{"id":10682,"date":"2026-04-20T13:24:49","date_gmt":"2026-04-20T13:24:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gallu-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:45:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:45:05","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10682\" class=\"elementor elementor-10682 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, d\u00e9mon de la tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>D\u00e9mons des enfers, messagers et ex\u00e9cuteurs de l&rsquo;au-del\u00e0.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9mone : \u00eatre surnaturel \u00e0 l'effet le plus souvent nuisible ou ambigu. Se situe entre les dieux et les hommes, provoque maladies, tentations ou malheurs et est repouss\u00e9 par des incantations, des apotropa\u00efa et des rituels.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/mesopotamie\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Berceau de la religion document\u00e9e, Sumer, Akkad, Babylone, Assyrie (env. 3500 av. J.-C. jusqu'en 330 av. J.-C.).\">M\u00e9sopotamie<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131175\" alt=\"Gallu - d\u00e9mons de la tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet nuisible ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> de la tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne.<\/p><p>Les Gall\u00fb comptent parmi les figures d\u00e9moniaques les plus anciennement attest\u00e9es de M\u00e9sopotamie. Ils sont proches des enfers et de leur reine Ere\u0161kigal, et apparaissent dans les mythes comme dans les textes rituels en tant qu&rsquo;ex\u00e9cuteurs de la mort. Ce qui les caract\u00e9rise est leur imperm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 : les textes soulignent qu&rsquo;ils n&rsquo;acceptent ni nourriture ni boisson, ne connaissent ni offrandes ni douceur. Ils ne sont pas n\u00e9gociables.<\/p><p>Dans le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre r\u00e9cit de la descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux enfers, ce sont les Gall\u00fb qui r\u00e9clament un substitut pour la d\u00e9esse et conduisent Dumuzi aux enfers. Cette sc\u00e8ne marque leur image jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui : les Gall\u00fb sont les messagers qui viennent lorsque le temps d&rsquo;un \u00eatre humain est \u00e9coul\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succinct : Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Gallu (akkadien : gal-lu, \u00ab le Grand \u00bb) sont des \u00eatres d\u00e9moniaques ou des d\u00e9mons des enfers dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des r\u00e9cits mythiques transmis sur les dieux d'une culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythologie<\/span> m\u00e9sopotamienne. Ils sont attest\u00e9s dans des textes cun\u00e9iformes allant de Sumer jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 Babylone et sont souvent d\u00e9crits comme des subordonn\u00e9s de la d\u00e9esse des enfers Ereshkigal ou du dieu des morts Nergal. Ils personnifient la maladie, la peste et la mort soudaine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les attestations des Gall\u00fb s&rsquo;\u00e9tendent des premiers mythes sum\u00e9riens (3e mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C.) jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque n\u00e9o-babylonienne et ach\u00e9m\u00e9nide. Aucun autre type de d\u00e9mon n&rsquo;est document\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re aussi constante \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;histoire culturelle m\u00e9sopotamienne.<\/p><p><strong>Classement mythologique<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em>, l&rsquo;un des d\u00e9mons des enfers, est un \u00eatre qui sert <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, la reine des enfers. Les <em>Gallu<\/em> ne sont pas n\u00e9cessairement mauvais au sens moral du terme, mais plut\u00f4t les agents de la volont\u00e9 d&rsquo;<em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, les ex\u00e9cuteurs de ses ordres, les capteurs d&rsquo;\u00e2mes et les accompagnateurs des morts vers les enfers.<\/p><p>Ils sont redout\u00e9s, car leur venue signale la mort. Les <em>Gallu<\/em> peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre compris comme des d\u00e9mons de la maladie et de la mort rapide, qui arrachent les \u00eatres humains \u00e0 la surface de la terre. Ils repr\u00e9sentent l&rsquo;in\u00e9luctabilit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;objectivit\u00e9 de la mort.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les Gallu sont principalement document\u00e9s dans les s\u00e9ries de tablettes babyloniennes et assyriennes, en particulier dans les transpositions de la descente aux enfers (cycle Inanna-Ereshkigal, avec des textes partiellement parall\u00e8les \u00e9galement en hittite). Ils \u00e9taient redout\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;ensemble de la M\u00e9sopotamie, de Sumer jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 l&rsquo;Assyrie, et repouss\u00e9s par des incantations et des rituels apotropa\u00efques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9tat des sources relatives aux Gallu est fragmentaire. Les textes primaires sont des mytholog\u00e8mes cun\u00e9iformes et des listes provenant de la vieille Babylone (env. 1800, 1600 av. J.-C.), ainsi que des textes parall\u00e8les assyriens plus tardifs.<\/p><p>Les assyriologues Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann et Schwemer ont analys\u00e9 ces traditions et les ont replac\u00e9es dans le contexte de la d\u00e9monologie m\u00e9sopotamienne. Une identification fiable des diff\u00e9rents types de Gallu est aujourd&rsquo;hui difficile, car les tablettes sont souvent partiellement d\u00e9truites et pr\u00e9sentent des variations de noms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9signation et orthographes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sum\u00e9rien :<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Akkadien : <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>Employ\u00e9 comme groupe : souvent les \u00ab sept Gall\u00fb \u00bb, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> num\u00e9rique typique de la d\u00e9monologie m\u00e9sopotamienne.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;\u00e9tymologie est d\u00e9battue ; on discute de liens avec des termes signifiant \u00ab ex\u00e9cuteur \u00bb ou \u00ab violence \u00bb. Plus importante que l&rsquo;\u00e9tymologie est la fonction \u00e9tablie : les Gall\u00fb sont toujours un instrument d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution, rarement une figure autonome. Ils apparaissent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en groupes, agissent au nom des enfers et restent anonymes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence<\/strong><\/p><p>Les textes d\u00e9crivent les Gall\u00fb davantage par ce qu&rsquo;ils ne <em>sont pas<\/em>. Ils ne connaissent ni nourriture, ni soif, ni offrande, ni douceur. L\u00e0 o\u00f9 des repr\u00e9sentations figur\u00e9es sont identifiables, ils apparaissent comme des silhouettes indistinctes, terrifiantes et difficiles \u00e0 saisir. Ils appartiennent ainsi plut\u00f4t aux d\u00e9mons invisibles de la M\u00e9sopotamie.<\/p><p><strong>Comportement<\/strong><\/p><p>Les Gall\u00fb viennent pour emporter. Ils conduisent les \u00e2mes des mourants aux enfers, exigent un substitut lorsque l&rsquo;ordre a \u00e9t\u00e9 troubl\u00e9 et ex\u00e9cutent les jugements du royaume des morts. Leurs actions sont cibl\u00e9es et non n\u00e9gociables ; les offrandes ou les incantations ne sont efficaces que dans des limites rituelles \u00e9troites.<\/p><p><strong>Domaine d&rsquo;action<\/strong><\/p><p>La transition entre la vie et la mort, le lit de mort, les lieux de mort violente, les situations rituelles de seuil. Ils agissent l\u00e0 o\u00f9 une d\u00e9cision sur la vie ou la mort est prise, ou l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l&rsquo;ordre cosmique r\u00e9clame un substitut.<\/p><p><strong>Origine mythologique<\/strong><\/p><p>Les Gall\u00fb sont les serviteurs des enfers, en particulier d&rsquo;Ere\u0161kigal. Dans \u00ab La descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux enfers \u00bb, ils apparaissent en groupe, contraignant la d\u00e9esse \u00e0 descendre aux enfers et r\u00e9clamant ensuite Dumuzi comme substitut. Leur r\u00f4le est ainsi structurellement fix\u00e9 : ils sont le bras tendu des enfers dans le monde des vivants.<\/p><p><strong>Apparence et symbolique<\/strong><\/p><p>Les <em>Gallu<\/em> sont souvent repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme des figures sombres et terrifiantes aux traits surnaturels, possiblement avec des corps d&rsquo;animaux (lion, taureau), des yeux incandescents et des griffes ou des serres. Ils peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s sous une forme humano\u00efde aux caract\u00e9ristiques d\u00e9moniaques, avec des cornes, le visage noirci et une expression horrifique.<\/p><p>Les <em>Gallu<\/em> portent souvent des entraves ou des cha\u00eenes, car ils sont ravisseurs et lieurs. Leur corps est sombre, souvent color\u00e9 en noir ou rouge profond. Ils se d\u00e9placent rapidement et de mani\u00e8re impr\u00e9visible. Leur pr\u00e9sence est froide et terrifiante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects les plus importants des Gall\u00fb en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il. Les d\u00e9veloppements sur le nom, la description, la protection et les parall\u00e8les se trouvent dans les sections suivantes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine de Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Serviteurs des enfers, en particulier d&rsquo;Ere\u0161kigal. Souvent mentionn\u00e9s en groupe, les \u00ab sept Gall\u00fb \u00bb. Non pas des figures individuelles, mais des ex\u00e9cuteurs collectifs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cibles de Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les mourants, les personnes en situation rituelle de seuil, les transgresseurs de tabous, les coupables, les personnes servant de substitut en \u00e9change d&rsquo;autres (comme Dumuzi pour Inanna).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence de Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ind\u00e9finie, d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment soustraite \u00e0 la perception : \u00ab ne mangent pas de nourriture, ne boivent pas d&rsquo;eau, ne connaissent pas la douceur \u00bb. Silhouettes indistinctes, terrifiantes, non fix\u00e9es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domaine d'action<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mort soudaine, rapt d&rsquo;\u00e2mes, maladie \u00e0 \u00e9volution rapide, acc\u00e8s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Appartenant \u00e0 un d\u00e9roulement d'actions religieuses codifi\u00e9.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> d\u00e9termin\u00e9. Leur venue n&rsquo;est pas n\u00e9gociable, seulement diff\u00e9rable ou redirigeable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Incantations enjoignant leur retour aux enfers, rituels de purification, sacrifices de substitution (une figure de remplacement emmen\u00e9e \u00e0 la place de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9quivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c9rinyes et K\u00e8res (grecques), Thanatos (grec), Tzitzimime (azt\u00e8ques), motifs des messagers de la mort en Europe, figure du faucheur dans les croyances populaires ult\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection au quotidien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituels de protection<\/strong><\/p><p>Les rituels contre les Gall\u00fb ne visent pas leur destruction, mais leur report ou leur redirection. On conna\u00eet le principe de la substitution : une figure symbolique de remplacement \u2013 un animal, une petite forme en p\u00e2te ou en argile \u2013 est \u00ab remise \u00bb aux Gall\u00fb \u00e0 la place de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain. Ce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> trouve sa plus forte empreinte mythologique dans \u00ab La descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux enfers \u00bb.<\/p><p><strong>Incantations<\/strong><\/p><p>Des formules interpellent les Gall\u00fb, d\u00e9signent leur origine et les renvoient aux enfers. Une autorit\u00e9 divine est souvent invoqu\u00e9e en m\u00eame temps, dont la mission permet la redirection. La structure reste semblable dans toutes les incantations m\u00e9sopotamiennes : identifier, l\u00e9gitimer, renvoyer.<\/p><p><strong>Amulettes et symboles de protection<\/strong><\/p><p>Les amulettes sp\u00e9cifiquement dirig\u00e9es contre les Gall\u00fb ne constituent pas le point central ; les prescriptions de puret\u00e9 et les rites de protection collectifs pour la maison, le lieu ou la ville sont plus importants. La protection repose moins sur un objet que sur la discipline rituelle et la relation juste avec les dieux.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">Culte<\/span> et v\u00e9n\u00e9ration<\/strong><\/p><p>Les <em>Gallu<\/em> n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s directement comme des dieux, mais redout\u00e9s et repouss\u00e9s par des incantations et des sortil\u00e8ges protecteurs. Les amulettes de protection contre les <em>Gallu<\/em> \u00e9taient fr\u00e9quentes, notamment dans les maisons o\u00f9 se trouvaient des malades ou des mourants.<\/p><p>Des mages et des pr\u00eatres effectuaient des rituels de protection pour \u00e9loigner les <em>Gallu<\/em>. Cependant, des mages invoquaient parfois les <em>Gallu<\/em> dans la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pratiques cherchant \u00e0 intervenir sur le cours des \u00e9v\u00e9nements par des actes ou des formules particuliers.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> pour nuire \u00e0 des ennemis ou obtenir des r\u00e9sultats rapides. Les <em>Gallu<\/em> \u00e9taient trait\u00e9s avec peur et frayeur, non avec v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, parall\u00e8les dans d'autres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Monde gr\u00e9co-romain<\/strong><\/p><p>Les K\u00e8res et les \u00c9rinyes sont les parall\u00e8les fonctionnels les plus \u00e9vidents. Les K\u00e8res emportent les \u00e2mes des combattants tomb\u00e9s, les \u00c9rinyes vengent la dette de sang. Thanatos, en tant que personnification de la mort, assume des fonctions similaires de messager et se retrouve dans les repr\u00e9sentations romaines et hell\u00e9nistiques.<\/p><p><strong>Am\u00e9rique centrale :<\/strong> Les Tzitzimime azt\u00e8ques sont des d\u00e9mons nocturnes qui menacent la vie des \u00eatres humains aux moments critiques du cycle cosmique. Leur r\u00f4le d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cuteurs d&rsquo;une fin cosmique imminente ressemble dans sa structure et sa fonction au <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> des Gall\u00fb.<\/p><p><strong>Europe (folklores tardifs)<\/strong><\/p><p>La figure du faucheur du Moyen \u00c2ge europ\u00e9en et de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne condense le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> de la figure impersonnelle et non n\u00e9gociable qui vient chercher les morts. M\u00eame si une filiation directe n&rsquo;est pas d\u00e9montrable, le sch\u00e9ma fondamental est identique : un messager qui vient lorsque le temps est \u00e9coul\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les Gallu dans le r\u00e9cit de la descente d'Inanna aux enfers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;apparition litt\u00e9raire la plus importante des Gallu se trouve dans le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> sum\u00e9rien de la descente d&rsquo;Inanna aux enfers et dans sa suite consacr\u00e9e au dieu-berger Dumuzi. Le texte est transmis sur des tablettes d&rsquo;argile et fait partie des \u0153uvres les mieux reconstitu\u00e9es de la litt\u00e9rature sum\u00e9rienne.<\/p><p>La d\u00e9esse Inanna descend aux enfers, le royaume de sa s\u0153ur Ereshkigal, et y est tu\u00e9e puis pendue \u00e0 un pieu.<\/p><p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;intervention du dieu Enki, elle est ramen\u00e9e \u00e0 la vie, mais les enfers ne laissent personne repartir sans substitut. Inanna doit d\u00e9signer un rempla\u00e7ant qui descendra \u00e0 sa place. Lors de sa remont\u00e9e, elle est accompagn\u00e9e par les Gallu, les d\u00e9mons des enfers.<\/p><p>Le texte d\u00e9crit ces Gallu avec une grande force d&rsquo;\u00e9vocation. Ils ne connaissent ni faim ni soif, ils ne mangent aucune nourriture et ne boivent pas d&rsquo;eau, ils n&rsquo;acceptent ni offrandes ni corruption. Ils ne connaissent ni famille, ni enfants, ni amiti\u00e9.<\/p><p>Ils arrachent la femme des bras de l&rsquo;homme et l&rsquo;enfant du sein de la nourrice. Ils constituent ainsi l&rsquo;exact contrepoint d&rsquo;un interlocuteur humain ou divin avec lequel on pourrait n\u00e9gocier.<\/p><p>En substitut d&rsquo;Inanna est finalement d\u00e9sign\u00e9 son \u00e9poux Dumuzi, qui n&rsquo;avait pas port\u00e9 son deuil. Les Gallu le traquent, il s&rsquo;enfuit et se transforme, mais est rattrap\u00e9 et tra\u00een\u00e9 aux enfers.<\/p><p>C&rsquo;est seulement gr\u00e2ce au <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Don adress\u00e9 \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span> de sa s\u0153ur Geschtinanna, qui prend sa place une partie de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e, que son sort est adouci. Les Gallu sont, dans ce r\u00e9cit, les ex\u00e9cuteurs incorruptibles de l&rsquo;ordre des enfers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les Gallu dans les textes d'incantation et la protection contre la maladie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En dehors de la litt\u00e9rature narrative, les Gallu apparaissent principalement dans les textes d&rsquo;incantation et de protection de la M\u00e9sopotamie. Ces textes, transmis en langue akkadienne et sum\u00e9rienne sur de nombreuses tablettes, servaient \u00e0 se prot\u00e9ger contre la maladie, le malheur et l&rsquo;attaque d\u00e9moniaque.<\/p><p>Sous la forme akkadienne, le nom appara\u00eet comme <em>gallu<\/em> ou en association avec d&rsquo;autres d\u00e9signations de d\u00e9mons. Un groupe particuli\u00e8rement fr\u00e9quent est celui des Sept, une bande de mauvais esprits dans les \u00e9num\u00e9rations desquels le Gallu revient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement.<\/p><p>Ces textes d\u00e9crivent comment les d\u00e9mons traversent portes et verrous, longent chemins et murailles et s&#8217;emparent de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain sans qu&rsquo;il puisse se d\u00e9fendre.<\/p><p>La protection \u00e9tait assur\u00e9e par des pr\u00eatres exorcistes, appel\u00e9s <em>ashipu<\/em> en M\u00e9sopotamie. Ils r\u00e9citaient des formules codifi\u00e9es, invoquaient les grands dieux \u2013 en particulier Ea, son fils Marduk et le dieu du feu \u2013 contre les d\u00e9mons et accomplissaient des actes compl\u00e9mentaires, comme montrer ou br\u00fbler des figures de substitution, faire des fumigations et asperger d&rsquo;eau.<\/p><p>Les figures protectrices et les amulettes jouaient un r\u00f4le important dans cette pratique. On conna\u00eet, dans les maisons m\u00e9sopotamiennes, de petites figurines en argile de g\u00e9nies protecteurs enterr\u00e9es sous les seuils, ainsi que des plaques inscrites.<\/p><p>Ces donn\u00e9es montrent que le Gallu n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas pour les \u00eatres humains un \u00eatre mythique abstrait, mais une menace concr\u00e8te, contre laquelle existait un r\u00e9pertoire rituel \u00e9labor\u00e9. Les textes font ainsi de la d\u00e9monologie et de la m\u00e9decine une unit\u00e9 dans laquelle maladie et attaque d\u00e9moniaque signifient souvent la m\u00eame chose.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Du mot sum\u00e9rien au d\u00e9mon akkadien : \u00e9tymologie et classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le nom Gallu soul\u00e8ve plusieurs questions d&rsquo;ordre linguistique et historico-religieux qui sont d\u00e9battues en assyriologie. Le mot est d&rsquo;origine sum\u00e9rienne et d\u00e9signe dans les attestations les plus anciennes un d\u00e9mon des enfers, un serviteur ou un sbire du monde des morts. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 emprunt\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;akkadien comme mot d&#8217;emprunt.<\/p><p>La recherche classe le Gallu dans le syst\u00e8me plus large des \u00eatres inf\u00e9rieurs de la M\u00e9sopotamie. Ce syst\u00e8me conna\u00eet toute une s\u00e9rie de d\u00e9signations de d\u00e9mons, parmi lesquelles <a href=\"\/fr\/utukku\/\">Utukku<\/a>, Rabisu, Lilu et d&rsquo;autres, qui d\u00e9signent des domaines tant\u00f4t clairement d\u00e9limit\u00e9s, tant\u00f4t se chevauchant. Le Gallu appartient au groupe des \u00eatres li\u00e9s aux enfers et \u00e0 l&rsquo;enl\u00e8vement violent des \u00eatres humains.<\/p><p>Une question particuli\u00e8re porte sur l&rsquo;\u00e9ventuelle survie du mot. Dans la tradition aram\u00e9enne tardive et dans la tradition juive, il existe des d\u00e9signations de d\u00e9mons qui rappellent phon\u00e9tiquement <em>gallu<\/em>, et l&rsquo;on a envisag\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;une filiation issue de l&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage m\u00e9sopotamien.<\/p><p>Cette question n&rsquo;est pas d\u00e9finitivement r\u00e9solue ; la seule similitude phon\u00e9tique ne constitue pas une preuve, et les transitions entre les syst\u00e8mes d\u00e9monologiques du Proche-Orient ancien sont complexes.<\/p><p>Pour comprendre la question, il est important de noter que la religion m\u00e9sopotamienne distinguait clairement les grands dieux nomm\u00e9s, v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans des temples, des \u00eatres inf\u00e9rieurs comme le Gallu.<\/p><p>Les Gallu n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s ; ils \u00e9taient des \u00eatres fonctionnels de l&rsquo;ordre cosmique, auxquels on r\u00e9pondait non par le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse envers une divinit\u00e9 ou une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>, mais par la protection. Cette distinction caract\u00e9rise l&rsquo;ensemble du rapport m\u00e9sopotamien au d\u00e9moniaque.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu, esprit des morts m\u00e9sopotamien apparent\u00e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu, d\u00e9mone m\u00e9sopotamienne apparent\u00e9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu, apotropa\u00efon contre Lamashtu et les d\u00e9mons apparent\u00e9s<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, ma\u00eetresse des enfers, commanditaire des Galla<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/nergal\/\">Nergal, dieu des enfers, alli\u00e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu, d\u00e9mon \u00ab \u00e0 l&rsquo;aff\u00fbt \u00bb apparent\u00e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/mesopotamie\/\">Tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne, contexte g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources et bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une s\u00e9quence codifi\u00e9e d'actions symboliques \u00e0 port\u00e9e religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici rel\u00e8ve de la classification acad\u00e9mique en sciences des religions de traditions historiques. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection portables et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu \u2013 d\u00e9mon de la tradition m\u00e9sopotamienne | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Les Gall\u00fb comptent parmi les figures d\u00e9moniaques les plus anciennes de M\u00e9sopotamie, proches des enfers et de leur reine 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