{"id":10718,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:34","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gyalpo-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:45:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:45:54","slug":"gyalpo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/gyalpo\/","title":{"rendered":"Gyalpo"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10718\" class=\"elementor elementor-10718 elementor-1338\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyalpo, esprit de l'\u00e9cole rNying-ma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gyalpo est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre sans corps auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole rNying-ma.<\/p><p>D\u00e9mons royaux de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, moines d\u00e9chus, souverains d\u00e9pos\u00e9s, esprits vindicatifs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funt, \u00eatre de la nature, esprit domestique ou gardien de seuil. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou \u00e0 des familles.\">Esprit<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition tib\u00e9to-bouddhiste et B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, monde des N\u0101ga.\">Tibet<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Classe de divinit\u00e9s protectrices du bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain.\">Dharmap\u0101la<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1675\" alt=\"Gyalpo - Geister aus der Tibet-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyalpo (rgyal po)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Gyalpo (tib. <em>rgyal po<\/em>, \u00ab roi \u00bb) forment une classe particuli\u00e8rement redout\u00e9e d&rsquo;\u00eatres spirituels tib\u00e9tains.<\/p><p>Le terme \u00ab d\u00e9mons royaux \u00bb d\u00e9signe des esprits de personnes ayant occup\u00e9 de hautes fonctions de leur vivant \u2013 moines, abb\u00e9s, princes, \u00e9rudits \u2013 et qui reviennent apr\u00e8s la mort en esprits vindicatifs, pouss\u00e9s par la d\u00e9ception, la col\u00e8re ou l&rsquo;app\u00e9tit de pouvoir. Leur haute formation intellectuelle et spirituelle les rend plus dangereux que les d\u00e9funts ordinaires tourment\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Les Gyalpo n&rsquo;attaquent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas de fa\u00e7on directement physique ; ils agissent par la possession, la discorde, le doute, l&rsquo;apostasie, les conflits dans les monast\u00e8res et les familles. Dans la pratique tantrique, ils sont conjur\u00e9s, li\u00e9s ou, dans le meilleur des cas, int\u00e9gr\u00e9s au <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme, le devoir et l'ordre cosmique ; dans le bouddhisme, l'enseignement du Bouddha.\">Dharma<\/span> en tant qu&rsquo;esprits protecteurs li\u00e9s, par des rituels sp\u00e9ciaux.<\/p><div><h3>La liaison par Padmasambhava et la royaut\u00e9 territoriale<\/h3><p>La majeure partie des traditions relatives aux <em>Gyalpo<\/em> est \u00e9troitement li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;action du ma\u00eetre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e9gendaire tantrique indien (VIIIe s.) ; il transmit le bouddhisme au Tibet.\">Padmasambhava<\/span>, qui contribua \u00e0 la bouddhisation du Tibet au VIIIe si\u00e8cle. Selon la tradition, Padmasambhava \u00e9voqua de puissants esprits locaux, dont de nombreux Gyalpo, et les apprivoisa par des contrats magiques. Ces Gyalpo furent contraints de prot\u00e9ger le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans les religions indiennes, l'enseignement et le juste ordre de l'action.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> et de ne plus nuire aux \u00eatres humains.<\/p><p>La liaison des Gyalpo par Padmasambhava n&rsquo;est pas une destruction de leur pouvoir, mais une r\u00e9orientation : ils demeurent territoriaux, puissants et dangereux, mais leur agressivit\u00e9 est mise au service du bouddhisme. Cette transformation montre comment l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment local n&rsquo;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9cart\u00e9, mais int\u00e9gr\u00e9.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aper\u00e7u rapide : Gyalpo<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> D\u00e9mons royaux, esprits vindicatifs de d\u00e9funts de haut rang<br>Origine : Moines d\u00e9chus, souverains d\u00e9pos\u00e9s, \u00e9rudits ambitieux<br>Textes : Cycles de Padmasambhava, textes Terma Nyingma, manuels rituels des esprits protecteurs li\u00e9s<br>Action : Possession, discorde, doute, apostasie, intrigues dans les monast\u00e8res<br>D\u00e9fense : Rituels tantriques d&rsquo;exorcisme, c\u00e9r\u00e9monies de Torma, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de s'adresser \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 une puissance par la pri\u00e8re ou la conjuration.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> des divinit\u00e9s protectrices<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777534985 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777534985\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777534985 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777534985\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><em><strong>Distinction par rapport aux Mamo :<\/strong> Contrairement aux <a href=\"\/fr\/mamo\/\">Mamo<\/a>, les sombres esprits-m\u00e8res f\u00e9minins, les Gyalpo sont des <strong>d\u00e9mons royaux<\/strong> masculins, moines d\u00e9chus et rois d\u00e9pos\u00e9s de la tradition tib\u00e9taine, dont la haine et la jalousie les poussent \u00e0 nuire.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La cat\u00e9gorie des Gyalpo \u00e9merge dans la densification de l&rsquo;histoire monastique tib\u00e9taine, o\u00f9 des conflits entre de puissants moines et leurs autorit\u00e9s religieuses se sont r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s. Historiquement, elle est li\u00e9e \u00e0 des figures qui, apr\u00e8s une mort violente ou une d\u00e9ception, seraient revenues sous forme d&rsquo;esprits.<\/p><p>Un Gyalpo particuli\u00e8rement c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est <em>Dorje Shugden<\/em>, une figure apparue au XVIIe si\u00e8cle et qui reste jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 nos jours une source de controverses th\u00e9ologiques au sein de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole Gelug. D&rsquo;autres Gyalpo ont \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9s dans le cadre des cycles de Padmasambhava et int\u00e9gr\u00e9s au <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des dieux d'une religion ou d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panth\u00e9on<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Gyalpo sont li\u00e9s aux monast\u00e8res, aux anciens si\u00e8ges de lamas de haut rang, aux champs de bataille historiques et aux lieux de conflits politiques. Les monast\u00e8res des r\u00e9gions d&rsquo;Amdo et de Kham connaissent des traditions Gyalpo locales particuli\u00e8res ; les r\u00e9gions centrales du Tibet central abritent \u00e9galement de c\u00e9l\u00e8bres sanctuaires Gyalpo.<\/p><p>Les cultes Gyalpo modernes se sont davantage diff\u00e9renci\u00e9s parmi les Tib\u00e9tains en exil ; les controverses autour de Dorje Shugden ont acquis des ramifications mondiales.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Sources principales : cycles de Padmasambhava avec leurs r\u00e9cits de soumission ; textes Terma de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole Nyingma ; manuels rituels de monast\u00e8res particuliers. Sur la th\u00e9matique Dorje Shugden, il existe une vaste litt\u00e9rature moderne. Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence : Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956) ; Dreyfus, Georges (1998) \u00ab The Shuk-den Affair \u00bb ; Cabez\u00f3n, Jos\u00e9 Ignacio (\u00e9d. 1997) Buddhism and Language.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9signation et variantes orthographiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En tib\u00e9tain, <em>rgyal po<\/em> signifie litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab roi, souverain \u00bb.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Rgyal chen<\/strong>, \u00ab grand roi \u00bb ; les Gyalpo les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/li><li>Pehar rgyal po, Pehar ; historiquement \u00e9minent, institutionnalis\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lieu ou une institution o\u00f9 l'on recueille un avis divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> de Nechung.<\/li><li>Dorje Shugden, Gyalpo controvers\u00e9 de la tradition Gelug.<\/li><li>Tsiu Marpo, autre Gyalpo \u00e9minent, associ\u00e9 au monast\u00e8re de Samye.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traits caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence.<\/strong> La repr\u00e9sentation iconographique varie. Souvent figur\u00e9s comme une forme masculine au visage blanc ou jaune p\u00e2le, coiff\u00e9e d&rsquo;un chapeau princier, par\u00e9e de bijoux en or, mont\u00e9e sur un cheval. Certains Gyalpo (comme Tsiu Marpo) sont rouges ; Dorje Shugden est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme un terrifiant guerrier jaune sur un lion des neiges.<\/p><p>Comportement. Les Gyalpo agissent de fa\u00e7on subtile. Ils s&rsquo;infiltrent dans les r\u00eaves, s\u00e8ment le doute, cr\u00e9ent des malentendus entre fr\u00e8res, provoquent la discorde dans les familles. Dans les cas les plus graves, ils entra\u00eenent les personnes dans la possession, g\u00e9n\u00e8rent la folie et l&rsquo;apostasie.<\/p><p>Liaison. Li\u00e9s par des rituels tantriques, les Gyalpo peuvent devenir de puissants esprits protecteurs, mais ils conservent leur nature dangereuse, que seule une maintenance correcte permet de tenir en respect.<\/p><div><h3>Pehar, le Gyalpo le plus \u00e9minent<\/h3><p>Parmi tous les Gyalpo, <em>Pehar<\/em> est le plus important. Selon la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmission de savoirs et de r\u00e9cits \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, Pehar \u00e9tait \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine un roi guerrier qui, apr\u00e8s sa mort, devint un puissant Gyalpo. Il fut plac\u00e9 dans un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lieu de conservation sacr\u00e9 ou un espace de d\u00e9votion.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaire<\/span> sp\u00e9cial au monast\u00e8re de Samye. Pehar est souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme un dieu de la guerre en armure et portant une arme.<\/p><p>Sa relation \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9tat tib\u00e9tain et \u00e0 l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 monastique fut toujours ambivalente : d&rsquo;un c\u00f4t\u00e9, il \u00e9tait mobilis\u00e9 comme protecteur du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dans les religions indiennes, l'enseignement et le juste ordre de l'action.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> et de la nation ; de l&rsquo;autre, on le craignait comme un \u00eatre punissant la d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance par la peste et les troubles politiques.<\/p><p>Les traditions r\u00e9centes lisent en Pehar un lieu de tension politique : un roi guerrier local \u00e9lev\u00e9 au rang de protecteur de l&rsquo;\u00c9tat, mais ayant conserv\u00e9 sa nature originelle.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Gyalpo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects essentiels des Gyalpo en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Moines d\u00e9chus, abb\u00e9s ambitieux, princes d\u00e9pos\u00e9s qui reviennent en esprits vindicatifs apr\u00e8s une mort marqu\u00e9e par les conflits.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataires<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Moines et lamas, en particulier dans les querelles de lign\u00e9e ; familles de d\u00e9funts de haut rang ; adversaires politiques des figures historiques Gyalpo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forme masculine princi\u00e8re coiff\u00e9e d&rsquo;un chapeau et par\u00e9e de bijoux en or, mont\u00e9e sur un cheval ou un lion des neiges ; blanche, jaune ou rouge selon la figure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domaine d'action<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Possession, doute, apostasie, intrigues, discorde entre religieux, dissolution des communaut\u00e9s monastiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rituels tantriques d&rsquo;exorcisme selon le mod\u00e8le de Padmasambhava ; c\u00e9r\u00e9monies de Torma ; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de s'adresser \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 une puissance par la pri\u00e8re ou la conjuration.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> des grandes divinit\u00e9s protectrices (Mahakala, Palden Lhamo) ; respect strict de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \u00e0 la lign\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <em>gory\u014d<\/em> japonais (esprits vengeurs de personnages de haut rang) ; les \u00ab princes maudits \u00bb europ\u00e9ens ; les <em>bh\u016bta<\/em> et <em>preta<\/em> indiens de d\u00e9funts de haut rang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection au quotidien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituels tantriques d&rsquo;exorcisme.<\/strong> De grands rituels tels que les c\u00e9r\u00e9monies Drak-p\u00f6-Ngagpa lient des Gyalpo particuliers par serment \u00e0 des sanctuaires pr\u00e9cis. Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une s\u00e9quence r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actes symboliques dot\u00e9s d'une signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> est complexe et doit \u00eatre conduit par un lama qualifi\u00e9.<\/p><p>C\u00e9r\u00e9monies de Torma. Des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Don offert \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrandes<\/span> de Torma r\u00e9guli\u00e8res dans les monast\u00e8res maintiennent les Gyalpo li\u00e9s dans des dispositions favorables ; les omettre peut avoir des cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de s'adresser \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 une puissance par la pri\u00e8re ou la conjuration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocation<\/span> des grandes divinit\u00e9s protectrices. Mahakala et Palden Lhamo, en tant que hauts Dharmap\u0101la, sont invoqu\u00e9s lorsqu&rsquo;une influence Gyalpo est suspect\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \u00e0 la lign\u00e9e. Selon la tradition, le respect de la ligne d&rsquo;enseignement, la d\u00e9f\u00e9rence envers les ma\u00eetres et l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement des man\u0153uvres politiques au sein du monast\u00e8re constituent la meilleure protection contre les attaques des Gyalpo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyalpo, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Japon.<\/strong> Les <em>gory\u014d<\/em>, esprits vengeurs de personnages de haut rang (Sugawara no Michizane, Taira no Masakado), partagent le motif fondamental de la figure, y compris leur int\u00e9gration ult\u00e9rieure en tant que divinit\u00e9 protectrice.<\/p><p>Inde. Les <em>bh\u016bta<\/em> et <em>preta<\/em> de d\u00e9funts de haut rang dans la tradition indienne suivent des trajectoires similaires ; la m\u00e9thode tantrique de liaison est un h\u00e9ritage commun.<\/p><p>Europe. Des motifs de princes maudits revenant sous forme de fant\u00f4mes se retrouvent dans la litt\u00e9rature des l\u00e9gendes anglaise, \u00e9cossaise et germanophone.<\/p><p>Mongolie. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration bouddhiste, la tradition mongole a int\u00e9gr\u00e9 des figures de type Gyalpo et leur traitement rituel.<\/p><div><h3>Fonction protectrice et ren\u00e9gociation de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9<\/h3><p>La fonction protectrice des Gyalpo r\u00e9v\u00e8le un concept th\u00e9ologique subtil : un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre sans corps auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> enclin \u00e0 nuire est transform\u00e9 en protecteur par un contrat. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un arrangement pragmatique, non d&rsquo;une purification morale. Le Gyalpo prot\u00e8ge par obligation ; la compassion n&rsquo;y joue aucun r\u00f4le.<\/p><p>Dans le Tibet moderne, la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration des Gyalpo est souvent politis\u00e9e : ils sont lus comme protecteurs de l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance et de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 tib\u00e9taines. Des praticiens spirituels travaillent avec des m\u00e9ditations sur les Gyalpo afin de d\u00e9fendre des centres de pouvoir locaux. Cela montre comment la religion des esprits pr\u00e9-bouddhiste est r\u00e9activ\u00e9e dans des contextes contemporains.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3a7ccf9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3a7ccf9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc9e285 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfc9e285\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les rgyal po comme classe des esprits royaux<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp628c37c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp628c37c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcce5532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpcce5532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <em>rgyal po<\/em> (prononc\u00e9 gyalpo) sont, dans la d\u00e9monologie tib\u00e9taine, la classe des esprits royaux.<\/p><p>Le terme <em>rgyal po<\/em> signifie simplement roi, et c&rsquo;est l\u00e0 pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la cl\u00e9 de leur conception d&rsquo;origine : selon la vision traditionnelle, il s&rsquo;agit souvent des esprits agit\u00e9s de rois d\u00e9funts, de lamas de haut rang ou de personnages puissants dont la mort fut marqu\u00e9e par l&rsquo;orgueil, des serments bris\u00e9s ou la violence.<\/p><p>Une personnalit\u00e9 forte qui ne trouva pas le repos pouvait ainsi devenir un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre sans corps auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> particuli\u00e8rement puissant et dangereux.<\/p><p>Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz traite les <em>rgyal po<\/em> dans <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> comme l&rsquo;une des classes d&rsquo;esprits les plus importantes. Iconographiquement, ils apparaissent souvent en blanc, v\u00eatus d&rsquo;un habit royal ou guerrier, \u00e0 cheval.<\/p><p>On leur attribue principalement des maladies et des troubles li\u00e9s \u00e0 la folie, \u00e0 la confusion et aux troubles mentaux soudains. Une attaque d&rsquo;un <em>rgyal po<\/em> \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme particuli\u00e8rement grave, car elle atteignait non seulement le corps, mais aussi l&rsquo;esprit.<\/p><p>La classe est \u00e9troitement li\u00e9e aux plus hautes divinit\u00e9s protectrices du Tibet.<\/p><p>Le protecteur de l&rsquo;\u00c9tat <a href=\"\/fr\/pehar\/\">Pehar<\/a> est rattach\u00e9 \u00e0 la classe des <em>rgyal po<\/em> et est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le chef d&rsquo;un groupe de cinq esprits royaux, les <em>rgyal po sku lnga<\/em>. On retrouve ici la m\u00eame double nature que dans les autres classes d&rsquo;esprits tib\u00e9tains : un <em>rgyal po<\/em> non li\u00e9 est un danger, un <em>rgyal po<\/em> li\u00e9 par serment peut devenir un puissant protecteur des monast\u00e8res et des lign\u00e9es d&rsquo;enseignement.<\/p><p>La fronti\u00e8re entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue une action nuisible ou ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> et divinit\u00e9 protectrice passe par la relation dans laquelle l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre sans corps auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> est plac\u00e9, et non par sa nature intrins\u00e8que.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe8cdb53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe8cdb53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp056653d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp056653d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le motif du serment bris\u00e9 et la mort dangereuse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdde2c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdde2c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf77fe73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf77fe73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ce qui caract\u00e9rise les r\u00e9cits d&rsquo;origine des <em>rgyal po<\/em>, c&rsquo;est le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> de la promesse bris\u00e9e. Un sch\u00e9ma narratif fr\u00e9quent : une personne de haut rang, un lama ou un moine, meurt dans un \u00e9tat de ranc\u0153ur, d&rsquo;orgueil bless\u00e9, de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une promesse religieuse solennelle faite \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0153u<\/span> rompu ou avec un d\u00e9sir de vengeance.<\/p><p>Au lieu d&rsquo;une bonne renaissance, il en r\u00e9sulte un <em>rgyal po<\/em> dont le pouvoir spirituel originel est conserv\u00e9, mais d\u00e9sormais orient\u00e9 dans une direction destructrice. Pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment parce que la personne concern\u00e9e \u00e9tait, de son vivant, puissante sur le plan religieux ou politique, l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre sans corps auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> qui en r\u00e9sulte est particuli\u00e8rement dangereux.<\/p><p>Ce sch\u00e9ma relie la conception des <em>rgyal po<\/em> \u00e0 l&rsquo;histoire religieuse tib\u00e9taine elle-m\u00eame. Plusieurs divinit\u00e9s protectrices et guerri\u00e8res tib\u00e9taines ont des r\u00e9cits d&rsquo;origine dans lesquels un conflit religieux, une rupture entre ma\u00eetre et disciple ou un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une promesse religieuse solennelle faite \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0153u<\/span> viol\u00e9 se trouve \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> controvers\u00e9e qui, dans l&rsquo;histoire r\u00e9cente du bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain, est devenue l&rsquo;objet de d\u00e9bats acrimonieux sous le nom de Dorje Shugden, appartient selon certaines attributions \u00e0 cet environnement des esprits royaux issus d&rsquo;une mort dramatique. La recherche discute de telles attributions de fa\u00e7on contradictoire et en lien avec les querelles sectaires respectives.<\/p><p>Le traitement rituel suivait la logique connue : un <em>rgyal po<\/em> devait \u00eatre soit chass\u00e9 et soumis, soit, s&rsquo;il \u00e9tait assez puissant et li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;enseignement, v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme protecteur et maintenu dans ce r\u00f4le par des offrandes r\u00e9guli\u00e8res et des r\u00e9citations de serments.<\/p><p>Ce lien \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme durablement pr\u00e9caire. Un protecteur <em>rgyal po<\/em> n\u00e9glig\u00e9 pouvait se retourner contre sa propre communaut\u00e9. La classe constitue ainsi un exemple particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9loquent de la conception tib\u00e9taine selon laquelle le pouvoir n&rsquo;est ni bon ni mauvais, mais doit \u00eatre g\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li>Page culturelle <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Autres profils individuels du Tibet : <a href=\"\/fr\/lu\/\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/tsen\/\">Tsen<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/nyen\/\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/mamo\/\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Parall\u00e8les : <a href=\"\/fr\/japon\/\">Japon<\/a> (Y\u016brei\/<a href=\"\/fr\/yuurei\/\">Gory\u014d<\/a>), <a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\">Bouddhisme<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie (s\u00e9lection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection compacte des travaux essentiels sur les Gyalpo :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Dreyfus, Georges: <em>The Shuk-den Affair: Origins of a Controversy.<\/em> In: Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 21\/2 (1998), p. 227, 270.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cabez\u00f3n, Jos\u00e9 Ignacio (\u00e9d.): <em>Buddhism and Language.<\/em> SUNY Press, Albany 1994.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Litt\u00e9rature de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (Tibet) :<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (\u00e9d.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Autres ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans la <a href=\"\/fr\/bibliographie\/\">bibliographie<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gyalpo-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gyalpo-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gyalpo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gyalpo-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gyalpo-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici rel\u00e8ve d&rsquo;une mise en perspective des traditions historiques du point de vue des sciences des religions. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique des objets de protection portables et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gyalpo esprit","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gyalpo \u2013 esprit de la tradition tib\u00e9taine | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"D\u00e9mons royaux de la tradition tib\u00e9taine : moines d\u00e9chus, souverains d\u00e9pos\u00e9s, esprits 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