{"id":10541,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:45","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/beelzebub-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-16T14:41:02","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T14:41:02","slug":"beelzebub","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fr\/beelzebub\/","title":{"rendered":"Beelzebub"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10541\" class=\"elementor elementor-10541 elementor-1020\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beelzebub, dieu de la tradition chr\u00e9tienne<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beelzebub est dieu de la tradition chr\u00e9tienne.<\/p><p>\u00ab Seigneur des mouches \u00bb, dieu \u00e9tranger des Philistins transform\u00e9 en d\u00e9mon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ d\u00e9mone : \u00eatre surnaturel \u00e0 l'effet g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement n\u00e9faste ou ambigu. Il se situe entre les dieux et les hommes, cause maladie, tentation ou malheur, et est repouss\u00e9 par la conjuration, les apotropa\u00efques et les rituels.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"\/fr\/christianisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradition chr\u00e9tienne avec ses anges, d\u00e9mons et \u00eatres mystiques.\">Christianisme<\/a><a href=\"\/fr\/goetia\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9monologie de la fin du Moyen \u00c2ge et du d\u00e9but de l'\u00e9poque moderne issue de la tradition du Lemegeton.\">Goetia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-131307\" alt=\"Belz\u00e9buth - dieux de la tradition chr\u00e9tienne, illustration historique\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beelzebub<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beelzebub est l&rsquo;un des cas les plus frappants de transformation d&rsquo;un personnage dans l&rsquo;histoire des religions : \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine dieu local de la cit\u00e9 philistine d&rsquo;Ekron (Baal-Zebub, \u00ab Seigneur de la majest\u00e9 \u00bb, plus tard raill\u00e9 comme \u00ab Seigneur des mouches \u00bb), il devient dans la tradition biblique et chr\u00e9tienne un archid\u00e9mon. Les \u00c9vangiles l&rsquo;identifient au prince des d\u00e9mons ; les grimoires m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux le classent dans la hi\u00e9rarchie aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de Satan.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sa r\u00e9ception montre de fa\u00e7on exemplaire comment la pol\u00e9mique monoth\u00e9iste transforme les divinit\u00e9s \u00e9trang\u00e8res en d\u00e9mons. Le nom \u00ab Seigneur des mouches \u00bb est vraisemblablement une d\u00e9formation d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e de <em>Baal-Zebul<\/em> (\u00ab Baal le Prince \u00bb), qui \u00e9voque la putr\u00e9faction, les mouches et la d\u00e9composition. En tant que figure culturellement influente, il est perp\u00e9tu\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui \u00e0 travers la croyance populaire, la litt\u00e9rature (\u00ab Sa Majest\u00e9 des Mouches \u00bb de William Golding, 1954) et la culture populaire.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>\u00c9tapes de l&rsquo;histoire des religions<\/strong><\/p><p>Beelzebub est, du point de vue de l&rsquo;histoire des religions, l&rsquo;un des exemples les mieux document\u00e9s d&rsquo;une p\u00e9joration divine : un dieu \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine l\u00e9gitimement v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 dans une tradition \u00e9trang\u00e8re, transform\u00e9 en figure d\u00e9moniaque par la pol\u00e9mique juive puis chr\u00e9tienne.<\/p><p>Le plus ancien t\u00e9moignage est celui de la divinit\u00e9 tut\u00e9laire d&rsquo;Ekron, l&rsquo;une des cinq cit\u00e9s philistines, mentionn\u00e9e dans le Livre des Rois (2 Rois 1,2.6) sous le nom de <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebub<\/em> (\u00ab Seigneur des mouches \u00bb).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Le roi Okiazias d&rsquo;Isra\u00ebl consulte dans ce texte Ba\u02bfal-Zebub pour obtenir des informations sur sa gu\u00e9rison, ce que le proph\u00e8te \u00c9lie commente avec m\u00e9pris et ironie. La forme originelle pourrait \u00eatre <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebul<\/em> (\u00ab Seigneur de la demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00bb, ma\u00eetre du temple) ; la pol\u00e9mique juive l&rsquo;aurait d\u00e9form\u00e9e en <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebub<\/em> \u2013 ce qui est l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de la recherche depuis William F. Albright (<em>Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan<\/em>, 1968).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En un coup d'\u0153il : Beelzebub<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type :<\/strong> Dieu \u00e9tranger d\u00e9monis\u00e9\u00e9, archid\u00e9mon<br>Origine : cit\u00e9 philistine d&rsquo;Ekron<br>Textes : 2 Rois 1, \u00c9vangiles, Testament de Salomon, grimoires<br>P\u00e9riode : de l&rsquo;\u00e2ge du bronze \u00e0 nos jours<br>Fonction : archid\u00e9mon, prince des mouches, s\u00e9ducteur<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e9riode des textes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Premi\u00e8res attestations de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00eatre v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 comme divin au sein d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u00e9<\/span> philistine Baal-Zebub en 2 Rois 1 (IXe s. av. J.-C.). D\u00e9monisation \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque du Second Temple. R\u00f4le de premier plan dans le Nouveau Testament. Personnage \u00e9labor\u00e9 dans les grimoires du d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Recueil manuscrit de magie rituelle des d\u00e9buts de l'\u00e9poque moderne, en cinq livres (Goetia, Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, Ars Notoria) ; XVIIe si\u00e8cle.\">Lemegeton<\/span>, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aire de diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Originellement dans le Levant (Ekron), puis dans tout le monde jud\u00e9o-chr\u00e9tien. R\u00e9ception moderne \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle mondiale par la litt\u00e9rature et la culture populaire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9tat des sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>2 Rois 1 ; \u00c9vangiles (Mt 10,25 ; Mt 12,24 ; Mc 3,22 ; Lc 11,15) ; Testament de Salomon ; grimoires du d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne ; <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> de Milton ; litt\u00e9rature moderne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9signation et variantes orthographiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>H\u00e9breu biblique :<\/strong> <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebub<\/em> (\u00ab Seigneur des mouches \u00bb), 2 Rois 1,2.<br>Grec n\u00e9otestamentaire : <em>Beelzeboul<\/em> \/ <em>Beelzebul<\/em>.<br>Philistin originel : vraisemblablement <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebul<\/em> (\u00ab Baal le Prince \u00bb).<br>Latin m\u00e9di\u00e9val : <em>Beelzebub<\/em>.<\/p><p>Le glissement de <em>Zebul<\/em> (\u00ab prince \u00bb) \u00e0 <em>Zebub<\/em> (\u00ab mouche \u00bb) est probablement une d\u00e9formation moqueuse des auteurs bibliques. Le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> de la mouche s&rsquo;inscrit dans la s\u00e9mantique d\u00e9monologique de la putr\u00e9faction, de la d\u00e9composition et du fl\u00e9au, et reste d\u00e9terminant sur le plan iconographique.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apparence<\/strong><\/p><p>La Bible ne donne aucune description visuelle. Au Moyen \u00c2ge : immense mouche ou silhouette cornue aux ailes de mouche. Dans le Testament de Salomon : seul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> masculin, peau de bronze, ma\u00eetre des mouches. Dans les grimoires : \u00e0 forme de veau ou \u00e0 trois t\u00eates.<\/p><p><strong>Comportement<\/strong><\/p><p>En tant qu&rsquo;archid\u00e9mon, il dirige les autres d\u00e9mons. La tradition lui attribue le p\u00e9ch\u00e9 capital de la gourmandise. Dans les proc\u00e8s de sorcellerie, il est fr\u00e9quemment cit\u00e9 comme partenaire d&rsquo;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans la tradition chr\u00e9tienne m\u00e9di\u00e9vale, contrat formel entre un humain et un d\u00e9mon, souvent sign\u00e9 avec du sang.\">pacte<\/span> personnel.<\/p><p><strong>Domaine d&rsquo;action<\/strong><\/p><p>Sur le plan cosmique, il est la deuxi\u00e8me figure principale de l&rsquo;Enfer (apr\u00e8s Satan\/Lucifer). Sur le plan th\u00e9matique : la gloutonnerie, l&rsquo;avarice, la peste, le fl\u00e9au. \u00c0 Ekron, il \u00e9tait \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine un dieu gu\u00e9risseur ; apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9monisation, il devient un porteur de maladie.<\/p><p><strong>Origine mythologique<\/strong><\/p><p>Dieu local philistin, vraisemblablement dot\u00e9 de fonctions gu\u00e9risseuses (2 Rois 1 : le roi Okiazias le consulte pour sa gu\u00e9rison). La pol\u00e9mique biblique le d\u00e9monise ; la tradition ult\u00e9rieure d\u00e9veloppe la figure d\u00e9moniaque.<\/p><div><p><strong>\u00c9vangiles synoptiques et tradition patristique<\/strong><\/p><p>Dans le Nouveau Testament, Beelzebub appara\u00eet cinq fois (Matthieu 10,25 ; 12,24.27 ; Marc 3,22 ; Luc 11,15.18.19). Dans les synoptiques, il est le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> supr\u00eame dont J\u00e9sus userait pr\u00e9tendument du pouvoir pour chasser les autres d\u00e9mons.<\/p><p>Les Pharisiens accusent J\u00e9sus d&rsquo;agir avec l&rsquo;aide de Beelzebub ; la r\u00e9ponse de J\u00e9sus (le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00ab Si le royaume de Satan est divis\u00e9 contre lui-m\u00eame\u2026 \u00bb) assimile pratiquement Beelzebub \u00e0 Satan.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cette identification devient la norme dans la tradition patristique ult\u00e9rieure (Tertullien, Orig\u00e8ne, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Augustin d'Hippone (354\u2013430) ; P\u00e8re de l'\u00c9glise chr\u00e9tienne, principales \u0153uvres : Confessions et La Cit\u00e9 de Dieu.\">Augustin<\/span>). Dans la d\u00e9monologie m\u00e9di\u00e9vale, le <em>Compendium maleficarum<\/em> (Francesco Maria Guazzo, 1608) pr\u00e9sente une hi\u00e9rarchie propre dans laquelle Beelzebub est le vice-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> apr\u00e8s Lucifer ; dans certaines branches de la tradition Goetia, il est le deuxi\u00e8me ou le troisi\u00e8me parmi les rois de la Goetia.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil : Beelzebub<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les aspects essentiels de Beelzebub en un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il. Les d\u00e9veloppements sur le nom, la description, la protection et les parall\u00e8les se trouvent dans les sections suivantes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradition<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c0 l&rsquo;origine dieu d&rsquo;Ekron (Baal-Zebul). R\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9 en archid\u00e9mon par la pol\u00e9mique biblique. Le glissement du nom vers \u00ab Seigneur des mouches \u00bb est une d\u00e9formation d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objet d'action<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apostats et convertis (NT) ; dans la tradition m\u00e9di\u00e9vale : les goinfres, les partenaires de pacte de sorcellerie, les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Don offert \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 pour exprimer gratitude, requ\u00eate ou v\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\" tabindex=\"0\">victimes<\/span> de la peste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apparence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Immense mouche ou silhouette cornue aux ailes de mouche. Dans les grimoires : \u00e0 forme de veau ou \u00e0 trois t\u00eates. Peau de bronze dans le Testament de Salomon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonction<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dirige les autres d\u00e9mons, cause la peste et la gourmandise, intervient dans les r\u00e9cits de pacte. En tant que dieu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lieu ou une institution o\u00f9 l'on obtient une r\u00e9ponse divine.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraculaire<\/span> des Philistins : gu\u00e9rison ou proph\u00e9tie, plus tard invers\u00e9 en son contraire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Se prot\u00e9ger de Beelzebub<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Expulsion rituelle d'un esprit ou d'un d\u00e9mon consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme nuisible.\" tabindex=\"0\">Exorcisme<\/span>, \u00e9vitement du nom, sacrements. Particuli\u00e8rement cit\u00e9 au XVIIe si\u00e8cle dans les actes de proc\u00e8s comme partenaire de pacte ; aveu et absolution par un pr\u00eatre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parall\u00e8les<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figures de Baal (canan\u00e9en, comme couche d&rsquo;origine), Mammon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> chr\u00e9tien de l&rsquo;avarice), Asmod\u00e9e (tradition juive) ; plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement : le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment th\u00e9matique r\u00e9current dans l'art ou le r\u00e9cit.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> des dieux \u00e9trangers d\u00e9monis\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection au quotidien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituels de protection<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Expulsion rituelle d'un esprit ou d'un d\u00e9mon consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme nuisible.\" tabindex=\"0\">Exorcisme<\/span> dans la tradition eccl\u00e9siastique. M\u00e9daille de saint Beno\u00eet, qui s&rsquo;adresse \u00e0 tous les archid\u00e9mons \u00e0 la fois. Pratique populaire ancienne : croix et eau b\u00e9nite dans les lieux touch\u00e9s par la peste.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurations<\/strong><\/p><p>Les grimoires (Lemegeton, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum) listent Beelzebub avec son sceau, son rang et sa suite. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'enseignement scientifique sur Dieu et sur la foi d'une religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e9ologie<\/span> scolastique condamne ces formules de liaison, mais la litt\u00e9rature continue de les faire foisonner.<\/p><p><strong>Amulettes et symboles de protection<\/strong><\/p><p>Comme pour Satan : croix, crucifix, m\u00e9daille de saint Beno\u00eet. En p\u00e9riode de peste, en particulier : m\u00e9dailles de saints gu\u00e9risseurs de la peste (S\u00e9bastien, Roch), qui renvoient symboliquement le fl\u00e9au des mouches \u00e0 Beelzebub.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00e9ception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Moyen \u00c2ge et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poque d'environ du XVe au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne<\/span> :<\/strong> Dans les grimoires, second rang apr\u00e8s Satan\/Lucifer. Fr\u00e9quemment cit\u00e9 comme partenaire de pacte dans les proc\u00e8s de sorcellerie. Dans les recueils d&rsquo;exempla, porteur de peste.<\/p><p><strong>Milton :<\/strong> Le <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> de Milton (1667) fait de Beelzebub le plus proche confident de Satan et son conseiller \u00e9loquent au Pand\u00e9monium.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c9poque moderne<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Le roman <em>Sa Majest\u00e9 des Mouches<\/em> de William Golding (1954) utilise Beelzebub comme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe qui repr\u00e9sente par substitution une id\u00e9e ou une signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span> de la brutalisation int\u00e9rieure. Le heavy metal, le fantasy et le cin\u00e9ma s&#8217;emparent de la figure, le plus souvent comme incarnation de la d\u00e9composition d\u00e9moniaque.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Corpus principal des sources<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Travaux de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence sur Beelzebub : Joachim Tubach, <em>Im Schatten des Sonnengottes<\/em> (Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1986), pour la pr\u00e9histoire ougaritique et canan\u00e9enne. William F. Albright, <em>Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan<\/em> (Doubleday, Garden City NY 1968), fondamental pour la pol\u00e9mique juive contre la tradition baalique. Marvin H. Pope, <em>Job<\/em> (Anchor Bible, 1973), pour le d\u00e9bat v\u00e9t\u00e9rotestamentaire.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historien des religions am\u00e9ricain (n\u00e9 en 1934) ; \u00e9tude en quatre volumes sur l'histoire du diable (1977\u20131986).\">Jeffrey Burton Russell<\/span>, <em>The Devil. Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity<\/em> (Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1977) et <em>Satan. The Early Christian Tradition<\/em> (1981) pour l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration patristique. Joseph Peterson (\u00e9d.), <em>The Lesser Key of Solomon<\/em> (Weiser, Boston 2001), pour la tradition Goetia.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23669fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23669fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6e4ef2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6e4ef2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Zebub d'Ekron : le point de d\u00e9part biblique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp36a1bf3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp36a1bf3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e719be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e719be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le nom Beelzebub remonte \u00e0 un passage pr\u00e9cis de l&rsquo;Ancien Testament. Dans le deuxi\u00e8me Livre des Rois, chapitre 1, le roi Okiazias d&rsquo;Isra\u00ebl, tomb\u00e9 malade, envoie des messagers consulter <em>Baal-Zebub<\/em>, le dieu d&rsquo;Ekron.<\/p><p>Ekron \u00e9tait l&rsquo;une des cinq cit\u00e9s principales des Philistins. Le proph\u00e8te \u00c9lie intercepte les messagers et annonce la mort au roi parce qu&rsquo;il a consult\u00e9 un dieu \u00e9tranger plut\u00f4t que le Dieu d&rsquo;Isra\u00ebl.<\/p><p>Le nom <em>Baal-Zebub<\/em> signifie litt\u00e9ralement &#8222;Seigneur des mouches&#8220;. Dans la recherche, cela est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une d\u00e9formation moqueuse d&rsquo;un titre originel.<\/p><p>On suppose un original <em>Baal-Zebul<\/em>, &#8222;Seigneur \u00e9lev\u00e9&#8220; ou &#8222;Prince Baal&#8220;, <em>zebul<\/em> \u00e9tant li\u00e9 au terme d\u00e9signant une demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9e ou un si\u00e8ge princier. Les auteurs bibliques auraient d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment d\u00e9form\u00e9 le titre honorifique en &#8222;Seigneur des mouches&#8220; pour tourner en ridicule le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse rendus \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> \u00e9tranger.<\/p><p>Cette interpr\u00e9tation s&rsquo;appuie \u00e9galement sur les textes ougaritiques, dans lesquels Baal appara\u00eet avec l&rsquo;\u00e9pith\u00e8te <em>zbl<\/em>. Elle n&rsquo;est pas certaine, mais c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;explication la plus r\u00e9pandue. Il convient de retenir ceci : au commencement ne se trouve pas une figure d\u00e9moniaque, mais une divinit\u00e9 temp\u00eate ouest-s\u00e9mitique per\u00e7ue par Isra\u00ebl comme un dieu \u00e9tranger hostile.<\/p><p>Que d&rsquo;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ensemble des actes de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration religieuse rendus \u00e0 une divinit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 une figure sacr\u00e9e.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> baalique r\u00e9gional de la cit\u00e9 philistine d&rsquo;Ekron soit issue une figure centrale de la d\u00e9monologie ult\u00e9rieure, voil\u00e0 un exemple typique de la fa\u00e7on dont une religion r\u00e9interpr\u00e8te les dieux de ses voisins. Le seigneur jadis v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 devient l&rsquo;idole m\u00e9pris\u00e9e, puis finalement le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4d57078 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4d57078\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02351eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp02351eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De l'idole au prince des d\u00e9mons : l'\u00e9volution dans le Nouveau Testament et au-del\u00e0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66af76f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp66af76f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp116f42b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp116f42b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans le Nouveau Testament, le nom appara\u00eet sous une forme l\u00e9g\u00e8rement diff\u00e9rente, <em>Beelzebul<\/em>. Dans les \u00c9vangiles synoptiques, les adversaires de J\u00e9sus lui reprochent de chasser les d\u00e9mons \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de <em>Beelzebul<\/em>, d\u00e9sign\u00e9 l\u00e0 comme l&rsquo;\u00ab Archid\u00e9mon \u00bb.<\/p><p>J\u00e9sus repousse l&rsquo;accusation avec le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre argument qu&rsquo;un royaume divis\u00e9 contre lui-m\u00eame ne peut subsister.<\/p><p>\u00c0 ce stade, l&rsquo;\u00e9volution est d\u00e9j\u00e0 tr\u00e8s avanc\u00e9e : l&rsquo;ancien dieu philistin est d\u00e9sormais un chef des d\u00e9mons, pratiquement assimil\u00e9 ou \u00e9troitement li\u00e9 \u00e0 Satan. Les \u00c9vangiles eux-m\u00eames \u00e9tablissent cette identification en passant, au fil de l&rsquo;argumentation, de Beelzebul \u00e0 Satan.<\/p><p>Dans la tradition chr\u00e9tienne postbiblique, Beelzebub fut d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en une figure autonome de la hi\u00e9rarchie infernale. Les d\u00e9monologies m\u00e9di\u00e9vales et modernes lui attribu\u00e8rent un rang \u00e9lev\u00e9, souvent comme l&rsquo;un des anges d\u00e9chus les plus puissants, juste apr\u00e8s <a href=\"\/fr\/luzifer\/\">Lucifer<\/a> ou <a href=\"\/fr\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>. Dans certains de ces syst\u00e8mes, il fut m\u00eame pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme le v\u00e9ritable seigneur supr\u00eame de l&rsquo;Enfer.<\/p><p>Ces hi\u00e9rarchies ne constituent pas un enseignement uniforme, mais sont le produit d&rsquo;une litt\u00e9rature sp\u00e9culative qui varie d&rsquo;un auteur \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre. La ligne d&rsquo;histoire des religions \u00e0 retenir est la suivante : un Baal ouest-s\u00e9mitique, raill\u00e9 par la Bible h\u00e9bra\u00efque comme dieu \u00e9tranger, \u00e9lev\u00e9 au rang de prince des d\u00e9mons dans le Nouveau Testament, et \u00e9labor\u00e9 en une figure incontournable de la topographie infernale au Moyen \u00c2ge chr\u00e9tien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae21100 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae21100\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c6c91c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c6c91c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beelzebub dans les manuels d'exorcisme et les proc\u00e8s de sorcellerie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64b7856 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp64b7856\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7055b54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7055b54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Au d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne, Beelzebub acquit une importance pratique dans deux contextes : l&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Expulsion rituelle d'un esprit ou d'un d\u00e9mon consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme nuisible.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcisme<\/span> et les proc\u00e8s de sorcellerie. Les manuels d&rsquo;exorcisme, utilis\u00e9s pour interroger des personnes suppos\u00e9ment poss\u00e9d\u00e9es, dressaient des listes de noms de d\u00e9mons. Beelzebub figurait parmi les noms que l&rsquo;exorciste devait chercher \u00e0 obtenir, car on croyait que la connaissance du nom conf\u00e9rait un pouvoir sur le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>.<\/p><p>Le cas le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est celui de Loudun en France, o\u00f9 dans les ann\u00e9es 1630 des religieuses d&rsquo;un couvent furent consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme poss\u00e9d\u00e9es. Dans les proc\u00e8s-verbaux de cette affaire et d&rsquo;affaires similaires, Beelzebub figure parmi les d\u00e9mons nomm\u00e9s.<\/p><p>La recherche historique, notamment l&rsquo;\u00e9tude influente de Michel de Certeau sur Loudun, a montr\u00e9 \u00e0 quel point de tels cas \u00e9taient fa\u00e7onn\u00e9s par des conflits sociaux, des rivalit\u00e9s th\u00e9ologiques et les attentes des exorcistes.<\/p><p>Dans les proc\u00e8s de sorcellerie, Beelzebub apparaissait parfois comme le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> avec lequel les accus\u00e9s auraient pr\u00e9tendument conclu un pacte. L\u00e0 aussi, la prudence s&rsquo;impose : les aveux furent obtenus sous la torture ou sous la menace de la torture, et suivaient les directives des interrogateurs.<\/p><p>La litt\u00e9rature dite des grimoires forme une ligne \u00e0 part : des manuels de magie contenant de pr\u00e9tendues instructions pour la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un rituel langagier destin\u00e9 \u00e0 invoquer ou \u00e0 lier une puissance.\" tabindex=\"0\">conjuration<\/span> d&rsquo;esprits. Des ouvrages comme le <em>Grand Grimoire<\/em> ou les \u00e9crits du type <em>H\u00f6llenzwang<\/em> citent Beelzebub parmi les princes infernaux susceptibles d&rsquo;\u00eatre conjur\u00e9s. Ces textes sont des compilations tardives, souvent du d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque moderne ou encore plus r\u00e9centes, sans fondement <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9poque de la culture grecque et romaine, d'environ 800 av. J.-C. \u00e0 600 apr. J.-C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antique<\/span> ; ils documentent la conception populaire de la magie, non une tradition ancienne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd1dce0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd1dce0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4b0e833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4b0e833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La mouche comme image : iconographie et r\u00e9ception litt\u00e9raire<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc448622 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc448622\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp963cee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp963cee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La signification litt\u00e9rale &#8222;Seigneur des mouches&#8220; a fortement marqu\u00e9 l&rsquo;univers imaginaire de Beelzebub, m\u00eame si elle \u00e9tait \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine une moquerie. Dans l&rsquo;art et la litt\u00e9rature chr\u00e9tiens, la mouche devint un attribut. Les mouches \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des animaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 la putr\u00e9faction, \u00e0 la charogne et \u00e0 la maladie ; elles s&rsquo;accordaient \u00e0 la repr\u00e9sentation d&rsquo;un d\u00e9mon associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la d\u00e9composition et \u00e0 la souillure.<\/p><p>Dans certaines repr\u00e9sentations m\u00e9di\u00e9vales et modernes, Beelzebub appara\u00eet comme un \u00e9norme \u00eatre semblable \u00e0 une mouche ou \u00e0 un insecte ; dans d&rsquo;autres, comme un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> ail\u00e9 de facture habituelle. Il n&rsquo;existe pas d&rsquo;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconographie<\/span> uniforme ; les artistes suivaient les d\u00e9monologies de leur \u00e9poque et leur propre imagination.<\/p><p>La r\u00e9ception litt\u00e9raire est vaste. Le <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> de John Milton, au XVIIe si\u00e8cle, introduit Beelzebub comme l&rsquo;ange d\u00e9chu le plus haut plac\u00e9 apr\u00e8s Satan, son conseiller avis\u00e9 et digne. Milton lui conf\u00e8re ainsi une personnalit\u00e9 litt\u00e9rairement \u00e9labor\u00e9e, bien au-del\u00e0 des br\u00e8ves mentions bibliques.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Au XXe si\u00e8cle, le roman <em>Sa Majest\u00e9 des Mouches<\/em> de William Golding (1954) a fait conna\u00eetre le nom \u00e0 un large lectorat, sans faire appara\u00eetre le <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00catre spirituel auquel on attribue un effet n\u00e9faste ou ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> lui-m\u00eame : le titre renvoie \u00e0 la t\u00eate de porc empal\u00e9e sur un b\u00e2ton, environn\u00e9e de mouches, et au mal qui, selon Golding, r\u00e9side dans l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain lui-m\u00eame.<\/span><\/p><p>Beelzebub est ainsi, dans la culture moderne, moins une figure concr\u00e8te qu&rsquo;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Une image parlante qui repr\u00e9sente une id\u00e9e abstraite.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbole<\/span> de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance et du mal venant de l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liens compl\u00e9mentaires<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liens internes recommand\u00e9s :<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/fr\/christianisme\/\">Christianisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/fr\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/luzifer\/\">Lucifer<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/leviathan\/\">Leviathan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/fr\/legion\/\">Legion<\/a><\/li><li>D\u00e9monisation des dieux \u00e9trangers dans la pol\u00e9mique biblique<\/li><li>Litt\u00e9rature des grimoires<\/li><li><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9tude des contenus des images et de leur signification.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconographie<\/span> des saints protecteurs contre la peste<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie (s\u00e9lection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Une s\u00e9lection de travaux essentiels sur Beelzebub :<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Tate, Marvin \/ Haas, Peter (\u00e9d.) : <em>Baal Worship in the Old Testament<\/em>. Studies 1991.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Duling, Dennis C. : \u00ab Testament of Solomon. \u00bb In : James Charlesworth (\u00e9d.) : <em>Old Testament Pseudepigrapha<\/em>, vol. 1. New York 1983.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Russell, Jeffrey Burton : <em>Satan<\/em>, vol. 2. Ithaca 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Forsyth, Neil : <em>The Old Enemy<\/em>. Princeton 1987.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gaster, Theodor H. : \u00ab Beelzebul. \u00bb In : <em>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible<\/em>. 2e \u00e9d. Leiden 1999.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8736371 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8736371\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-889d9ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"889d9ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes sur Beelzebub<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui est Beelzebub ?<\/h3><p>Beelzebub (en h\u00e9breu Baal-Zebub, Seigneur des mouches) \u00e9tait \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine le dieu tut\u00e9laire de la cit\u00e9 philistine d&rsquo;Ekron, raill\u00e9 dans le 2e Livre des Rois (1,2-6). Dans le Nouveau Testament, Beelzebub est l&rsquo;un des noms de Satan (Marc 3,22). Dans le syst\u00e8me des grimoires m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux (Lemegeton, Malleus Maleficarum), Beelzebub appara\u00eet comme l&rsquo;un des plus hauts princes de l&rsquo;Enfer, souvent le second apr\u00e8s Satan ou Lucifer.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quel r\u00f4le Beelzebub joue-t-il dans la litt\u00e9rature d\u00e9monologique ?<\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet>Dans le Malleus Maleficarum (1487) et dans le Lemegeton (Livre de Salomon), Beelzebub est l&rsquo;un des plus puissants des 72 princes de l&rsquo;Enfer. Johann Weyer lui attribue dans sa Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (1577) le commandement supr\u00eame de l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e infernale orientale. Dans la croyance populaire chr\u00e9tienne, il est le Seigneur des mouches, ce qui renvoie mythiquement \u00e0 l&rsquo;odeur de la d\u00e9composition et de la maladie.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui est Belz\u00e9buth ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Belz\u00e9buth (de l'h\u00e9breu Baal-Zeboub, \u00ab seigneur des mouches \u00bb) \u00e9tait \u00e0 l'origine le dieu de la cit\u00e9 philistine d'\u00c9kron, tourn\u00e9 en d\u00e9rision dans le deuxi\u00e8me Livre des Rois (1, 2-6). Dans le Nouveau Testament, Belz\u00e9buth est l'un des surnoms de Satan (Marc 3, 22). Dans le syst\u00e8me m\u00e9di\u00e9val des grimoires (Lemegeton, Marteau des sorci\u00e8res), Belz\u00e9buth appara\u00eet comme l'un des plus hauts princes de l'enfer, souvent le deuxi\u00e8me apr\u00e8s Satan ou Lucifer.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quel r\u00f4le Belz\u00e9buth joue-t-il dans la litt\u00e9rature d\u00e9monologique ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Dans le Marteau des sorci\u00e8res (Malleus Maleficarum, 1487) et dans la Lemegeton (Livre de Salomon), Belz\u00e9buth est l'un des plus puissants des 72 princes de l'enfer. Johann Weyer lui attribue, dans sa Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (1577), le commandement supr\u00eame de l'arm\u00e9e infernale de l'orient. Dans la conception populaire chr\u00e9tienne, il est le seigneur des mouches, ce qui renvoie symboliquement \u00e0 l'odeur de la putr\u00e9faction et de la maladie.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1563,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Beelzebub","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Beelzebub \u2013 dieu de la tradition chr\u00e9tienne | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Beelzebub est l'un des cas les plus frappants de transformation d'un personnage dans l'histoire des religions : \u00e0 l'origine dieu local de la cit\u00e9","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"5","wesen_kultur":"christentum","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[50,532,28,308,27,42,25],"class_list":["post-10541","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-christentum","category-christianisme","category-daemonen","category-demons","category-goetter","category-hoellenwesen","category-kulturen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Beelzebub \u2013 dieu de la tradition chr\u00e9tienne | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Beelzebub est l&#039;un des cas les plus frappants de transformation d&#039;un personnage dans l&#039;histoire des religions : \u00e0 l&#039;origine dieu local de la cit\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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