{"id":10726,"date":"2026-05-19T11:48:33","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:48:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hananim-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:46:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:46:05","slug":"hananim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/hananim\/","title":{"rendered":"Hananim"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10726\" class=\"elementor elementor-10726 elementor-3054 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c829f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"94c829f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b923208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b923208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774a445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"774a445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d35426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d35426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim, dieu supr\u00eame du chamanisme cor\u00e9en<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdceee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdceee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hananim (cor\u00e9en \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) est le terme cor\u00e9en moderne d\u00e9signant le \u00ab Seigneur du Ciel \u00bb ou le \u00ab dieu supr\u00eame \u00bb. Contrairement \u00e0 Hwanin, figure mythologiquement ancr\u00e9e dans le mythe fondateur, Hananim est un terme relativement r\u00e9cent dans l&rsquo;histoire des religions, utilis\u00e9 depuis le XIXe si\u00e8cle principalement dans des contextes chr\u00e9tiens, n\u00e9oreligieux et spirituels populaires.<\/p><p>Son ascension en tant que nom central de Dieu s&rsquo;inscrit dans la transformation religieuse de la Cor\u00e9e au contact du christianisme occidental et de ses propres mouvements de r\u00e9forme religieuse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a87fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0a87fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000caa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"000caa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dieu \/ D\u00e9esse : Puissance supr\u00eame personnifi\u00e9e dans le panth\u00e9on d'une culture, avec des attributions pr\u00e9cises \u2013 forces de la nature, destin, guerre, fertilit\u00e9. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par des cultes, des sacrifices et des institutions templi\u00e8res.\">Dieu<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/coree\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Univers des dieux, chamanes et esprits populaires cor\u00e9ens.\">Korea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cc34b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cc34b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508a21 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2508a21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31242e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b31242e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3873cfc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3873cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3243\" alt=\"Hananim - G\u00f6tter aus der Korea-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b057e62 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b057e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc0b35b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc0b35b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f71efa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f71efa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tymologie et histoire du mot<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b763f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b763f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le terme Hananim se compose du mot cor\u00e9en \u00ab haneul \u00bb (ciel) et du suffixe honorifique \u00ab -nim \u00bb, ce qui signifie litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab le v\u00e9n\u00e9rable ciel \u00bb ou \u00ab Seigneur du Ciel \u00bb. Dans sa forme plus ancienne, il se pronon\u00e7ait Hanunim ou Hanonim et remonte \u00e0 la pratique populaire consistant \u00e0 s&rsquo;adresser au ciel comme \u00e0 une puissance personnelle.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker a montr\u00e9 dans \u00ab Korean Spirituality \u00bb (2008) que la forme du mot est attest\u00e9e dans la pratique populaire d\u00e8s les XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles, sans toutefois avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9e comme doctrine th\u00e9ologique coh\u00e9rente.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>James Grayson a signal\u00e9 dans \u00ab Korea: A Religious History \u00bb (1989) que le terme sous sa forme moderne Hananim n&rsquo;a trouv\u00e9 sa place d\u00e9finitive qu&rsquo;au XIXe si\u00e8cle, chez les premiers convertis cor\u00e9ens au catholicisme et surtout chez les missionnaires protestants de la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Les missionnaires \u00e9cossais John Ross et John MacIntyre, qui r\u00e9alis\u00e8rent en 1882 \u00e0 Mukden la premi\u00e8re traduction cor\u00e9enne de la Bible, choisirent Hananim comme traduction du nom divin h\u00e9breu-grec. Ce choix marqua durablement la tradition protestante cor\u00e9enne.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-982ee3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"982ee3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b40a6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b40a6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim dans la tradition religieuse populaire<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26981b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26981b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Avant que les missionnaires chr\u00e9tiens ne s&rsquo;approprient le terme, Hananim ou Hanunim \u00e9tait une invocation du ciel dans de nombreux rites populaires cor\u00e9ens.<\/p><p>Les paysans l&rsquo;invoquaient avant les semailles, les chamanes le mentionnaient dans des pri\u00e8res de lamentation, et les parents s&rsquo;adressaient \u00e0 lui lors des naissances et des d\u00e9c\u00e8s. Cette v\u00e9n\u00e9ration n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas organis\u00e9e en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des dieux d'une religion ou d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panth\u00e9on<\/span> coh\u00e9rent, mais apparaissait comme une couche suppl\u00e9mentaire aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la religiosit\u00e9 bouddhiste, confuc\u00e9enne et chamanique.<\/p>\n\n<p>Boudewijn Walraven a soulign\u00e9 dans ses travaux sur le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Syst\u00e8me religieux dans lequel des sp\u00e9cialistes communiquent avec le monde des esprits.\" tabindex=\"0\">chamanisme<\/span> cor\u00e9en que les chamanes (\u00ab mudang \u00bb) invoquaient fr\u00e9quemment le Seigneur du Ciel comme une puissance lointaine, \u00e0 peine interventionniste, tandis qu&rsquo;ils accomplissaient le travail concret de gu\u00e9rison par l&rsquo;interm\u00e9diaire d&rsquo;esprits locaux et de divinit\u00e9s des montagnes.<\/p><p>Hananim occupait le sommet de la hi\u00e9rarchie religieuse sans avoir de signification rituelle directe dans la vie quotidienne. Cette structure de \u00ab Deus otiosus \u00bb est, selon Mircea Eliade, typique des formes de croyance c\u00e9leste nordasiatiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfceb0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfceb0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f63af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f63af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appropriation chr\u00e9tienne au XIXe si\u00e8cle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c8d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c8d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le choix de Hananim comme traduction du nom biblique de Dieu fut une d\u00e9cision d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e de la mission protestante. Les alternatives comprenaient Sanonim (Seigneur de la montagne), Shinjeo (puissance divine) et Sangje (souverain supr\u00eame, terme confuc\u00e9en).<\/p><p>John Ross et son cercle se prononc\u00e8rent contre Sangje, car celui-ci \u00e9tait trop \u00e9troitement li\u00e9 au culte confuc\u00e9en de cour, et contre Shinjeo, qui pouvait \u00eatre compris comme polyth\u00e9iste ou panth\u00e9iste. Hananim avait l&rsquo;avantage d&rsquo;\u00eatre d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9tabli dans la croyance populaire comme une puissance personnelle et unique.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Une seconde vague de missionnaires protestants, principalement des m\u00e9thodistes et des presbyt\u00e9riens am\u00e9ricains, adopta ce choix dans les ann\u00e9es 1880 et 1890. Horace Underwood et Henry Appenzeller, arriv\u00e9s \u00e0 S\u00e9oul en 1885, utilis\u00e8rent Hananim dans leur traduction de la Bible et dans la pratique liturgique.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ainsi, avant 1900, le terme \u00e9tait solidement ancr\u00e9 dans la Bible cor\u00e9enne \u2013 un fait sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent dans aucune autre tradition est-asiatique (Chine, Japon) dot\u00e9e d&rsquo;une pr\u00e9histoire indig\u00e8ne comparable.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0280a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d0280a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d7af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95d7af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim et la tradition catholique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f96e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f96e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradition catholique plus ancienne de Cor\u00e9e, import\u00e9e de Chine \u00e0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, utilisait initialement le terme d&rsquo;origine chinoise Cheonju (\u00ab Seigneur du Ciel \u00bb), introduit par Matteo Ricci.<\/p><p>Ce terme est rest\u00e9 en usage jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ordre \u00e9tabli du culte d'une communaut\u00e9 religieuse.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgie<\/span> catholique cor\u00e9enne. Il existe ainsi dans le christianisme cor\u00e9en une s\u00e9paration confessionnelle dans la d\u00e9signation de Dieu : les protestants l&rsquo;appellent Hananim, les catholiques Cheonju. Les deux termes sont fermement ancr\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;usage quotidien.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cette division dans la d\u00e9signation de Dieu est remarquable du point de vue de l&rsquo;histoire des religions et a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 des discussions \u0153cum\u00e9niques au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies. Don Baker a soulign\u00e9 que le choix de noms diff\u00e9rents pour Dieu est plus qu&rsquo;une simple question de traduction ; il marque des rattachements th\u00e9ologiques distincts : Cheonju se rattache \u00e0 la tradition hi\u00e9rarchique confuc\u00e9enne, Hananim \u00e0 la pi\u00e9t\u00e9 c\u00e9leste d&rsquo;origine populaire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-511364e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"511364e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8483d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8483d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mouvements n\u00e9oreligieux<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2d9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2d9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hananim joue \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le central dans les mouvements n\u00e9oreligieux cor\u00e9ens de la fin de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Joseon et de la p\u00e9riode coloniale.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Le mouvement Donghak, fond\u00e9 en 1860 par Choe Je-u, v\u00e9n\u00e9rait Hannolnim, une variante de Hananim, comme le ciel personnifi\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent en chaque \u00eatre humain (dans la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre formule \u00ab innaecheon \u00bb, \u00ab l&rsquo;homme est le ciel \u00bb). Ce mouvement conduisit en 1894 au grand soul\u00e8vement Donghak et fut ult\u00e9rieurement institutionnalis\u00e9 sous le nom de Cheondogyo.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Le Daejonggyo, qui formula syst\u00e9matiquement en 1909 la tradition Dangun-Hwanin, utilise \u00e9galement Hananim comme d\u00e9signation du dieu supr\u00eame de la trinit\u00e9 sacr\u00e9e. Le mouvement de Sun Myung Moon (\u00c9glise de l&rsquo;Unification), apparu plus tard, reprit le terme de la tradition chr\u00e9tienne cor\u00e9enne. Cette diversit\u00e9 montre \u00e0 quel point Hananim est une forme de langage religieux ouverte, et comment diff\u00e9rents courants l&rsquo;ont rendu utilisable pour des programmes th\u00e9ologiques vari\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8badfd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8badfd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165c229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"165c229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim et Cheonju en comparaison<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616653e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616653e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le choix entre Hananim et Cheonju peut se d\u00e9crire non seulement sur le plan confessionnel, mais aussi sur le plan de l&rsquo;histoire de la langue. Hananim est un terme purement cor\u00e9en, tandis que Cheonju est une formation sino-cor\u00e9enne. Ces diff\u00e9rences linguistiques se refl\u00e8tent dans la perception des croyants.<\/p><p>Tandis que Hananim est v\u00e9cu comme familier, populaire et personnel, Cheonju est per\u00e7u comme plus formel, solennel et litt\u00e9raire. Les deux termes ont donc des connotations diff\u00e9rentes, sans qu&rsquo;il existe une hi\u00e9rarchie th\u00e9ologique clairement \u00e9tablie entre eux.<\/p>\n\n<p>Antonetta Bruno a propos\u00e9, dans ses travaux sur le langage religieux cor\u00e9en, de comprendre cette distinction comme un multilinguisme consciemment pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 au sein de la religiosit\u00e9 cor\u00e9enne. Elle montre comment une langue peut disposer de deux mots diff\u00e9rents pour la m\u00eame cat\u00e9gorie th\u00e9ologique fondamentale sans que cela entra\u00eene de confusion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f80e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f80e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a56984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a56984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Usage actuel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8050a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed8050a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui, Hananim est le terme standard d\u00e9signant le Dieu chr\u00e9tien dans la tradition protestante cor\u00e9enne. Avec plus de dix millions de protestants en Cor\u00e9e du Sud et une forte pr\u00e9sence des \u00c9glises cor\u00e9ennes \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger, le terme b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d&rsquo;une diffusion tr\u00e8s large.<\/p><p>Parall\u00e8lement, il est utilis\u00e9 dans des contextes litt\u00e9raires et non religieux comme d\u00e9signation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Dieu, par exemple dans des po\u00e8mes, des exclamations du quotidien et dans le langage philosophique.<\/p>\n\n<p>Le maintien du terme dans le vocabulaire cor\u00e9en moderne constitue un exemple remarquable de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 historico-religieuse d&rsquo;une invocation d&rsquo;origine populaire, devenue cat\u00e9gorie th\u00e9ologique principale gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son adoption missionnaire.<\/p><p>James Grayson a qualifi\u00e9 ce processus de \u00ab relativement unique dans l&rsquo;histoire mondiale de la mission chr\u00e9tienne \u00bb, car dans la plupart des autres langues, les traducteurs de la Bible ont d\u00fb soit forger un nouveau terme, soit red\u00e9finir profond\u00e9ment un terme existant. Dans le cas cor\u00e9en, le terme existant a largement conserv\u00e9 son sens et n&rsquo;a \u00e9t\u00e9 que th\u00e9ologiquement affin\u00e9 par l&rsquo;usage chr\u00e9tien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d633f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d633f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e4d127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e4d127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat de la recherche<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c170e14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c170e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recherche sur Hananim est port\u00e9e principalement par James Grayson, Don Baker, Boudewijn Walraven et Antonetta Bruno. Au cours des trois derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, ils ont mis en lumi\u00e8re la profondeur historique et l&rsquo;importance historique du terme.<\/p><p>Une histoire lexicale syst\u00e9matique int\u00e9grant tous les t\u00e9moignages pertinents issus de textes populaires, chr\u00e9tiens et n\u00e9oreligieux n&rsquo;a toutefois pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re compl\u00e8te. Maurizio Riotto a discut\u00e9 dans plusieurs articles consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;histoire des religions cor\u00e9ennes le lien avec la tradition nordasiatique du Tengri, avec la conclusion prudente qu&rsquo;une filiation directe ne peut \u00eatre \u00e9tablie.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dans un cadre scientifique plus large, Hananim constitue un exemple pour la discussion th\u00e9orique autour de la \u00ab question du Dieu originel \u00bb, que Mircea Eliade et Wilhelm Schmidt ont plac\u00e9e au centre de leurs travaux dans la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p><p>La th\u00e8se d&rsquo;un dieu supr\u00eame originel, recouvert ult\u00e9rieurement par d&rsquo;autres divinit\u00e9s, a \u00e9t\u00e9 critiqu\u00e9e dans la recherche religieuse moderne, mais reste pertinente comme cadre de discussion pour le cas cor\u00e9en.<\/p><p>Hananim montre comment un concept populaire de dieu supr\u00eame peut rester pr\u00e9sent pendant des si\u00e8cles sans \u00eatre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 dans une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrine scientifique de Dieu et de la foi d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> coh\u00e9rente, et comment il peut \u00eatre r\u00e9activ\u00e9 par des programmes th\u00e9ologiques externes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e7f10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75e7f10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac99849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac99849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Donghak, Choe Je-u et la th\u00e9ologie de Hannolnim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-852ff55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"852ff55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrine scientifique de Dieu et de la foi d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> cor\u00e9enne la plus importante et la plus autonome du XIXe si\u00e8cle se rattache \u00e0 Hananim. Choe Je-u (1824\u20131864), fondateur du mouvement Donghak (\u00ab Enseignement oriental \u00bb), rapporta une rencontre mystique en 1860, lors de laquelle le Seigneur du Ciel Hannolnim lui r\u00e9v\u00e9la la doctrine du ciel int\u00e9rieur.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ses textes, rassembl\u00e9s dans le \u00ab Donggyeong daejeon \u00bb (1880) et le \u00ab Yongdam yusa \u00bb (1881), formulent le principe fondamental selon lequel l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain et le ciel ne sont pas s\u00e9par\u00e9s. La formule centrale \u00ab si cheonju \u00bb (\u00ab porter en soi le Seigneur du Ciel \u00bb) se d\u00e9veloppa chez son successeur Choe Si-hyeong et surtout chez Son Byong-hi en la formule plus radicale \u00ab innaecheon \u00bb (\u00ab l&rsquo;homme est le ciel \u00bb).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Cette position th\u00e9ologique se conjuguait \u00e0 une pratique sociale critique qui co\u00fbta la vie \u00e0 Choe Je-u en 1864 ; il fut ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 pour <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une conception de la foi qui s'\u00e9carte de l'enseignement eccl\u00e9siastique reconnu.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u00e9r\u00e9sie<\/span> et s\u00e9dition. Le mouvement conduisit en 1894 au grand soul\u00e8vement paysan Donghak, qui remporta d&rsquo;abord des succ\u00e8s r\u00e9gionaux, avant d&rsquo;\u00eatre militairement \u00e9cras\u00e9 par les troupes japonaises et cor\u00e9ennes confuc\u00e9ennes.<\/span><\/p><p>Don Baker et Susan Shin ont montr\u00e9 dans leurs travaux sur le mouvement Donghak que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrine scientifique de Dieu et de la foi d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> de Hananim chez les Donghak repr\u00e9sente une tentative cor\u00e9enne autonome de formuler une religion moderne sans se soumettre au christianisme occidental ni au culte confuc\u00e9en de cour.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Son Byong-hi institutionnalisa le mouvement en 1905 sous le nom de Cheondogyo (\u00ab Religion de la voie c\u00e9leste \u00bb), qui joua un r\u00f4le important dans le mouvement d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance sous la p\u00e9riode coloniale, notamment lors du mouvement du 1er mars 1919.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d393860 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d393860\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531e742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"531e742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La \u00ab Term Question \u00bb cor\u00e9enne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794cfb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"794cfb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La d\u00e9cision des missionnaires protestants de choisir Hananim s&rsquo;inscrit, en tant que \u00ab Term Question cor\u00e9enne \u00bb, dans un d\u00e9bat est-asiatique plus large. En Chine, la question parall\u00e8le entre Shen, Shangdi et Tianzhu suscita des controverses s\u00e9culaires depuis les tentatives d&rsquo;accommodation de Matteo Ricci.<\/p><p>Au Japon, les missionnaires choisirent au XIXe si\u00e8cle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans le shinto japonais, les \u00eatres spirituels v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s et les puissances divines.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> comme terme de traduction, avec des pertes de sens consid\u00e9rables. Dans le cas cor\u00e9en, la question se r\u00e9solut de mani\u00e8re comparativement rapide et consensuelle, ce que Don Baker attribue \u00e0 la proximit\u00e9 structurelle du Hananim populaire avec un dieu supr\u00eame personnel.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>John Ross publia en 1877 le \u00ab Corean Primer \u00bb et en 1882 les premi\u00e8res traductions bibliques du Nouveau Testament grec. Son cercle de collaborateurs \u00e9tait compos\u00e9 des premiers convertis cor\u00e9ens Seo Sang-ryun et Baek Hong-jun.<\/span><\/p><p>Ross justifia le choix de Hananim par le fait que la population cor\u00e9enne \u00ab connaissait d\u00e9j\u00e0 le dieu supr\u00eame sous ce nom \u00bb \u2013 un constat que la recherche ult\u00e9rieure a jug\u00e9 exact, mais th\u00e9ologiquement accentu\u00e9.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Le th\u00e9ologien am\u00e9ricain James Scarth Gale d\u00e9veloppa dans ses \u0153uvres \u00ab Korean Sketches \u00bb (1898) et \u00ab The Cloud Dream of the Nine \u00bb (1922) la m\u00e9diation litt\u00e9raire de Hananim vers le monde anglophone.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0904447 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0904447\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea33b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ea33b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim dans la th\u00e9ologie et la culture modernes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf2fc1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf2fc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aux XXe et XXIe si\u00e8cles, Hananim a fait l&rsquo;objet de plusieurs \u00e9laborations th\u00e9ologiques. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrine scientifique de Dieu et de la foi d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> Minjung cor\u00e9enne, une th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration des ann\u00e9es 1970 et 1980 port\u00e9e par Suh Nam-dong et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un anc\u00eatre auquel est vou\u00e9e une v\u00e9n\u00e9ration comme puissance protectrice dans de nombreuses cultures.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ahn<\/span> Byung-mu, identifia Hananim avec le Dieu des opprim\u00e9s et des humili\u00e9s et le relia \u00e0 l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience du Han, la souffrance collective du peuple cor\u00e9en sous le colonialisme, la guerre et la dictature.<\/p><p>Ce lien th\u00e9ologique entre Hananim et la souffrance sociale a marqu\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 protestante cor\u00e9enne.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9 se trouve la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrine scientifique de Dieu et de la foi d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> des \u00c9glises pentec\u00f4tistes cor\u00e9ennes, notamment la Yoido Full Gospel Church de Cho Yonggi (1936\u20132021), qui s&rsquo;adressait \u00e0 Hananim comme au dispensateur bienveillant de biens mat\u00e9riels et spirituels.<\/span><\/p><p>Ces deux interpr\u00e9tations \u2013 sociale et de prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u2013 ont ancr\u00e9 en profondeur Hananim comme nom cor\u00e9en de Dieu dans la conscience religieuse moderne. Sebastian Kim, James Grayson et Robert Buswell ont document\u00e9 dans leurs travaux sur la religiosit\u00e9 cor\u00e9enne moderne la multiplicit\u00e9 de ces appropriations de Hananim.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f594dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f594dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84ec19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f84ec19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources et bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5fcbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5fcbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Sources primaires : Choe Je-u, \u00ab Donggyeong daejeon \u00bb (posthume 1880) et \u00ab Yongdam yusa \u00bb (posthume 1881) ; John Ross, \u00ab History of Corea, Ancient and Modern \u00bb (Paisley 1879) et \u00ab Corean Primer \u00bb (Shanghai 1877) ; James Scarth Gale, \u00ab Korean Sketches \u00bb (New York 1898) ; Horace G. Underwood, \u00ab The Religions of Eastern Asia \u00bb (New York 1910).<\/span><\/p><p>Bibliographie secondaire :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>James H. Grayson, \u00ab Korea: A Religious History \u00bb (Oxford 1989, 2002) et \u00ab Early Buddhism and Christianity in Korea \u00bb (Leiden 1985).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker, \u00ab Korean Spirituality \u00bb (Honolulu 2008) et \u00ab Catholics and Anti-Catholicism in Choson Korea \u00bb (Honolulu 2017).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boudewijn Walraven, \u00ab Songs of the Shaman \u00bb (London 1994).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Susan Shin, \u00ab Tonghak Thought: The Roots of Revolution \u00bb, in \u00ab Korea Journal \u00bb 19 (1979).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sebastian Kim, \u00ab In Search of Identity: Debates on Religious Conversion in India \u00bb avec sections comparatives cor\u00e9ennes (Oxford 2003).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>George Paik, \u00ab The History of Protestant Missions in Korea 1832-1910 \u00bb (Pyongyang 1929, r\u00e9impr. S\u00e9oul 1980).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span data-nosnippet>Sur la Term Question, voir Sung-Deuk Oak, \u00ab The Making of Korean Christianity \u00bb (Waco 2013).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3243,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hananim","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hananim \u2013 Dieu supr\u00eame de Cor\u00e9e | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hananim est le dieu c\u00e9leste supr\u00eame du chamanisme cor\u00e9en, repris comme nom de Dieu dans le christianisme 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