{"id":144011,"date":"2026-09-03T12:31:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T12:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=144011"},"modified":"2026-09-03T12:48:27","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T12:48:27","slug":"yama-kuolleiden-tuomari","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/yama-kuolleiden-tuomari\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (kuolleiden tuomari)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"144011\" class=\"elementor elementor-144011 elementor-2015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhalaisuus, buddhalaisen perinteen jumala<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama buddhalaisuudessa on buddhalaisen perinteen jumala.<\/p><p><strong>Buddhalainen kuolemanjumala ja sielujen tuomari kuoleman j\u00e4lkeen.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama toimii buddhalaisuudessa karman tuomarina ja helvettimaailmojen hallitsijana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jumala \/ jumalatar: Kulttuurin panteonin persoonoitunut korkein voima, jolla on selke\u00e4t vastuualueet, kuten luonnonvoimat, kohtalo, sota, hedelm\u00e4llisyys. Palvottu kulttien, uhrien ja temppeli-instituutioiden kautta.\">Jumala<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143877\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhalainen perinne, johon kuuluu bodhisattvoja, suojelujumaluuksia, n\u00e4lk\u00e4henki\u00e4 ja helvetin vartijoita.\">Buddhalaisuus<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143944\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Manalan ja kuoleman jumalat, tuonpuoleisen hallitsijat, kuolleiden tuomarit, sielujen saattajat.\">Kuolemanjumaluus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSis\u00e4llysluettelo\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" 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130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-148946\" alt=\"Yama, kuolleiden tuomari \u2013 buddhalaisen perinteen jumalia, historiallis-kuvitteellinen\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhalaisuus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yhdell\u00e4 silm\u00e4yksell\u00e4: Yama buddhalaisuus<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tyyppi:<\/strong> Buddhalainen p\u00e4\u00e4jumala (mahayana, vajrayana), kuolleiden tuomari ja <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Intialaisissa uskonnoissa oppi ja oikea toiminnan j\u00e4rjestys.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharman<\/span> vaalija<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon tai kulttuurin kaikkien jumalien kokonaisuus.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteoni<\/span>: buddhalaisuus (kaikki koulukunnat), omaksuttu hindulaisesta Yamasta<br>Teht\u00e4v\u00e4: kuolleiden tuomari, karman lainmukaisuuden vaalija, tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 perinteess\u00e4 wrathful deity<br>P\u00e4\u00e4asialliset tunnukset: kuolleiden kirja, karman peili, miekka (khadga), silmukka (pasha), musta puhveli<br>T\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t kulttipaikat: tiibetil\u00e4iset gelug-luostarit (cham-tanssi), Japani (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>Erilaiset muodot: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tiibet), Enma-O (Japani), Yeomra (Korea), Yanluo (Kiina)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yleiskatsaus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tekstien ajanjakso<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama siirtyy buddhalaisuuden mukana Intiasta kaikkiin buddhalaisiin maihin (vedalainen edelt\u00e4j\u00e4 <em>Rigvedassa<\/em>, vuodesta 1200 eaa. l\u00e4htien). Pali-perinteess\u00e4 (theravada) h\u00e4n on kuolleiden tuomioistuimen p\u00e4\u00e4kuulustelija.<\/p><p>Mahayanassa h\u00e4nell\u00e4 on oma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hindulaisuudessa ja buddhalaisuudessa tiiviiss\u00e4 muodossa oleva opetusteksti.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-korpuksensa (esim. <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). Tiibetiss\u00e4 h\u00e4n on 8. vuosisadalta jaa. l\u00e4htien keskeinen <em>Yama-Dharmarajana<\/em> vajrayana-perinteen wrathful deity -panteoneissa. Kukoistuskausi: tiibetil\u00e4isiss\u00e4 gelug-luostareissa aina nykyp\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4n asti, dramaattisten cham-tanssiesitysten my\u00f6t\u00e4.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Levinneisyysalue<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t kulttipaikat: tiibetil\u00e4iset <strong>gelug-luostarit<\/strong> (Drepung, Sera, Gand\u00e4n, Tashilhunpo, joissa esitet\u00e4\u00e4n Yama-Dharmaraja-cham-tansseja), <strong>Japani<\/strong> Enma-O:na (jokaisessa kuolleiden <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rakennus, joka on omistettu yhden tai useamman jumaluuden palvontaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">temppeliss\u00e4<\/span>), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> Diem Vu&#7901;ng-nimisen\u00e4. Theravada-maissa (Thaimaa, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) kosmisena taustal\u00e4sn\u00e4olona. Kiinassa <em>Yanluona<\/em> (oma sivunsa).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00e4hdetilanne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Keskeiset l\u00e4hteet: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (paali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hindulaisuudessa ja buddhalaisuudessa tiiviiss\u00e4 muodossa oleva opetusteksti.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span><\/em> (kiina), tiibetil\u00e4inen <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> (&bdquo;Tiibetil\u00e4inen kuolleiden kirja&ldquo;, Yama-Dharmaraja-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon tieteellinen oppi Jumalasta ja uskosta.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologian<\/span> klassinen l\u00e4hde), tantriset Yama-Dharmaraja-sadhana-tekstit. Toissijainen kirjallisuus: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nimi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhalainen Yama kuvataan usein h\u00e4r\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4ll\u00e4, massiivisilla sarvilla, kammottavilla kasvoilla ja mustalla tai tummansinisell\u00e4 iholla. Joskus h\u00e4nell\u00e4 on kaksi tai nelj\u00e4 k\u00e4tt\u00e4. H\u00e4n kantaa <em>damarua<\/em> (kuolleiden luista tehty\u00e4 sauvaa) ja sielunk\u00f6ydest\u00e4 tehty\u00e4 lassoa.<\/p><p>H\u00e4nen ymp\u00e4rill\u00e4\u00e4n tanssivat demonit ja jakshat. Tuli ymp\u00e4r\u00f6i h\u00e4nt\u00e4, verta tippuu h\u00e4nen kidastaan. Tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 taiteessa h\u00e4n istuu usein luolassa tai palatsissaan Narakassa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Luonteenpiirteet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama buddhalaisessa opissa ei ole rangaistus vaan peili. Yama-tuomari toimii automaattisesti: jokaisella teolla (<em>karmalla<\/em>) on seurauksensa. Tantrisissa k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6iss\u00e4 Yamaa ei rukoilla armosta, vaan h\u00e4net visualisoidaan katoavaisuuden opettajana.<\/p><p>Tiibetil\u00e4isen buddhalaisuuden kuolinriitit k\u00e4\u00e4ntyv\u00e4t suoraan Yaman puoleen pyyt\u00e4en, ett\u00e4 h\u00e4n avaisi sielulle suotuisan <em>bardo<\/em>-polun. Harjoittajat oppivat kohtaamaan Yaman ilman pelkoa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tietokortti: Yama buddhalaisuus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yaman (buddhalaisuus) t\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t piirteet yhdell\u00e4 silm\u00e4yksell\u00e4. Seuraavat kent\u00e4t kokoavat yhteen alkuper\u00e4n, teht\u00e4v\u00e4n, ilmenemismuodon, palvonnan, symbolit ja kulttuuriset vastineet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yaman alkuper\u00e4 buddhalaisuudessa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhalaisuudessa Yama omaksutaan hindulaisesta Yamasta (vedalaisesta ensimm\u00e4isest\u00e4 kuolleesta). H\u00e4n s\u00e4ilytt\u00e4\u00e4 kuolleiden tuomarin teht\u00e4v\u00e4n, mutta h\u00e4net tulkitaan uudelleen buddhalaisittain: h\u00e4n ei ole mielivaltainen tuomari, vaan karman peilin v\u00e4litt\u00e4j\u00e4.<\/p><p>Tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 bardo thodol -j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4ss\u00e4 h\u00e4n ilmestyy vainajalle bardo-tilassa kuoleman ja j\u00e4lleensyntym\u00e4n v\u00e4lill\u00e4. H\u00e4nen peilins\u00e4 n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 vainajalle t\u00e4m\u00e4n oman karman, ilman ett\u00e4 Yama itse tuomitsee. Rangaistus syntyy omasta karma-reaktiosta. Vihaisessa muodossaan Yama-Dharmarajana h\u00e4n on <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Intialaisissa uskonnoissa oppi ja oikea toiminnan j\u00e4rjestys.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharman<\/span> suojelija kaikkia uhkia vastaan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yaman kohderyhm\u00e4 buddhalaisuudessa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kuolleiden tuomari bardo-tilassa. Karman lainmukaisuuden vaalija. Tantrisessa vajrayana-perinteess\u00e4 suojeleva yidam (meditaatio<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 jumalallisena palvottu olento.\" tabindex=\"0\">jumaluus<\/span>) kaikkia sis\u00e4isi\u00e4 ja ulkoisia uhkia vastaan, erityisesti kuoleman pelkoa vastaan. Omien tekojen rehellisen tarkastelun k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n suojelija. Tiibetil\u00e4isiss\u00e4 cham-tansseissa rituaalinen muistutus kuolevaisuudesta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yaman ilmenemismuoto buddhalaisuudessa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Useimmissa aasialaisissa perinteiss\u00e4 h\u00e4net kuvataan antropomorfisena, ankarana virkamiehen\u00e4, joka pit\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4dess\u00e4\u00e4n kuolleiden kirjaa ja kirjoituskyn\u00e4\u00e4. Tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 vajrayana-perinteess\u00e4 h\u00e4net tunnetaan nimell\u00e4 <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: tummansininen tai musta raivoisa hahmo, jolla on puhvelinp\u00e4\u00e4, kolme silm\u00e4\u00e4, liekehtiv\u00e4 tukka ja liekehtiv\u00e4 s\u00e4dekeh\u00e4.<\/p><p>H\u00e4nell\u00e4 on luukoristeet ja tiikerintaljasta tehty vy\u00f6t\u00e4r\u00f6vaate. K\u00e4siss\u00e4\u00e4n h\u00e4n pit\u00e4\u00e4 p\u00e4\u00e4kallomaljaa (kapala), khatvangaa (p\u00e4\u00e4kallosauvaa), silmukkaa (pasha) ja miekkaa. H\u00e4n ratsastaa mustalla puhvelilla, joka tallaa ihmisen jalkoihinsa. H\u00e4nt\u00e4 seuraa sisarensa Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yaman vaikutus buddhalaisuudessa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vaikutusalue:<\/strong> Tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 Bardo Th\u00f6dolissa Yaman odotetaan ilmestyv\u00e4n bardo-tilassa, ja kuolevia valmistellaan kohtaamaan h\u00e4net. Tiibetil\u00e4isiss\u00e4 cham-tansseissa k\u00e4yd\u00e4\u00e4n rituaalinen kohtaaminen kuolleiden tuomarin kanssa (dramaattisin naamioin). Tantrisessa harjoituksessa h\u00e4net visualisoidaan suojelevana yidamina. Theravada- ja mahayana-perinteiden kuolinriiteiss\u00e4 h\u00e4n toimii karman taustav\u00e4litt\u00e4j\u00e4n\u00e4. Japanissa Enma-\u014d:na h\u00e4n on keskeinen hahmo joka buddhalaisella hautausmaalla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yaman torjunta buddhalaisuudessa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kuolleiden kirja, karman peili (karma-darpana), miekka (khadga), silmukka (pasha), musta puhveli (ratsu), khatvanga (p\u00e4\u00e4kallosauva), kapala (p\u00e4\u00e4kallomalja), puhvelinp\u00e4\u00e4 (tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 raivoisassa muodossa), kolmas silm\u00e4, liekehtiv\u00e4 tukka. Pyh\u00e4t kasvit: ei erityisi\u00e4. Pyh\u00e4 suunta: etel\u00e4 (intialaisessa perinteess\u00e4).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yaman rinnakkaisilmi\u00f6t buddhalaisuudessa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (hindulaisuus, juuri), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (hindulaisuus \/ buddhalaisuus), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tiibet, raivoisa vajrayana-muoto), <em>Enma-\u014d<\/em> (Japani), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Kiina, kymmenen helvetin kuninkaan ensimm\u00e4inen), <em>Haades<\/em> (Kreikka), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egypti, saattaja + tuomari), <em>Hel<\/em> (germaaninen), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (atsteekki). Yama on yksi maailman laajimmin levinneist\u00e4 jumaluuskonsepteista, Intiasta koko Aasian halki Japaniin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n torjuntakeinot<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Torjuntariitit<\/strong><\/p><p>Buddhalainen Yaman torjunta-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00e4\u00e4detty symbolisten toimintojen sarja, jolla on uskonnollinen tai kulttuurinen merkitys.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituaali<\/span>: dharani-tekstien lausuminen ja bodhisattvojen puoleen k\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen vaarallisina aikoina (kuolinprosessi, l\u00e4hikuolemankokemukset). Goma-tuliriitit (tiibetil\u00e4iset tulipalvelukset) suunnataan Yaman rankaisua vastaan. Laulettujen perinteiden mukaan armollisten jumalien mantroja k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n lievent\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n Yaman tuomioita. Kiinalais-buddhalaisessa kansanuskossa poltetaan paperisia rahalappuja Jadekeisarin-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rakennus, joka on tarkoitettu yhden tai useamman jumaluuden palvontaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">temppeliss\u00e4<\/span>, jotta Yaman tuomari lepytett\u00e4isiin.<\/p><p><strong>Loitsut ja rukoukset<\/strong><\/p><p>Jizo-mantrat (helvetin bodhisattva) ja Avalokiteshvaran puoleen k\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen katsotaan suojaksi Yaman rankaisua vastaan. Suuren my\u00f6t\u00e4tunnon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hindulaisuudessa ja buddhalaisuudessa tiivis opetusteksti.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> (karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hindulaisuudessa ja buddhalaisuudessa tiivis opetusteksti.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>) lausutaan. Tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 perinteess\u00e4: Yamantaka-visualisaatio Guhyasamaja-tantrassa, jossa Yama voitetaan hy\u00f6kk\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4sti \u201ddemonien kukistajan Yamantakan\u201d avulla. Sanskrit-alkuteksti: \u201dOm j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Intialaisissa uskonnoissa opetus ja toiminnan oikea j\u00e4rjestys.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat\u201d.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletit ja suojasymbolit<\/strong><\/p><p>Jizo-patsaat suojasymboleina kiinalais-japanilaisissa temppeleiss\u00e4. Buddhalainen rannerengas (mala), jossa on 108 helme\u00e4 ja joka liittyy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vakiintuneeseen uskonnolliseen toimintosarjaan kuuluva.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituaalisesti<\/span> helvetin vartijoiden lepytt\u00e4miseen. Arkeologiset todisteet: 600-luvulta per\u00e4isin olevat buddhalaiset stelakivet Kiinasta ja Koreasta, joissa Yama-tuomari asetetaan vastakkain bodhisattva-pelastajien kanssa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhalaisuudessa, rinnakkaisilmi\u00f6it\u00e4 muissa kulttuureissa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Buddhalainen Yama muistuttaa hindulaista Yamaa, mutta h\u00e4n on v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n \u201dtuomari\u201d ja enemm\u00e4n \u201dlain ruumiillistuma\u201d. Kristillisen Kuoleman (<em>Thanatos<\/em> tai <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>) kanssa h\u00e4n jakaa v\u00e4ist\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6myyden.<\/p><p>Tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 yhteydess\u00e4 Yama on dharmapala, \u201d<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Intialaisissa uskonnoissa opetus ja toiminnan oikea j\u00e4rjestys.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharman<\/span> suojelija\u201d, samankaltainen kuin Kali tai Bhairava hindulaisuudessa. Musta v\u00e4ri ja raivoisa hahmo ovat kuolemanjumalille universaaleja piirteit\u00e4.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama vedisen perinn\u00f6n ja buddhalaisen uudelleentulkinnan v\u00e4liss\u00e4<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhalainen Yama-hahmo ei syntynyt itsen\u00e4isesti, vaan pohjautuu vanhempaan intialaiseen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 jumalallisena palvottu olento.\" tabindex=\"0\">jumaluuteen<\/span>. Vedisess\u00e4 Intiassa, <em>Rigvedan<\/em> hymneiss\u00e4, Yama on ensimm\u00e4inen ihminen, joka kuoli, ja siten kuolleiden kuningas, joka l\u00f6ysi tien tuonpuoleiseen.<\/p><p>H\u00e4n hallitsee valoisaa aluetta, jonne kuolleet esi-is\u00e4t kokoontuvat, ja on enemm\u00e4nkin kuolleiden yst\u00e4v\u00e4llinen vastaanottaja kuin rankaiseva tuomari.<\/p><p>Buddhalaisuus omaksui Yaman, mutta muutti h\u00e4nen teht\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4ns\u00e4 huomattavasti. Buddhalaisessa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00e4sitys maailman rakenteesta ja j\u00e4rjestyksest\u00e4 kulttuurin sis\u00e4ll\u00e4.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologiassa<\/span> Yamasta tulee alamaailman herra ja tuomari, joka p\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4\u00e4 kuolleiden j\u00e4lleensyntym\u00e4st\u00e4, erityisesti siit\u00e4, kuka joutuu helvetin alueille.<\/p><p>T\u00e4m\u00e4 siirtym\u00e4 siunattujen vastaanottajasta syyllisten tuomariksi liittyy buddhalaisuuden keskeiseen <em>karma<\/em>-oppiin: kohtalo kuoleman j\u00e4lkeen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4ytyy teoista, ja Yamasta tulee t\u00e4m\u00e4n yhteyden ilment\u00e4j\u00e4.<\/p><p>Uskontotieteellisesti t\u00e4rke\u00e4 havainto on, ett\u00e4 tiukan buddhalaisen k\u00e4sityksen mukaan Yama ei tuomitse omavaltaisesti. Tekstit korostavat toistuvasti, ett\u00e4 <em>karma<\/em> itse m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4 j\u00e4lleensyntym\u00e4n, ja Yama l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 kuolleelle h\u00e4nen omat tekonsa.<\/p><p>Tunnettu vertaus <em>Devaduta Suttasta<\/em> Pali-kaanonissa kertoo, kuinka Yama n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 kuolleelle jumalalliset sanansaattajat, vanhuuden, sairauden ja kuoleman, ja kysyy, eik\u00f6 h\u00e4n huomannut n\u00e4it\u00e4 varoituksia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 buddhalaisuudessa ja el\u00e4m\u00e4n py\u00f6r\u00e4<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 buddhalaisuudessa Yama saavutti erityisen merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4n ikonografisen ja rituaalisen asemansa. Siell\u00e4 h\u00e4n ilmestyy tavallisimmin nimell\u00e4 <em>Shinje<\/em>, pelottavassa hahmossa, h\u00e4r\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4ll\u00e4, tulikeh\u00e4n ymp\u00e4r\u00f6im\u00e4n\u00e4 ja kuolleiden tuomarin tunnusmerkein varustettuna, usein h\u00e4r\u00e4n sel\u00e4ss\u00e4 seisten.<\/p><p>Erityisen tunnettu on h\u00e4nen kuvauksensa niin kutsutulla el\u00e4m\u00e4npy\u00f6r\u00e4ll\u00e4, <em>Bhavachakralla<\/em>. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 laajalti levinneess\u00e4 kuvakoosteessa, joka koristaa monien luostarien sis\u00e4\u00e4nk\u00e4ynti\u00e4, suuri, hampaitaan paljastava olento pit\u00e4\u00e4 kuuden olemassaolon alueen py\u00f6r\u00e4\u00e4 kynsiss\u00e4\u00e4n ja hampaissaan.<\/p><p>T\u00e4m\u00e4 py\u00f6r\u00e4\u00e4 syleilev\u00e4 olento tulkitaan yleens\u00e4 Yamaksi, katoavaisuuden ja kuoleman ruumiillistumaksi, jolle kaikki ehdolliset olemassaolon muodot ovat alistettuja. Kuva ilmaisee opetuksen, jonka mukaan jokainen j\u00e4lleensyntym\u00e4n alue, my\u00f6s taivaat, on kuoleman ja siten Yaman otteen alainen.<\/p><p>Sen lis\u00e4ksi tiibetil\u00e4inen perinne tuntee meditatiivisen hahmon Yamantakan, jonka nimi tarkoittaa Yaman kukistajaa tai kuoleman lopettajaa. Yamantakaa pidet\u00e4\u00e4n bodhisattva Manjushrin vihaisena ilmenemismuotona, ja h\u00e4n edustaa viisautta, joka voittaa itse kuoleman.<\/p><p>T\u00e4ss\u00e4 yhteydess\u00e4 Yaman kaksijakoinen asema tulee selv\u00e4ksi: h\u00e4n on kuoleman herra ja samalla voima, joka voidaan voittaa her\u00e4\u00e4misess\u00e4. Tutkimus n\u00e4kee rikkaassa tiibetil\u00e4isess\u00e4 Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oppi kuvien sis\u00e4ll\u00f6ist\u00e4 ja niiden merkityksest\u00e4.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografiassa<\/span> intialaisten esikuvien ja paikallisten tiibetil\u00e4isten vuori- ja kuolemanjumaluusk\u00e4sitysten sulautumisen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama It\u00e4-Aasiassa: intialaisesta jumalasta helvetintuomari Enmaksi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhalaisuuden levitty\u00e4 Kiinaan, Koreaan ja Japaniin my\u00f6s Yama vaelsi mukana ja juurtui syv\u00e4lle paikallisiin tuonpuoleisen k\u00e4sityksiin. Kiinassa intialainen hahmo sulautui k\u00e4sitykseen byrokraattisesti j\u00e4rjest\u00e4ytyneest\u00e4 alamaailmasta ja h\u00e4nest\u00e4 tuli Yanluo Wang, kuningas Yanluo, yksi kymmenest\u00e4 helvetin kuninkaasta, joista kukin johtaa omaa alamaailman tuomioistuintaan.<\/p><p>N\u00e4m\u00e4 kymmenen alamaailman kuningasta tutkivat vainajia per\u00e4kk\u00e4isiss\u00e4 oikeusasteissa, ja vainaja k\u00e4y niiden l\u00e4vitse j\u00e4rjestyksess\u00e4, ennen kuin h\u00e4nen seuraavasta olemassaolostaan p\u00e4\u00e4tet\u00e4\u00e4n. Yanluo Wang on niiss\u00e4 tavallisimmin viides kuningas. Koko j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4 kuvastaa kokemusta maallisesta virkamieshierarkiasta, rekistereineen, tuomioineen ja rangaistusmittoineen.<\/p><p>Japanissa t\u00e4m\u00e4 hahmo omaksuttiin nimill\u00e4 Enma tai Enma-\u014d, Koreassa nimell\u00e4 Yeomra. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=144008\">Enma<\/a> on japanilaisessa kansanuskonnossa tunnettu hahmo, usein kuvattuna punakasvoisena, tuomarinp\u00e4\u00e4hineess\u00e4 ja kirjoitustaulun tai peilin kanssa, jossa vainajan teot tulevat n\u00e4kyviin.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tiede, joka tutkii uskontoja vertailevasti ja sitoutumatta uskoon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Uskontotiede<\/span> korostaa, ett\u00e4 it\u00e4aasialaiset muodot menev\u00e4t kauas intialaisen esikuvan yli ja ett\u00e4 Yamasta tuli siell\u00e4 vakiintunut osa kansanomaisia tuonpuoleisen k\u00e4sityksi\u00e4, joissa yhdistyv\u00e4t buddhalaiset, taolaiset ja kansanuskonnolliset aineet. Muutos vedalaisesta valohahmosta intialais-buddhalaisen tuomarin kautta it\u00e4aasialaiseksi helvetin virkamieheksi on oppikirjaesimerkki uskonnollisesta kulttuurinsiirrosta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aiheeseen liittyv\u00e4t linkit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=144003\">Yama (hindulaisuus), juuri<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143954\">Yamaraja, sukulaismuoto<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=144008\">Enma-O, japanilainen muoto<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=144012\">Yeomra, korealainen muoto<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=144007\">Yanluo, kiinalainen muoto<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143877\">Buddhalaisuus, panteonikatsaus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143944\">Kuolemanjumaluudet, alakategoria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kirjallisuus (valikoima)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (useita k\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6ksi\u00e4, esim. Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (hakusana &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Lis\u00e4\u00e4 perusteoksia <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143965\">kirjallisuusluettelossa<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama buddhalaisuus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 buddhalainen kuolemanjumala ja karman tuomari","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama buddhalaisuudessa: h\u00e4r\u00e4n p\u00e4\u00e4, bardon tuomari ja karman toteuttaja. 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