{"id":10594,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:20","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/dakini-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:43:10","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:43:10","slug":"dakini","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/dakini\/","title":{"rendered":"Dakini"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10594\" class=\"elementor elementor-10594 elementor-1211\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dakini, esprit de la tradition bouddhiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dakini est un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre incorporel auquel on attribue une action dans le monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">esprit<\/span> de la tradition bouddhiste.<\/p><p>Marcheuse c\u00e9leste et forme d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, figure cl\u00e9 ambivalente du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aV\u00e9hicule de diamant' ; forme tantrique du bouddhisme Mahayana, principalement au Tibet, centr\u00e9 sur la pratique du Yidam et les techniques de mantra.\">Vajrayana<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esprit : entit\u00e9 incorporelle ou semi-corporelle, d\u00e9funts, \u00eatres de la nature, esprits domestiques ou gardiens de seuil. Agit dans la vie quotidienne, souvent li\u00e9 \u00e0 des lieux ou \u00e0 des familles.\">Esprit<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition bouddhiste avec bodhisattvas, divinit\u00e9s protectrices, esprits affam\u00e9s et gardiens des enfers.\">Bouddhisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_dakini-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131221\" alt=\"Dakini - esprits de la tradition bouddhiste, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_dakini-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_dakini-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_dakini-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_dakini.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dakini<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La Dakini (tib\u00e9tain : Khandro, \u00ab marcheuse c\u00e9leste \u00bb) est l&rsquo;une des figures centrales du bouddhisme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00e9hicule de diamant ; forme tantrique du bouddhisme Mahayana, principalement au Tibet, centr\u00e9 sur la pratique du Yidam.\">Vajrayana<\/span>. Son ambivalence est programmatique : dans sa forme indienne ancienne, elle se manifeste comme un \u00eatre f\u00e9minin dangereux sur les lieux de cr\u00e9mation, avide, courrouc\u00e9, porteur d&rsquo;un savoir occulte.<\/p><p>Dans l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration tantrique, elle devient la porteuse des enseignements les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s et la cl\u00e9 de la r\u00e9alisation tantrique : la sagesse elle-m\u00eame sous une forme f\u00e9minine et dynamique.<\/p><p>Trois dimensions sont devenues usuelles dans la tradition tib\u00e9taine : la Dakini \u00ab mondaine \u00bb (figure de rencontre en certains lieux), la \u00ab Dakini de sagesse \u00bb (forme transcendante, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain, une divinit\u00e9 de m\u00e9ditation avec laquelle le pratiquant travaille par identification afin d'incarner des aspects de l'\u00c9veil.\">Yidam<\/span> de m\u00e9ditation) et la \u00ab Dakini secr\u00e8te \u00bb (\u00e9nergie int\u00e9rieure du pratiquant).<\/p><p>La fronti\u00e8re avec le \u00ab d\u00e9moniaque \u00bb est poreuse : une Dakini peut \u00eatre terrifiante avant d&rsquo;\u00eatre reconnue comme enseignante. C&rsquo;est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette ambivalence qui rend sa place dans une d\u00e9monologie pertinente \u2013 elle repr\u00e9sente une force mena\u00e7ante \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tat non r\u00e9alis\u00e9 et \u00e9veillante une fois comprise.<\/p><div><p><strong>La Dakini hindoue et les d\u00e9esses sauvages<\/strong><\/p><p>La figure de la <em>Dakini<\/em> a ses origines dans les anciens textes hindous indiens, o\u00f9 elle appara\u00eet comme une d\u00e9esse d\u00e9moniaque ou sauvage, souvent associ\u00e9e \u00e0 la consommation de chair et \u00e0 des rites sacrificiels impurs.<\/p><p>Dans les premiers textes pur\u00e2niques tels que la <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, les Dakini sont d\u00e9crites comme des adeptes de Kali ou comme des puissances f\u00e9minines sauvages ind\u00e9pendantes, errant sur les champs de bataille et les lieux de cr\u00e9mation. Ces Dakini hindoues sont \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine apparent\u00e9es aux <em>bhuta<\/em> (esprits), mais sont \u00e9lev\u00e9es au rang de classes surnaturelles \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re par une cat\u00e9gorisation textuelle r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;\u00e9tymologie de <em>dakini<\/em> est d\u00e9battue ; elle pourrait d\u00e9river de <em>daka<\/em> (praticien magique). Dans les textes rituels hindous, les Dakini sont conceptualis\u00e9es comme des gardiennes et des m\u00e9diatrices entre la sph\u00e8re divine et la sph\u00e8re humaine. Cette <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Science des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> hindoue ancienne \u00e9tablissait d\u00e9j\u00e0 le lien entre surnaturel f\u00e9minin, savoir tantrique et transgression des fronti\u00e8res \u2013 des motifs qui furent ensuite \u00e9labor\u00e9s dans le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aper\u00e7u rapide : Dakini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Figure d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie tantrique, \u00ab marcheuse c\u00e9leste \u00bb<br>Origine : D\u00e9monologie indienne des lieux de cr\u00e9mation, transform\u00e9e par le Vajrayana<br>Trois dimensions : mondaine, sagesse, secr\u00e8te<br>Textes : Tantras du Vajrayana, hagiographies tib\u00e9taines (Yeshe Tsogyal, Machig Labdr\u00f6n)<br>P\u00e9riode : 6e\u20138e s. en Inde ; \u00e0 partir du 8e s. au Tibet ; jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 nos jours<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Premi\u00e8res attestations indiennes dans les Puranas et les textes tantriques (6e\u20138e s.). Int\u00e9gration bouddhiste-tantrique dans la litt\u00e9rature Vajrayana \u00e0 partir du 7e\/8e s. Centrale au Tibet avec la mission de Padmasambhava (8e s.). Hagiographies tib\u00e9taines m\u00e9di\u00e9vales de Yeshe Tsogyal et Machig Labdr\u00f6n aux 11e\u201312e s. R\u00e9ception occidentale moderne \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 1970.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;Inde comme origine. Le Tibet, le Ladakh, le Bhoutan, la Mongolie comme espace central du Vajrayana. Le Japon avec sa propre tradition Dakini (<em>Dakini-ten<\/em>, comme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> chevauchant un renard). Les centres <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans l'hindouisme, devoir et ordre cosmique ; dans le bouddhisme, l'enseignement du Bouddha.\">Dharma<\/span> occidentaux modernes comme nouvelle aire de diffusion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tantras du Vajrayana (Hevajra-Tantra, Chakrasamvara-Tantra, Vajrayogini-Sadhana), biographies de Yeshe Tsogyal et Machig Labdr\u00f6n, litt\u00e9rature Terma Nyingma, commentaires modernes de ma\u00eetres tib\u00e9tains (Dilgo Khyentse, Ch\u00f6gyam Trungpa).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9signation et graphies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit :<\/strong> <em>\u1e0d\u0101kin\u012b<\/em> ; pendant masculin <em>\u1e0d\u0101ka<\/em>.<br>Tib\u00e9tain : <em>Khandroma<\/em> (mkha&rsquo;-&lsquo;gro-ma), \u00ab marcheuse c\u00e9leste \u00bb ; masculin <em>Khandro<\/em>.<br>Japonais : <em>Dakini-ten<\/em>, souvent associ\u00e9 au Kitsune (renard).<br>\u00c9tymologie : incertaine ; peut-\u00eatre li\u00e9e \u00e0 <em>\u1e0d\u012b<\/em> \u00ab voler \u00bb.<br>Figures individuelles importantes : Vajrayogini, Vajravarahi, Kurukulla, Yeshe Tsogyal, Machig Labdr\u00f6n.<\/p><p>La \u00ab marcheuse c\u00e9leste \u00bb souligne la libert\u00e9 et la mobilit\u00e9. Dans le contexte du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition religieuse et rituelle dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme, fond\u00e9e sur la doctrine des polarit\u00e9s \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques.\">Tantra<\/span>, la Dakini n&rsquo;est pas li\u00e9e \u00e0 une forme d\u00e9termin\u00e9e \u2013 elle traverse espaces et \u00e9tats. Cela en fait la figure id\u00e9ale pour les pratiques de m\u00e9ditation dans lesquelles les identifications rigides sont dissoutes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence<\/strong><\/p><p>Jeune, dynamique, dansante. Avec une jupe de fourrure, une coupe cr\u00e2nienne (kapala), un couteau recourb\u00e9 (kartika), un b\u00e2ton khatvanga. Cheveux flottant librement. Couleurs symboliques : rouge pour la transformation active de la passion, noir pour la nature fondamentale, bleu pour la sagesse transcendante.<\/p><p><strong>Comportement<\/strong><\/p><p>Mondaine : appara\u00eet aux Shmashana, donne des conseils cryptiques, met le chercheur \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve. Dakini de sagesse : transmet des enseignements cach\u00e9s (Terma), appara\u00eet dans des visions et des r\u00eaves. Dakini secr\u00e8te : \u00e9nergie int\u00e9rieure du pratiquant, reconnue par la m\u00e9ditation.<\/p><p><strong>Domaine d&rsquo;action<\/strong><\/p><p>Lieux de cr\u00e9mation, lieux saints, lieux de retraite, r\u00eaves et visions des pratiquants, corps yogique dans l&rsquo;espace int\u00e9rieur tantrique. Non li\u00e9e \u00e0 un lieu au sens ordinaire \u2013 transgressive en tant que \u00ab marcheuse c\u00e9leste \u00bb.<\/p><p><strong>Classification mythologique<\/strong><\/p><p>Dans l&rsquo;hindouisme, \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine d\u00e9moniaque (Pishachas, Shaiva-Tantra). Transform\u00e9e dans le Vajrayana : la forme courrouc\u00e9e de sagesse de la plus haute Bodhisattvi. Des femmes historiques comme Yeshe Tsogyal (8e s., Tibet) et Machig Labdr\u00f6n (11e s.) sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des manifestations humaines.<\/p><div><p><strong>La Khandroma tib\u00e9taine-bouddhiste et la pratique du Vajrayana<\/strong><\/p><p>Le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain d\u00e9finit les Dakini comme <em>Khandroma<\/em> (marcheuses de l&rsquo;espace), des \u00eatres spirituels jouant des r\u00f4les centraux dans le bouddhisme tantrique Vajrayana. Les Khandroma ne sont pas principalement d\u00e9moniaques, mais des manifestations de la f\u00e9minit\u00e9 surnaturelle au service de l&rsquo;\u00c9veil.<\/p><p>Dans les liturgies et les pratiques de m\u00e9ditation tib\u00e9taines, les Khandroma sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme les incarnations \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de <em>prajna<\/em> (connaissance transcendante). La Khandroma la plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est <em>Vajrayogini<\/em>, une divinit\u00e9 de m\u00e9ditation centrale dans plusieurs \u00e9coles du bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain.<\/p><p>La classification tib\u00e9taine distingue les Dakini karmiques (manifestations d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par le karma) et les Dakini de sagesse (essentiellement sagesse). Cette distinction a permis de comprendre les figures de Dakini sauvages et dansantes comme des m\u00e9thodes spirituelles, et non comme des \u00eatres moralement probl\u00e9matiques. Les pratiquants tib\u00e9tains travaillent avec des visualisations de Dakini comme techniques d&rsquo;auto-initiation pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer une conscience surnaturelle. La pratique int\u00e8gre la sauvagerie hindoue ancienne dans des transformations tantriques contr\u00f4l\u00e9es.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Dakini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects essentiels de la Dakini en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e9monologie indienne des lieux de cr\u00e9mation, transform\u00e9e par le Vajrayana. Trois dimensions : mondaine, sagesse, secr\u00e8te. Manifest\u00e9e historiquement en Yeshe Tsogyal et Machig Labdr\u00f6n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objet d'action<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pratiquants tantriques sur un chemin avanc\u00e9. Chercheurs dans certains lieux de retraite. R\u00eaveurs et visionnaires.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Repr\u00e9sentation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeune, dansante, avec une jupe de fourrure, une coupe cr\u00e2nienne, un couteau recourb\u00e9. Cheveux flottants. Couleurs : rouge, noir, bleu, selon l&rsquo;aspect.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activit\u00e9<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ambivalente : elle effraie, met \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve, transmet des enseignements. Son effet peut \u00eatre la folie ou l&rsquo;\u00c9veil, selon le degr\u00e9 de r\u00e9alisation de celui qui la per\u00e7oit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Non pas la r\u00e9pulsion, mais l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement d&rsquo;une relation. Pratique Vajrayana sous la direction d&rsquo;un Guru qualifi\u00e9. R\u00e9citation de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Formule syllabique ou verbale r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e rituellement avec un effet transformateur ; centrale dans les traditions indiennes, adapt\u00e9e en Occident comme pratique de d\u00e9cret.\">mantra<\/span> (Vajrayogini, Vajravarahi), cycles de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pratique spirituelle dans l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme ; comprend mantra, visualisation et rite, souvent associ\u00e9 \u00e0 un Yidam assign\u00e9.\">Sadhana<\/span>, rituels Tsok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00catres apparent\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/fr\/yakshini\/\">Yakshini<\/a> (c\u00f4t\u00e9 positif), Kali (forme parall\u00e8le hindoue), Baba Yaga (figure originelle ambivalente), Dakini-ten-Kitsune japonais.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pratique tantrique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cycles de Sadhana<\/strong><\/p><p>Le Vajrayogini-Sadhana et le Vajravarahi-Sadhana comptent parmi les pratiques tantriques les plus importantes. Le pratiquant s&rsquo;identifie m\u00e9ditativement \u00e0 la Dakini, int\u00e9riorise ses qualit\u00e9s et accomplit la transformation tantrique. Condition pr\u00e9alable : initiation par un Lama qualifi\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>Tradition Terma<\/strong><\/p><p>Les Dakini sont les gardiennes traditionnelles des enseignements cach\u00e9s (<em>terma<\/em>). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e9gendaire tantiste indien (8e s.) ; il a transmis le bouddhisme au Tibet.\">Padmasambhava<\/span> a, selon la tradition tib\u00e9taine, dissimul\u00e9 des enseignements dans le paysage, les textes et le corps de Tsogyal ; les Dakini les pr\u00e9servent jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ce que les bons \u00e9l\u00e8ves (Tert\u00f6ns) les d\u00e9couvrent.<\/p><p><strong>Tsok et rituels d&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrande<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une s\u00e9quence r\u00e9gl\u00e9e d'actions symboliques ayant une signification religieuse ou culturelle.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituel<\/span> Tsok (Ganachakra), avec des <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrandes<\/span> partag\u00e9es \u00e0 tous les \u00eatres vivants, est souvent d\u00e9di\u00e9 aux Dakini. Il relie la pratique int\u00e9rieure de la Dakini \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration communautaire et \u00e0 la purification karmique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00e9ception moderne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain en Occident<\/strong><\/p><p>L&rsquo;enseignement sur la Dakini est devenu connu en Occident notamment gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 Ch\u00f6gyam Trungpa, Dilgo Khyentse et Tsultrim Allione. Le <em>Feeding Your Demons<\/em> d&rsquo;Allione (2008) adapte la pratique Ch\u00f6d de Machig Labdr\u00f6n pour les contextes occidentaux.<\/p><p><strong>Lecture f\u00e9ministe :<\/strong> Judith Simmer-Brown, Miranda Shaw et d&rsquo;autres lisent la Dakini comme une figure paradigmatique de sagesse f\u00e9minine. Le d\u00e9bat sur les femmes dans la tradition d&rsquo;enseignement bouddhiste s&rsquo;appuie sur Tsogyal et Labdr\u00f6n comme mod\u00e8les historiques.<\/p><p><strong>Art et culture populaire :<\/strong> La peinture de thangkas tib\u00e9tains repr\u00e9sentant des Dakini est pr\u00e9sente dans des expositions internationales. La litt\u00e9rature fantastique moderne et les jeux de r\u00f4le adaptent les figures de Dakini ; dans l&rsquo;animation japonaise, Dakini-ten appara\u00eet comme une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span>-renard.<\/p><div><p><strong>La tradition de Padmasambhava et la Dakini dans le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit transmis sur les dieux, les origines et l'ordre du monde.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythe<\/span> tib\u00e9tain<\/strong><\/p><p>Le bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain a codifi\u00e9 la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration de la Dakini \u00e0 travers la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un r\u00e9cit \u00e9difiant, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur la vie de saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u00e9gende<\/span> de Padmasambhava (8e si\u00e8cle apr. J.-C.), le l\u00e9gendaire transmetteur du bouddhisme au Tibet. Selon la biographie de Padmasambhava, celui-ci fut instruit et soutenu par <em>Yeshe Tsogyal<\/em>, une Dakini supr\u00eame. Cette relation mythique \u00e9tablit les Dakini comme ma\u00eetresses d&rsquo;enseignement et compagnes de l&rsquo;\u00c9veil, et non comme des obstacles \u00e0 surmonter.<\/p><p>La biographie de Padmasambhava montre les Dakini comme des acteurs int\u00e9graux de l&rsquo;histoire spirituelle : elles dispensent des instructions, r\u00e9v\u00e8lent des savoirs cach\u00e9s et acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent l&rsquo;\u00c9veil. Cette narrativisation eut des cons\u00e9quences pratiques : les pratiquants tib\u00e9tains commenc\u00e8rent \u00e0 visualiser et \u00e0 invoquer les Dakini comme assistantes.<\/p><p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9cole Nyingma moderne (ancienne \u00e9cole du bouddhisme tib\u00e9tain), la pratique de la Dakini reste centrale, souvent dans des rites tantriques comme le <em>Ch\u00f6d<\/em> (pratique d&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrande \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrande<\/span> de l&rsquo;ego), o\u00f9 le pratiquant travaille avec les \u00e9nergies des Dakini pour transcender l&rsquo;attachement.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaa115b4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaa115b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf467ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf467ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la figure terrifiante indienne \u00e0 la figure d'\u00c9veil tantrique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1246652 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1246652\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26f3d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26f3d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le terme <em>\u1e0c\u0101kin\u012b<\/em> poss\u00e8de une histoire s\u00e9mantique qui m\u00e8ne d&rsquo;une figure sombre \u00e0 une figure hautement estim\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Dans les sources indiennes anciennes, notamment dans la litt\u00e9rature pur\u00e2nique et les textes m\u00e9dicaux, les <em>\u1e0d\u0101kin\u012b<\/em> d\u00e9signent des \u00eatres f\u00e9minins terrifiants, associ\u00e9s aux charniers, \u00e0 la d\u00e9esse K\u0101l\u012b et \u00e0 la consommation de chair. Ils appartiennent \u00e0 l&rsquo;environnement des puissances dangereuses situ\u00e9es aux marges du monde ordonn\u00e9.<\/p><p>Avec l&rsquo;essor des courants tantriques dans le bouddhisme, vers le 7e et le 8e si\u00e8cle, une r\u00e9interpr\u00e9tation s&rsquo;op\u00e9ra. La <em>\u1e0d\u0101kin\u012b<\/em> fut int\u00e9gr\u00e9e dans le syst\u00e8me tantrique et y devint une incarnation de la conscience \u00e9veill\u00e9e.<\/p><p>En tib\u00e9tain, le terme est rendu par <em>khandroma<\/em> (<em>mkha\u02bc \u02bcgro ma<\/em>), litt\u00e9ralement \u00ab celle qui marche dans l&rsquo;espace \u00bb ou \u00ab marcheuse c\u00e9leste \u00bb. Cette traduction oriente la figure vers le spirituel : l&rsquo;espace qu&rsquo;elle traverse est la vacuit\u00e9, concept central de la philosophie Mahayana.<\/p><p>La recherche, notamment les travaux de Judith Simmer-Brown, a soulign\u00e9 que cette transformation n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas un simple oubli de l&rsquo;ancienne signification. Les traits terrifiants furent conserv\u00e9s et r\u00e9interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s : l&rsquo;aspect effrayant de la Dakini repr\u00e9sente le bouleversement qu&rsquo;entra\u00eene le chemin vers la compr\u00e9hension.<\/p><p>Elle d\u00e9truit l&rsquo;attachement du pratiquant. Ainsi, la figure unit deux couches : l&rsquo;ancienne conception d&rsquo;un \u00eatre spirituel dangereux et la plus r\u00e9cente d&rsquo;une enseignante de la lib\u00e9ration \u2013 et c&rsquo;est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette double dimension qui la rend \u00e9clairante pour comprendre le bouddhisme tantrique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp85da496 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp85da496\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4590f47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4590f47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les trois niveaux de la Dakini dans l'enseignement tib\u00e9tain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8cb256a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8cb256a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7492113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7492113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradition tib\u00e9taine distingue la Dakini sur plusieurs niveaux, et cette distinction est importante pour une compr\u00e9hension correcte. Les textes d&rsquo;enseignement parlent de la Dakini mondaine, de la Dakini de sagesse et, parfois, de degr\u00e9s interm\u00e9diaires.<\/p><p>La Dakini mondaine (<em>jigten khandro<\/em>) appartient encore \u00e0 la sph\u00e8re des \u00eatres non \u00e9veill\u00e9s \u2013 elle peut \u00eatre utile ou obstructive et se rapproche des conceptions indiennes anciennes.<\/p><p>La Dakini de sagesse (<em>yeshe khandro<\/em>, en revanche, est une figure pleinement \u00e9veill\u00e9e, une manifestation de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 illumin\u00e9e sous forme f\u00e9minine. En font partie des figures telles que Vajrayogin\u012b et Vajrav\u0101r\u0101h\u012b, qui occupent le centre de leurs propres pratiques de m\u00e9ditation. Dans cette fonction, la Dakini est un <em>yidam<\/em>, une divinit\u00e9 de m\u00e9ditation avec laquelle le pratiquant s&rsquo;identifie.<\/p><p>La Dakini peut \u00e9galement appara\u00eetre dans la biographie des ma\u00eetres tib\u00e9tains comme une figure rencontr\u00e9e r\u00e9ellement, dispensant des enseignements, transmettant des textes cach\u00e9s (<em>terma<\/em>) ou mettant le pratiquant \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve.<\/p><p>Les biographies de Padmasambhava et de sa compagne Yeshe Tsogyel sont pleines de telles rencontres. Yeshe Tsogyel elle-m\u00eame est comprise dans la tradition \u00e0 la fois comme femme historique et comme Dakini.<\/p><p>Cet enchev\u00eatrement de figure symbolique, d&rsquo;objet de m\u00e9ditation et d&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience v\u00e9cue ne peut \u00eatre r\u00e9duit \u00e0 une seule cat\u00e9gorie. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La science qui \u00e9tudie les religions de mani\u00e8re comparative et sans engagement confessionnel.\" tabindex=\"0\">science des religions<\/span> d\u00e9crit donc la Dakini comme un concept multidimensionnel qui, selon le contexte \u2013 qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse d&rsquo;un texte philosophique, d&rsquo;un manuel rituel ou d&rsquo;une hagiographie \u2013, met en avant une couche de signification diff\u00e9rente.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a8a1f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0a8a1f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac7f50a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac7f50a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconographie : l'effrayant comme moyen p\u00e9dagogique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1ec305c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1ec305c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0df310f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0df310f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La repr\u00e9sentation visuelle de la Dakini, notamment dans les peintures sur rouleau tib\u00e9taines (<em>thangka<\/em>) et les bronzes, ob\u00e9it \u00e0 une <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Science des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> qui peut d&rsquo;abord d\u00e9concerter les observateurs occidentaux \u2013 et c&rsquo;est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment l\u00e0 que r\u00e9side son sens.<\/p><p>Les Dakini telles que Vajrayogin\u012b sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es nues ou v\u00eatues uniquement de parures d&rsquo;os, dans une posture dansante, souvent debout sur un cadavre ou sur un \u00eatre terrass\u00e9. Elles portent une coupe cr\u00e2nienne (<em>kap\u0101la<\/em>) remplie de sang, un couteau recourb\u00e9 (<em>kart\u1e5bk\u0101<\/em> ou <em>karttrik\u0101<\/em>) et un b\u00e2ton-massue (<em>kha\u1e6dv\u0101\u1e45ga<\/em>).<\/p><p>Chacun de ces attributs est cod\u00e9 symboliquement. La coupe cr\u00e2nienne, remplie de sang, repr\u00e9sente la grande f\u00e9licit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;impermanence. Le couteau recourb\u00e9 tranche l&rsquo;illusion et l&rsquo;attachement. La nudit\u00e9 signifie la libert\u00e9 de tout voile \u2013 c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate sans superposition conceptuelle. La figure pi\u00e9tin\u00e9e sous ses pieds incarne le saisissement du moi surmont\u00e9.<\/p><p>Les ornements d&rsquo;os et la pr\u00e9sence sur le charniers renvoient aux couches indiennes anciennes, mais s&rsquo;inscrivent dans le syst\u00e8me symbolique tantrique. La pr\u00e9tendue terreur n&rsquo;est donc pas une fin en soi ni une glorification de la violence, mais un moyen didactique.<\/p><p>Le Tantra part du principe que des images puissantes peuvent briser la perception fig\u00e9e. Qui contemple l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Science des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> de la Dakini sans ce cadre interpr\u00e9tatif la comprend mal. Les images sont des instructions de m\u00e9ditation sous forme visuelle, et leurs \u00e9l\u00e9ments effrayants doivent arracher le pratiquant \u00e0 ses habitudes, non l&rsquo;effrayer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/bouddhisme\/\">Bouddhisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"\/fr\/naraka-waechter\/\">Gardiens du Naraka<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/yakshini\/\">Yakshini<\/a> (figure f\u00e9minine ambivalente positive)<\/li><li>Yeshe Tsogyal et Machig Labdr\u00f6n<\/li><li>Pratique Ch\u00f6d et Feeding Your Demons<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources et bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection d&rsquo;ouvrages essentiels sur la Dakini :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Simmer-Brown, Judith : <em>Dakini&rsquo;s Warm Breath. The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism<\/em>. Boston 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Shaw, Miranda : <em>Passionate Enlightenment. Women in Tantric Buddhism<\/em>. Princeton 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Allione, Tsultrim : <em>Women of Wisdom<\/em>. London 1984.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gyatso, Janet : <em>Apparitions of the Self. The Secret Autobiographies of a Tibetan Visionary<\/em>. Princeton 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Harding, Sarah : <em>Machik&rsquo;s Complete Explanation<\/em>. Ithaca 2003.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-dakini-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-dakini-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-dakini\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-dakini-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-dakini-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pratique de protection d\u00e9crite ici constitue une mise en contexte scientifique de traditions historiques. iWell Guard s&rsquo;inscrit dans cette lign\u00e9e culturelle et historique d&rsquo;objets de protection et en repr\u00e9sente une forme contemporaine. <a href=\"\/fr\/a-propos-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">En savoir plus sur l&rsquo;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1657,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Dakini","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Dakini \u2013 esprit de la tradition bouddhiste","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Dakini, marcheuse c\u00e9leste et forme d'\u00e9nergie \u2013 figure cl\u00e9 ambivalente du Vajrayana. Classes, symbolique et place dans la pratique tantrique.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[48,305,306,29,25],"class_list":["post-10594","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-buddhismus","category-cultures","category-esprits","category-geister","category-kulturen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dakini \u2013 esprit de la tradition bouddhiste<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dakini, marcheuse c\u00e9leste et forme d&#039;\u00e9nergie \u2013 figure cl\u00e9 ambivalente du Vajrayana. 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