les sources cun\u00e9iformes mentionnent diff\u00e9rents groupes de personnes au service d&rsquo;Ishtar, parmi lesquels certaines dont le r\u00f4le de genre est d\u00e9crit comme situ\u00e9 entre les cat\u00e9gories habituelles. Des repr\u00e9sentations plus anciennes ont souvent d\u00e9crit le culte d&rsquo;Ishtar \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide du terme de prostitution templi\u00e8re.<\/p><p>La recherche r\u00e9cente est devenue nettement plus prudente sur ce point. Elle souligne que les t\u00e9moignages antiques \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard, en particulier un passage c\u00e9l\u00e8bre chez H\u00e9rodote, proviennent de l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur, peuvent \u00eatre mal compris et ne concordent pas ais\u00e9ment avec les sources cun\u00e9iformes indig\u00e8nes. La nature exacte des \u00e9l\u00e9ments culturels \u00e0 connotation sexuelle reste d\u00e9battue.<\/p><p>En revanche, les hymnes et pri\u00e8res adress\u00e9s \u00e0 Ishtar sont bien attest\u00e9s ; ils comptent parmi les textes les plus remarquables de la litt\u00e9rature m\u00e9sopotamienne. Ils louent sa puissance, d\u00e9crivent sa beaut\u00e9 et sa terreur, et implorent son soutien.<\/p><p>Certains de ces textes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 des figures fondatrices de tradition, comme la pr\u00eatresse et po\u00e9tesse akkadienne ancienne Enheduanna, \u00e0 qui plusieurs hymnes \u00e0 Inanna sont attribu\u00e9s. Ces textes montrent qu&rsquo;Ishtar n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas seulement l&rsquo;objet du culte d&rsquo;\u00c9tat officiel, mais aussi d&rsquo;une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'attitude et la pratique religieuse v\u00e9cues d'un individu.\" tabindex=\"0\">pi\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span> personnelle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdeae2cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdeae2cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae6994 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ae6994\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar dans l'\u00c9pop\u00e9e de Gilgamesh et dans la m\u00e9moire culturelle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf5e8d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf5e8d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b60050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7b60050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un c\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00e9pisode litt\u00e9raire pr\u00e9sente Ishtar sous un jour critique. Dans l&rsquo;<em>\u00c9pop\u00e9e de Gilgamesh<\/em>, l&rsquo;\u0153uvre la plus connue de la litt\u00e9rature m\u00e9sopotamienne, la d\u00e9esse courtise le h\u00e9ros Gilgamesh et lui propose le mariage. Gilgamesh refuse et lui rappelle le sort de ses anciens amants, \u00e0 qui son amour a apport\u00e9 le malheur, \u00e0 commencer par Dumuzi.<\/p><p>Furieuse, Ishtar demande \u00e0 son p\u00e8re le Taureau du Ciel pour ch\u00e2tier Gilgamesh, causant ainsi de grands ravages, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ce que le taureau soit tu\u00e9 par Gilgamesh et Enkidu.<\/p><p>Cet \u00e9pisode est instructif du point de vue de l&rsquo;histoire des religions, car il montre que la po\u00e9sie m\u00e9sopotamienne pouvait pr\u00eater \u00e0 ses dieux des traits courrouc\u00e9s, dangereux et bless\u00e9s. Ishtar y appara\u00eet puissante, passionn\u00e9e et impr\u00e9visible. Le texte ne la d\u00e9pr\u00e9cie pas pour autant, mais illustre sa nature transgressive.<\/p><p>Dans la m\u00e9moire culturelle, Ishtar est rest\u00e9e pr\u00e9sente principalement par deux voies. La premi\u00e8re est la red\u00e9couverte arch\u00e9ologique de la M\u00e9sopotamie aux XIXe et XXe si\u00e8cles. La c\u00e9l\u00e8bre porte d&rsquo;Ishtar de Babylone, avec son mur de briques \u00e9maill\u00e9es bleues, reconstitu\u00e9e, est aujourd&rsquo;hui la pi\u00e8ce ma\u00eetresse d&rsquo;un mus\u00e9e berlinois et rend visible l&rsquo;importance de la d\u00e9esse pour la cit\u00e9 babylonienne.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;autre voie passe par l&rsquo;histoire des religions elle-m\u00eame : le lien entre l&rsquo;amour, la guerre et la plan\u00e8te V\u00e9nus fait d&rsquo;Ishtar une cl\u00e9 pour la compr\u00e9hension des d\u00e9esses ult\u00e9rieures de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e orientale. La recherche voit en elle l&rsquo;une des divinit\u00e9s f\u00e9minines les plus influentes de l&rsquo;Ancien Monde, dont les traces se laissent suivre de Sumer jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la religion grecque.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, s\u0153ur dans les Enfers<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/marduk\/\">Marduk, sup\u00e9rieur dans le panth\u00e9on n\u00e9obabylonien<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/aphrodite\/\">Aphrodite, parall\u00e8le grecque de l&rsquo;amour<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/mesopotamie\/\">M\u00e9sopotamie, vue d&rsquo;ensemble du panth\u00e9on<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/divinites-supremes\/\">Divinit\u00e9s supr\u00eames, sous-cat\u00e9gorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/dieux\/\">Dieux, vue d&rsquo;ensemble des classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources et bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Wolkstein, Diane \/ Kramer, Samuel Noah: <em>Inanna. Queen of Heaven and Earth<\/em>. New York 1983.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (\u00e9d.) : <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (articles \u00ab Ishtar \u00bb et \u00ab Inanna \u00bb).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50dfa77 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"50dfa77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31968c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31968c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes sur Ishtar<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui \u00e9tait Ishtar dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des r\u00e9cits mythologiques transmis d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythologie<\/span> babylonienne et assyrienne ?<\/h3><p>Ishtar (akkadien I\u0161tar, sum\u00e9rien Inanna) \u00e9tait la principale d\u00e9esse de M\u00e9sopotamie, \u00e0 la fois d\u00e9esse de l&rsquo;amour, de la fertilit\u00e9 et de la guerre. Cette double fonction contradictoire (amour et guerre) est typique de son ambivalence.<\/p><p>Son <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est la descente aux Enfers d&rsquo;Inanna\/Ishtar : elle descend dans le royaume des morts pour retrouver sa s\u0153ur Ereshkigal et, chemin faisant, se voit retirer ses sept bijoux (sept portes, un bijou abandonn\u00e9 \u00e0 chacune). Elle meurt en bas et ne revient que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;intervention divine, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> de renouveau v\u00e9g\u00e9tatif.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la porte d&rsquo;Ishtar ?<\/h3><p>La porte d&rsquo;Ishtar \u00e9tait la huiti\u00e8me porte de la ville de Babylone, construite vers 575 av. J.-C. sous Nabuchodonosor II. C&rsquo;\u00e9tait un double portail en briques \u00e9maill\u00e9es bleues, orn\u00e9 de reliefs repr\u00e9sentant des taureaux (pour le dieu de la temp\u00eate Adad), des dragons (Mu\u0161\u1e2bu\u0161\u0161u, pour Marduk) et des lions (pour Ishtar).<\/p><p>C&rsquo;\u00e9tait l&rsquo;un des monuments les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres du monde antique, probablement celui que l&rsquo;on d\u00e9signe lorsque les Jardins suspendus de Babylone sont cit\u00e9s comme merveille du monde. La fa\u00e7ade reconstruite de la porte est aujourd&rsquo;hui la pi\u00e8ce principale du Pergamonmuseum de Berlin.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui \u00e9tait Ishtar dans la mythologie babylonienne et assyrienne ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ishtar (akkadien I\u0161tar, sum\u00e9rien Inanna) \u00e9tait la principale d\u00e9esse de M\u00e9sopotamie, \u00e0 la fois d\u00e9esse de l'amour, de la fertilit\u00e9 et de la guerre. Cette double fonction contradictoire (amour et guerre) est typique de son ambivalence.Son mythe le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est la descente aux Enfers d'Inanna\/Ishtar : elle descend dans le royaume des morts pour retrouver sa s\u0153ur Ereshkigal et, chemin faisant, se voit retirer ses sept bijoux (sept portes, un bijou abandonn\u00e9 \u00e0 chacune). 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Aspect v\u00e9nusien, temples \u00e0 Uruk et descente aux Enfers \u2013 la couche Inanna du mythe.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[27,25,59],"class_list":["post-10793","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goetter","category-kulturen","category-mesopotamien"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ishtar \u2013 d\u00e9esse de l&#039;amour et de la guerre en M\u00e9sopotamie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ishtar, d\u00e9esse de l&#039;amour et de la guerre en M\u00e9sopotamie. 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