{"id":10769,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/huli-jing-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:46:56","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:46:56","slug":"huli-jing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/huli-jing\/","title":{"rendered":"Huli Jing"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10769\" class=\"elementor elementor-10769 elementor-1216\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Huli Jing, esprit de la tradition chinoise<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Huli Jing est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de la tradition chinoise.<\/p><p><strong>L&rsquo;esprit-renard, s\u00e9ductrice et chercheuse d&rsquo;illumination \u00e0 la fois.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funts, \u00eatres de la nature, esprits domestiques ou gardiens des seuils. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou \u00e0 des familles.\">Geist<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/chine\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dieux, esprits et religion populaire chinois, tao\u00efstes, bouddhistes, confuc\u00e9ens.\">China<\/a><a href=\"\/fr\/metamorphes\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catres mi-animaux mi-humains dou\u00e9s de m\u00e9tamorphose, \u00e0 forme de loup-garou, de renard, d'oiseau ou de serpent.\">Gestaltwandler<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131220\" alt=\"Huli Jing - esprits de la tradition chinoise, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Huli Jing<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le Huli Jing (\u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe, \u00ab essence de renard \u00bb) est l&rsquo;une des figures les plus litt\u00e9raris\u00e9es de la d\u00e9monologie chinoise. Un renard qui, par une longue vie et une cultivation spirituelle, prend forme humaine \u2013 presque toujours f\u00e9minine, presque toujours belle.<\/p><p>Son ambivalence est programmatique : il peut \u00eatre une s\u00e9ductrice dangereuse qui soutire le <em>jing<\/em> (l&rsquo;essence vitale) aux hommes ; il peut \u00eatre une compagne fid\u00e8le et une \u00e9pouse aimante ; il peut m\u00eame aspirer \u00e0 l&rsquo;illumination et devenir tao\u00efste ou bouddhiste.<\/p><p>La litt\u00e9rature classique, notamment le <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em> de Pu Songling (XVIIe si\u00e8cle), avec ses nombreuses histoires de renards, brosse un tableau nuanc\u00e9 : les esprits-renards ne sont pas simplement mauvais, mais des personnalit\u00e9s complexes dot\u00e9es d&rsquo;une histoire propre.<\/p><p>Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> de la renarde \u00e0 neuf queues (<em>Jiuweihu<\/em>) est particuli\u00e8rement connu et a voyag\u00e9 de Chine au Japon (Kitsune) et en Cor\u00e9e (Kumiho). La relation entre l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain et l&rsquo;esprit-renard est un th\u00e8me central de la litt\u00e9rature chinoise, bien au-del\u00e0 de l&rsquo;horreur et de la d\u00e9monologie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En un coup d'\u0153il : Huli Jing<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> esprit-renard, Yaoguai m\u00e9tamorphe<br>Origine : renard transform\u00e9 par une longue vie et une cultivation<br>Stades de d\u00e9veloppement : 50 ans (m\u00e9tamorphose), 100 ans (beaut\u00e9), 1000 ans (divin, neuf queues)<br>Textes : Hanfeizi, Sou Shen Ji, Tang-Chuanqi, Liaozhai Zhiyi<br>P\u00e9riode : de l&rsquo;\u00e8re pr\u00e9-imp\u00e9riale \u00e0 nos jours<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Premi\u00e8res attestations d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque pr\u00e9-imp\u00e9riale (Hanfeizi, Zuozhuan avec des motifs de renard). L&rsquo;\u00e9poque Han d\u00e9veloppe la th\u00e9orie de la cultivation. L&rsquo;\u00e9poque Tang (r\u00e9cits Chuanqi) offre des figures de renard \u00e9labor\u00e9es. Le Liaozhai de Pu Songling (XVIIe si\u00e8cle) constitue le sommet litt\u00e9raire. La tradition cin\u00e9matographique et t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelle moderne reste vivace.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;espace culturel chinois. Le Kitsune japonais et le Kumiho cor\u00e9en en sont des emprunts directs et des d\u00e9veloppements autonomes. La renarde \u00e0 neuf queues est pr\u00e9sente dans les trois traditions est-asiatiques. R\u00e9ception internationale moderne \u00e0 travers les jeux vid\u00e9o et les mangas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shanhaijing (ancien), Sou Shen Ji, Tang-Chuanqi (<em>Xu Xuanguai Lu<\/em> de Li Fuyan), Liaozhai Zhiyi de Pu Songling, Yuewei Caotang Biji de Ji Yun, corpus cin\u00e9matographique moderne et culture populaire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom et variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Chinois :<\/strong> \u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe (<em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em>), \u00ab essence de renard \u00bb ; en abr\u00e9g\u00e9 \u72d0 (<em>h\u00fa<\/em>) ou \u72d0\u4ed9 (<em>h\u00faxi\u0101n<\/em>, \u00ab renard immortel \u00bb, sens positif).<br>\u00c0 neuf queues : \u4e5d\u5c3e\u72d0 (<em>Ji\u01d4w\u011bih\u00fa<\/em>).<br>Japonais : <em>Kitsune<\/em> (\u72d0), \u00e0 neuf queues sous le nom de <em>Ky\u016bbi no Kitsune<\/em>.<br>Cor\u00e9en : <em>Kumiho<\/em> (\uad6c\ubbf8\ud638, \u00ab renard \u00e0 neuf queues \u00bb).<br>\u00c9tymologie : <em>huli<\/em> est le terme courant pour \u00ab renard \u00bb, <em>jing<\/em> d\u00e9signe l&rsquo;accumulation d&rsquo;essence.<\/p><p>Les stades de d\u00e9veloppement sont syst\u00e9matis\u00e9s dans la litt\u00e9rature classique : 50 ans \u2192 transformation en femme s\u00e9duisante. 100 ans \u2192 forme humaine parfaite. 1000 ans \u2192 pouvoir divin, neuf queues, immortalit\u00e9 tao\u00efste. Cette doctrine des stades est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la cultivation tao\u00efste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Apparence<\/h3><p>Forme humaine : belle jeune femme, souvent particuli\u00e8rement charmante, cultiv\u00e9e, musicienne. Lors de la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation : queue de renard visible sous la robe ou derri\u00e8re une porte. Forme pleinement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e : renard \u00e0 neuf queues au pelage lumineux (blanc ou dor\u00e9). En forme animale : renard ordinaire.<\/p><h3>Comportement<\/h3><p>Ambivalent. Les traditions plus anciennes (\u00e9poque Tang) d\u00e9peignent souvent le Huli Jing comme une s\u00e9ductrice dangereuse qui soutire l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie <em>jing<\/em>. L&rsquo;\u00e9poque du Liaozhai nuance : de nombreux esprits-renards sont des compagnes fid\u00e8les, des \u00e9pouses loyales, des amies secourables. Certains aspirent \u00e0 la cultivation tao\u00efste et \u00e0 la dignit\u00e9 humaine.<\/p><h3>Domaine d&rsquo;action<\/h3><p>Habite les tombeaux, les vieilles ruines, les terriers de renards dans des montagnes isol\u00e9es. En forme humaine \u00e9galement dans les villes et les villages, souvent en tant qu&rsquo;\u00e9pouse de marchand, voyageuse ou membre honoraire d&rsquo;une famille. Certaines r\u00e9gions (Shanxi, nord de la Chine) sont r\u00e9put\u00e9es \u00eatre des bastions des esprits-renards.<\/p><h3>Classification mythologique<\/h3><p>Non pas une cr\u00e9ature originelle, mais le r\u00e9sultat d&rsquo;une cultivation. Du point de vue tao\u00efste : le renard est un animal qui accumule particuli\u00e8rement bien le <em>yin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans la conception chinoise, la force vitale agissante qui traverse toutes choses.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> et parvient donc rapidement \u00e0 la cultivation. La tradition religieuse populaire v\u00e9n\u00e8re les Huxian (\u00ab renards immortels \u00bb) dans des temples qui leur sont propres, particuli\u00e8rement dans le nord de la Chine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Huli Jing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects les plus importants du Huli Jing en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte culturel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Renard transform\u00e9 par une longue cultivation. Doctrine des stades : 50 ans de m\u00e9tamorphose, 100 ans de beaut\u00e9, 1000 ans de nature divine \u00e0 neuf queues. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conception de la structure et de l'ordre du monde au sein d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span> tao\u00efste comme cadre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objet d'action<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeunes hommes dans un contexte de s\u00e9duction, lettr\u00e9s et po\u00e8tes (sch\u00e9ma du Liaozhai), voyageurs et marchands. Dans les traditions positives : \u00e9poux et familles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Repr\u00e9sentation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Belle jeune femme en forme humaine, avec une queue de renard visible lors de la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation. Pleinement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 : renard \u00e0 neuf queues au pelage lumineux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonction<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ambivalente. S\u00e9duction et soustraction du jing (n\u00e9gatif) ou partenariat fid\u00e8le et pr\u00e9sence secourable (positif). Aspire souvent \u00e0 la cultivation et \u00e0 l&rsquo;immortalit\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En cas de manifestation n\u00e9gative : <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Expulsion rituelle d'un esprit ou d'un d\u00e9mon consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme nuisible.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcisme<\/span> par un tao\u00efste, talismans fu, sang de coq, mantras sp\u00e9ciaux. En cas d&rsquo;ambivalence : conversation avis\u00e9e, respect, \u00e9preuve des intentions (les r\u00e9cits du Liaozhai l&rsquo;illustrent de fa\u00e7on litt\u00e9raire).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00catres comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kitsune (Japon), Kumiho (Cor\u00e9e), <a href=\"\/fr\/yakshini\/\">Yakshini<\/a> (ambivalent et s\u00e9ducteur), f\u00e9es europ\u00e9ennes \u00e0 m\u00e9tamorphose animale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradition litt\u00e9raire et culte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Le cycle du Liaozhai<\/h3><p>Le <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em> de Pu Songling contient de nombreuses histoires d&rsquo;esprits-renards, certaines effrayantes, beaucoup touchantes. La renarde comme personnalit\u00e9 complexe qui aime le h\u00e9ros lettr\u00e9, le prot\u00e8ge, le forme. Cette image continue de marquer la r\u00e9ception jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p><h3><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temples<\/span> Huxian<\/h3><p>Dans le nord de la Chine, en particulier au Shanxi et au Hebei, des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> Huxian existent. Les esprits-renards y sont v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des \u00ab Xian \u00bb (immortels), avec leurs propres rituels, offrandes et tradition <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lieu ou une institution o\u00f9 l'on consulte un avis divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraculaire<\/span>. Cette pratique est encore vivante aujourd&rsquo;hui, ayant refleuri apr\u00e8s la fin de la R\u00e9volution culturelle.<\/p><h3>Tang-Chuanqi et r\u00e9cit classique<\/h3><p>Les r\u00e9cits de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Tang (VIIe\u2013Xe si\u00e8cle) fondent le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> litt\u00e9raire du Huli Jing. Des histoires comme \u00ab Ren Shi Zhuan \u00bb (Biographie de Ren) pr\u00e9sentent la femme-renard comme une figure tragiquement amoureuse. Ces r\u00e9cits sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;\u0153uvre de Pu Songling et marquent la tradition jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00e9ception et modernit\u00e9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Parall\u00e8les est-asiatiques :<\/strong> Le Kitsune japonais avec sa propre riche tradition, le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religion indig\u00e8ne du Japon, marqu\u00e9e par la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des Kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span> d&rsquo;Inari, les mariages Kitsune, la magie Kitsune. Le Kumiho cor\u00e9en dans les dramas cor\u00e9ens et les films modernes. La renarde \u00e0 neuf queues est une ic\u00f4ne pan-est-asiatique.<\/p><h3>Culture populaire internationale<\/h3><p>Anime (Naruto avec le d\u00e9mon \u00e0 neuf queues), Pok\u00e9mon (Goupix\/Feunard), jeux vid\u00e9o (Ahri dans League of Legends), drames chinois (<em>The Untamed<\/em> avec des personnages secondaires d&rsquo;esprits-renards). Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> du Huli Jing est pr\u00e9sent \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle mondiale, souvent avec une forte esth\u00e9tique anime.<\/p><p><strong>Lecture f\u00e9ministe :<\/strong> La critique litt\u00e9raire chinoise moderne lit le Huli Jing comme une figure d&rsquo;autonomie f\u00e9minine dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s patriarcales \u2013 la femme-renard n&rsquo;ob\u00e9it pas aux r\u00e8gles familiales, mais reste une personnalit\u00e9 ind\u00e9pendante. Cette lecture marque la r\u00e9ception acad\u00e9mique depuis les ann\u00e9es 1990.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a031aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9a031aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9193514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9193514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'esprit-renard dans les chroniques : de Gan Bao \u00e0 Pu Songling<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02ca0ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02ca0ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp444e0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp444e0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;esprit-renard, en chinois <em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em>, est l&rsquo;une des figures surnaturelles les mieux document\u00e9es de Chine, car il a \u00e9t\u00e9 consign\u00e9 dans des collections litt\u00e9raires sur pr\u00e8s de deux mill\u00e9naires.<\/p><p>Une \u00e9tape ancienne est constitu\u00e9e par le <em>Soushen ji<\/em> (\u00ab Chroniques de la recherche des esprits \u00bb) de Gan Bao, du IVe si\u00e8cle, qui contient plusieurs histoires de renards et pr\u00e9sente le renard comme un \u00eatre m\u00e9tamorphe et long\u00e9vif, capable de prendre forme humaine et de tenir des propos \u00e9rudits.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;\u00e9poque Tang connut un \u00e9panouissement du r\u00e9cit de renard dans les <em>chuanqi<\/em>, les \u00ab r\u00e9cits du merveilleux \u00bb. La collection la plus influente reste cependant le <em>Liaozhai zhiyi<\/em> (\u00ab Histoires extraordinaires du studio du loisir \u00bb) de Pu Songling, compos\u00e9 au XVIIe si\u00e8cle.<\/p><p>Pu Songling consacra aux renards des dizaines de r\u00e9cits, brossant un tableau \u00e9tonnamment nuanc\u00e9 : on y trouve des renardes mal\u00e9fiques qui d\u00e9robent la force vitale, mais aussi des femmes-renards fid\u00e8les, intelligentes et moralement exemplaires, qui soutiennent leurs partenaires humains dans le besoin.<\/p><p>Cet \u00e9tat des sources est important du point de vue des sciences des religions. Le <em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em> n&rsquo;est pas une figure d&rsquo;effroi univoque, mais une figure litt\u00e9rairement tr\u00e8s \u00e9labor\u00e9e, \u00e0 travers laquelle les auteurs chinois ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 pendant des si\u00e8cles les questions du d\u00e9sir, de la morale, de l&rsquo;ascension sociale et de la fronti\u00e8re entre l&rsquo;humain et l&rsquo;animal.<\/p><p>R\u00e9duire l&rsquo;esprit-renard \u00e0 la \u00ab femme fatale \u00bb, c&rsquo;est passer \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la plus grande partie de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission du savoir et des r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>. Les collections de Gan Bao et de Pu Songling sont accessibles dans des traductions fiables et demeurent le fondement de tout travail s\u00e9rieux sur le sujet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11de5b2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp11de5b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d35271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8d35271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La cultivation et le chemin vers le renard c\u00e9leste<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02f26b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02f26b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp58c4390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp58c4390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un aspect central, souvent n\u00e9glig\u00e9, de la conception de l&rsquo;esprit-renard est l&rsquo;id\u00e9e d&rsquo;auto-cultivation. Le <em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em> n&rsquo;est pas, selon la conception r\u00e9pandue, un \u00eatre surnaturel d\u00e8s l&rsquo;origine, mais un renard ordinaire qui acquiert progressivement des capacit\u00e9s sup\u00e9rieures gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un grand \u00e2ge et \u00e0 une pratique orient\u00e9e.<\/p><p>\u00c0 cinquante ou cent ans, selon les textes, un renard peut prendre forme humaine ; avec l&rsquo;\u00e2ge, son pouvoir s&rsquo;accro\u00eet.<\/p><p>Cette ascension s&rsquo;inscrit dans la conception tao\u00efste du soin apport\u00e9 \u00e0 la force vitale <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans la conception chinoise, la force vitale agissante qui traverse toutes choses.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> et de la qu\u00eate de long\u00e9vit\u00e9 et de transcendance. Le renard accumule le <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans la conception chinoise, la force vitale agissante qui traverse toutes choses.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> \u2013 certains r\u00e9cits disent qu&rsquo;il le puise dans la lune, dans de vieilles tombes ou dans ses partenaires humains.<\/p><p>Au terme d&rsquo;un tr\u00e8s long cheminement, le renard peut devenir le <em>ti\u0101nh\u00fa<\/em>, le \u00ab renard c\u00e9leste \u00bb, un \u00eatre \u00e0 neuf queues qui a atteint le statut d&rsquo;immortel et n&rsquo;est plus nuisible, mais sublime.<\/p><p>Cette conception fait de l&rsquo;esprit-renard un miroir des aspirations humaines \u00e0 la cultivation. Le renard fait ce que fait aussi l&rsquo;adepte tao\u00efste : il pratique, il accumule, il aspire \u00e0 d\u00e9passer sa nature. Cela explique l&rsquo;ambivalence morale de la figure.<\/p><p>Le renard qui soutire la force vitale \u00e0 un \u00eatre humain pour s&rsquo;\u00e9lever plus vite agit de mani\u00e8re pr\u00e9datrice ; le renard qui progresse par une conduite vertueuse et l&rsquo;accumulation de bonnes actions est une figure presque exemplaire.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;esprit-renard est ainsi moins un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une action nuisible ou ambigu\u00eb.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> qu&rsquo;un \u00eatre en chemin, dont les m\u00e9thodes d\u00e9terminent son rang moral. Cette logique le rapproche d&rsquo;autres \u00eatres capables de cultivation dans la tradition chinoise.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp406577c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp406577c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd9c543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdd9c543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le culte du renard : v\u00e9n\u00e9ration plut\u00f4t que simple rejet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e731bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9e731bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7c898c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa7c898c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Contrairement \u00e0 beaucoup de figures d&rsquo;effroi, l&rsquo;esprit-renard faisait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un v\u00e9ritable culte dans certaines r\u00e9gions de Chine. Particuli\u00e8rement dans le nord de la Chine, dans la r\u00e9gion de P\u00e9kin et en Mandchourie, la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration du renard \u00e9tait r\u00e9pandue jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 une \u00e9poque r\u00e9cente.<\/p><p>Le renard y \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l&rsquo;une des \u00ab quatre \u00bb ou \u00ab cinq \u00bb puissantes divinit\u00e9s animales \u2013 aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la belette, du h\u00e9risson, du serpent et du rat \u2013, souvent invoqu\u00e9es ensemble sous le nom de <em>h\u00faxi\u0101n<\/em>, les \u00ab renards immortels \u00bb, ou sous des appellations honorifiques similaires.<\/p><p>Cette v\u00e9n\u00e9ration \u00e9tait ambivalente et, pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment pour cette raison, intense. Le renard pouvait apporter la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u00e0 un foyer, provoquer ou gu\u00e9rir des maladies, \u00eatre impliqu\u00e9 dans des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de possession et parler par l&rsquo;interm\u00e9diaire de m\u00e9diums. Des familles installaient de petits sanctuaires, pr\u00e9sentaient des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, supplication ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrandes<\/span> et cherchaient \u00e0 se concilier cet \u00eatre puissant et capricieux.<\/p><p>Le culte du renard relevait ainsi de la religion populaire locale, non des grandes religions institutionnelles, et fut souvent combattu comme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Terme p\u00e9joratif d\u00e9signant des croyances consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme religieusement infond\u00e9es.\" tabindex=\"0\">superstition<\/span> par l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrine reconnue comme orthodoxe.\" tabindex=\"0\">orthodoxie<\/span> confuc\u00e9enne, puis par les mouvements r\u00e9formateurs modernes.<\/p><p>Les travaux ethnographiques et folkloriques du XXe si\u00e8cle ont document\u00e9 ce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des pratiques de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> et montr\u00e9 que l&rsquo;esprit-renard litt\u00e9raire des collections et le renard cultuellement v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des villages sont deux facettes d&rsquo;une m\u00eame conception. Le constat est important du point de vue des sciences des religions, car il corrige un malentendu r\u00e9pandu : les \u00eatres surnaturels dangereux ne sont pas n\u00e9cessairement combattus.<\/p><p>Pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment parce que le renard \u00e9tait puissant et impr\u00e9visible, on cherchait \u00e0 entrer en relation avec lui, \u00e0 le lier par la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration et \u00e0 attirer sa force de son c\u00f4t\u00e9. La fronti\u00e8re entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une action nuisible ou ambigu\u00eb.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> ne passe pas ici par le degr\u00e9 de dangerosit\u00e9, mais par la question de savoir si une relation peut \u00eatre \u00e9tablie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/chine\/\">Chine (tao\u00efsme et religion populaire)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/yaoguai\/\">Yaoguai<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/jiangshi\/\">Jiangshi<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/e-gui\/\">E Gui<\/a><\/li><li>Kitsune (Japon), Kumiho (Cor\u00e9e), parall\u00e8les<\/li><li>Liaozhai Zhiyi et litt\u00e9rature classique sur le renard<\/li><li><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9difice consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une ou plusieurs divinit\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temples<\/span> Huxian et religion populaire<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie (s\u00e9lection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection de travaux essentiels sur le Huli Jing :<\/p><ul><li>Pu Songling : <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em>. Plusieurs traductions en allemand et en anglais.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kang, Xiaofei : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/cup.columbia.edu\/book\/the-cult-of-the-fox\/9780231133388\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Cult of the Fox. Power, Gender, and Popular Religion in Late Imperial and Modern China<\/a><\/em>. New York 2006.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Huntington, Rania : <em>Alien Kind. Foxes and Late Imperial Chinese Narrative<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Karen Lucic : \u00ab Fox Wives and Foxes. \u00bb In : <em>Late Imperial China<\/em> 19 (1998).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan : <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/the-book-of-yokai-expanded-second-edition\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Book of Yokai<\/a><\/em>. Berkeley 2015 (pour les parall\u00e8les japonais).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans la <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des r\u00e9cits mythologiques transmis au sein d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythologie<\/span><\/em> chinoise, Huli Jing est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un esprit-renard qui a appris la m\u00e9tamorphose au fil des si\u00e8cles et appara\u00eet dans les collections <strong>Soushen ji<\/strong> et <strong>Liaozhai zhiyi<\/strong> tant\u00f4t comme une s\u00e9ductrice dangereuse, tant\u00f4t comme une protectrice bienveillante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1658,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Huli Jing","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Huli Jing \u2013 \u00eatre et mythologie","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Huli Jing, esprit-renard chinois \u2013 s\u00e9ductrice et chercheuse d'illumination. 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