{"id":143884,"date":"2026-09-03T12:29:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T12:29:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=143884"},"modified":"2026-09-03T12:45:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T12:45:03","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"143884\" class=\"elementor elementor-143884 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, buddhalaisen perinteen jumala<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kiusaaja bodhipuun juurella, aistimaailman herra.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">Maran kiusaus Buddhaa vastaan<\/h2>\n<p>Maran p\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4ytelm\u00e4 on <strong>bodhisattva Siddharthan kiusaus<\/strong> <strong>bodhipuun<\/strong> alla Bodhgayassa. Kolme vaihetta kerrotaan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon virallisesti hyv\u00e4ksyttyyn pyhien kirjoitusten kokoelmaan kuuluva.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonisesti<\/span>: ensin h\u00e4nen saapumisensa <strong>demonijoukkojen<\/strong> kanssa (Trishna, Raga, Arati, himo, halu, ep\u00e4mielihyv\u00e4); toiseksi h\u00e4nen <strong>kolmen tytt\u00e4rens\u00e4<\/strong> (Tanha, Arati, Raga) l\u00e4hett\u00e4minen viettelev\u00e4ss\u00e4 muodossa; kolmanneksi ep\u00e4ilyksen ja vaatimuksen kautta tuleva koettelu (&#8220;Kuka todistaa ansioistasi?&#8221;).<\/p><p>Siddhartha koskettaa maata, <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, ja maan jumalatar todistaa h\u00e4nen t\u00e4ydellistymisens\u00e4. Mara h\u00e4vi\u00e4\u00e4. H\u00e4nen nelj\u00e4 joukkoaan ovat <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (halu), <em>arati<\/em> (ep\u00e4mukavuus), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (n\u00e4lk\u00e4 ja jano) ja <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (himo). Mahayana-buddhalaisuudessa Mara laajenee <strong>nelj\u00e4ksi Maraksi<\/strong>: skandha-Mara (viisi kasaumaa), klesha-Mara (harhat), mrityu-Mara (kuolema) ja devaputra-Mara (taivaallinen kiusaus). Buddhalaisessa perinteess\u00e4 Mara, kiusauksen jumala, asettuu her\u00e4\u00e4misen tielle.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jumala \/ jumalatar: kulttuurin pantheonin personoitu korkein voima, jolla on selke\u00e4t vastuualueet, kuten luonnonvoimat, kohtalo, sota ja hedelm\u00e4llisyys. Palvottu kulttien, uhrien ja temppeli-instituutioiden kautta.\">Jumala<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143877\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhalainen perinne, jossa on bodhisattvoja, suojelujumaluuksia, n\u00e4lk\u00e4henki\u00e4 ja helvetin vartijoita.\">Buddhalaisuus<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143940\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kaaosvoimat ja kosmiset vastustajat, vastapuolet uskontohistoriallisessa dualismissa.\">Antijumala<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-149130\" alt=\"Mara - buddhalaisen perinteen jumalia, historiallis-havainnollistava\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara on buddhalaisen perinteen keskeinen vastustajahahmo. H\u00e4nen tunnetuin kohtauksensa on y\u00f6 ennen Buddhan her\u00e4\u00e4mist\u00e4: Bodhipuun alla Bodhgayassa Mara l\u00e4hett\u00e4\u00e4 joukkonsa ja kolme tyt\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4n, himon, vastenmielisyyden ja ahneuden, est\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mahayana-buddhalaisuudessa valaistunut, joka lykk\u00e4\u00e4 omaa vapautumistaan muiden olentojen hyv\u00e4ksi.\">bodhisattvaa<\/span> saavuttamasta valaistumista.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mahayana-buddhalaisuudessa valaistunut, joka lykk\u00e4\u00e4 vapautumistaan muiden olentojen hyv\u00e4ksi.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> koskettaa maata todistajaksi, maa j\u00e4risee, ja Mara vet\u00e4ytyy. T\u00e4m\u00e4 kohtaus on ikonografisesti levinnyt maailmanlaajuisesti ja teologisesti keskeinen.<\/p><p>Mara ei ole kosmisen monoteistinen vastajumala. H\u00e4n on <em>Kamadhatun<\/em> (aistimaailman) herra, deva-hahmo, josta kiinnittyminen ja ylpeys ovat tehneet tien esteen.<\/p><p>Laajemmassa buddhalaisessa tulkinnassa Maroja on nelj\u00e4: skandha-Mara (kasaumat), klesha-Mara (mielen saastumat), marana-Mara (kuolema) ja devaputra-Mara (persoonallinen Mara-hahmo). Ne kaikki kuvaavat esteit\u00e4 vapautumisen tiell\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tekee Mara-opista kattavan teorian siit\u00e4, mik\u00e4 est\u00e4\u00e4 harjoitusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lyhyt profiili: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tyyppi:<\/strong> Kiusaaja, aistimaailman herra<br>Alkuper\u00e4: Kamadhatun deva; joidenkin tekstien mukaan langennut ylpeyden takia<br>Nelj\u00e4 Maraa: Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Tekstit: Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon virallisesti hyv\u00e4ksytty pyhien kirjoitusten kokoelma.\" tabindex=\"0\">kaanon<\/span> (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, jatakat<br>Ajanjakso: 5. vuosisadalta eaa. nykyp\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Konteksti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tekstien ajanjakso<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Todistettu Buddhan ajoilta (5. vuosisata eaa.). Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon virallisesti hyv\u00e4ksytty pyhien kirjoitusten kokoelma.\" tabindex=\"0\">kaanonissa<\/span> (3. vuosisadalta eaa. 1. vuosisadalle jaa.) on lukuisia Mara-jaksoja. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Suuri ajoneuvo'; yksi buddhalaisuuden kolmesta p\u00e4\u00e4traditiosta, jossa keskeist\u00e4 on bodhisattva-ihanne ja pitk\u00e4lle viety filosofinen pohdinta.\">Mahayana<\/span>-sutrat laajentavat aihetta (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Timanttiajoneuvo'; mahayana-buddhalaisuuden tantrinen muoto, p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa Tiibetiss\u00e4, jossa keski\u00f6ss\u00e4 ovat yidam-harjoitus ja mantratekniikka.\">Vajrayana<\/span> sis\u00e4llytt\u00e4\u00e4 Maran tantrisiin suojelusk\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6ihin. Nykyaikainen buddhalainen harjoitus ymp\u00e4ri maailmaa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Levinneisyysalue<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alkuper\u00e4 Pohjois-Intiassa; levisi buddhalaisuuden mukana Sri Lankaan, Kaakkois-Aasiaan, It\u00e4-Aasiaan, Tiibetiin ja nykyisiin globaaleihin buddhalaisyhteis\u00f6ihin. Paikallisia Mara-kuvia l\u00f6ytyy kaikkialta Aasiasta, thaimaalaisessa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rakennus, joka on tarkoitettu yhden tai useamman jumaluuden palvontaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">temppeli<\/span>maalauksessa, tiibetil\u00e4isiss\u00e4 thangkoissa ja japanilaisissa puupiirroksissa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00e4hdetilanne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), lukuisat jataka-kertomukset, Lalitavistara (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Suuri ajoneuvo; yksi buddhalaisuuden kolmesta p\u00e4\u00e4traditiosta, jossa keskeist\u00e4 on bodhisattva-ihanne.\">mahayana<\/span>-buddhael\u00e4m\u00e4kerta), tiibetil\u00e4inen kommentaariperinne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nimi ja muodot<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit ja pali:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>Lis\u00e4nimet: Papiyas (&#8220;pahempi&#8221;), Kanha (&#8220;musta&#8221;), Namuci (&#8220;se, joka ei p\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4 irti&#8221;), Antaka (&#8220;kuolema&#8221;).<br>Nelj\u00e4 Maraa (nelj\u00e4n Maran oppi): skandha-Mara (kasaumat esteen\u00e4), klesha-Mara (mielen saastumat), marana-Mara (kuolema), devaputra-Mara (persoonallinen Mara).<br>It\u00e4-Aasiassa: kiinaksi \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), japaniksi <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>Nelj\u00e4n Maran oppi tekee Marasta enemm\u00e4n kuin persoonallisen hahmon: j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n, joka kuvaa kaiken, mik\u00e4 est\u00e4\u00e4 tiet\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 on filosofisesti hyvin rikasta ja selitt\u00e4\u00e4, miksi Maraa ei tarvitse yksinkertaisesti voittaa taistelussa, vaan h\u00e4net voitetaan oivalluksen kautta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ominaispiirteet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ulkon\u00e4k\u00f6<\/strong><\/p><p>Kamadhatun kauniina devana t\u00e4ydess\u00e4 majesteettisuudessaan, nuorekkaana ja loistavana. Buddhaa vastaan hy\u00f6k\u00e4tess\u00e4\u00e4n: elefantin sel\u00e4ss\u00e4, suuren armeijan ja tytt\u00e4riens\u00e4 ymp\u00e4r\u00f6im\u00e4n\u00e4. Vihainen ilmenemismuoto: pelottava, aseistautunut, tulta sy\u00f6ksev\u00e4. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oppi kuva-aiheista ja niiden merkityksest\u00e4.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ikonografia<\/span> vaihtelee perinteen ja jakson mukaan.<\/p><p><strong>K\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen<\/strong><\/p><p>Ei v\u00e4kivaltainen, vaan houkutteleva ja psykologinen. H\u00e4n l\u00e4hett\u00e4\u00e4 aisti\u00e4rsykkeit\u00e4, pelkoa, itseep\u00e4ily\u00e4, ylpeytt\u00e4 ja itses\u00e4\u00e4li\u00e4. H\u00e4nen kolme tyt\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4n Tanha (himo), Arati (vastenmielisyys) ja Raga (ahneus) kuvastavat tyypillisi\u00e4 hy\u00f6kk\u00e4ystapoja.<\/p><p><strong>Vaikutusalue<\/strong><\/p><p>Koko aistimaailma (Kamadhatu) on h\u00e4nen valtakuntansa. H\u00e4nen valtansa ulottuu niin pitk\u00e4lle kuin olennot takertuvat aistilliseen. Her\u00e4tyksen kynnyksell\u00e4, Bodhi-puun hetkell\u00e4 tai pitk\u00e4lle edenneess\u00e4 meditaatiossa h\u00e4n osoittautuu erityisen aktiiviseksi.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologinen asema<\/strong><\/p><p>H\u00e4n on deva, ei l\u00e4nsimaisessa mieless\u00e4 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Henkiolento, jolle katsotaan olevan vahingollinen tai kaksijakoinen vaikutus.\" tabindex=\"0\">demoni<\/span>. H\u00e4nen hahmonsa yhdist\u00e4\u00e4 kosmologisen asemansa (Kamadhatun herra) psykologiseen teht\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4ns\u00e4 (kaikkien esteiden edustaja). Joissakin perinteiss\u00e4 h\u00e4nest\u00e4 tulee tappionsa j\u00e4lkeen Buddhan oppilas, ja h\u00e4n k\u00e4\u00e4ntyy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tietokortti: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maran t\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t piirteet lyhyesti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maran alkuper\u00e4<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kamadhatun deva, aistimaailman herra. Joissakin teksteiss\u00e4 langennut ylpeytens\u00e4 vuoksi. Laajennetussa opissa: nelj\u00e4 Maraa esteiden kokonaisteoriana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kohdistuu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kaikki olennot, jotka takertuvat aistilliseen. Erityisen aktiivinen edistyneiden meditoijien kohdalla ja her\u00e4tyksen kynnyksell\u00e4.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ulkomuoto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kaunis deva majesteettisuudessaan; elefantin sel\u00e4ss\u00e4 armeijansa kanssa; kolmen tytt\u00e4rens\u00e4 kanssa (himo, vastenmielisyys, ahneus). Vihaisena my\u00f6s pelottavana sotilaana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Toiminta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ei v\u00e4kivallalla, vaan suggestiolla: pelolla, ep\u00e4ilyll\u00e4, himolla, ylpeydell\u00e4. Psykologisesti ovela, tuntee jokaisen ihmisen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suoja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maankosketuseleen (bhumisparsha-mudra), paritta-tekstien lausunta, metta-bhavana (rakkaudellisen yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisyyden meditaatio), viisaus ja tietoisuus perussuojana. Ei tuhoaminen, vaan l\u00e4pin\u00e4keminen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vastineet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143852\">Saatana<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143857\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143824\">Apophis<\/a>, hindulainen Kama rakkauden jumalana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kohtaaminen arjessa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituaalinen k\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6<\/strong><\/p><p>Paritta-lausunta (theravada) kriittisiss\u00e4 hetkiss\u00e4. Ratana Sutta (&#8220;jalokivi-sutta&#8221;) ja Karaniya Metta Sutta keskeisin\u00e4 suojatekstein\u00e4. Mahayana-perinteess\u00e4 bodhisattvojen (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jumaluuden tai voiman pyyt\u00e4v\u00e4 tai loitsiva puhutteleminen.\" tabindex=\"0\">kutsuminen<\/span> Maran vaikutuksia vastaan.<\/p><p><strong>Meditatiivinen k\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u00e4rkein Maran &#8220;torjunta&#8221; ei ole torjuntaa, vaan l\u00e4pin\u00e4kemist\u00e4. Tietoisuus (sati), oivallus (vipassana) ja yst\u00e4v\u00e4llisyys (metta) murtavat kaikki kolme Maran valtaa, koska ne eiv\u00e4t antaudu houkutuksille. Buddhan maankosketusele on t\u00e4m\u00e4n k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n alkukuva.<\/p><p><strong>Vajrayana-muunnos<\/strong><\/p><p>Tantrisissa perinteiss\u00e4 Maran voimaa ei torjuta, vaan se muunnetaan vihaisten meditaatiojumaluuksien (Yamantaka, Heruka) kautta. Vihaisen suojelijan hahmo on rakenteellisesti yhteydess\u00e4 Maran voimaan, vain muuntuneessa muodossa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rinnakkaisilmi\u00f6t ja vastaanotto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Uskonnolliset rinnastukset:<\/strong> Saatana ja Iblis jakavat kiusaajan teht\u00e4v\u00e4n. Ero on siin\u00e4, ett\u00e4 Mara toimii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hindulaisuudessa, buddhalaisuudessa ja jainalaisuudessa teon ja seurauksen laki: jokainen teko vaikuttaa my\u00f6hempiin olemassaoloihin.\">karman<\/span> j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n sis\u00e4ll\u00e4, ei kosmisena vastajumalana. H\u00e4nen roolinsa on rakenteellisesti v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4t\u00f6n, ei pahaa absoluuttisessa mieless\u00e4.<\/p><p><strong>Psykologinen tulkinta:<\/strong> Nykyaikaiset buddhalaiset opettajat (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) tulkitsevat Maran pitk\u00e4lti psykologisesti: sis\u00e4isten vastustusvoimien summana tiell\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tekee h\u00e4nest\u00e4 v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti merkityksellisen nykyp\u00e4iv\u00e4n meditoijille.<\/p><p><strong>Taide ja populaarikulttuuri:<\/strong> Maran hy\u00f6kk\u00e4yskohtaus on yksi buddhalaisuuden t\u00e4rkeimmist\u00e4 kuva-aiheista maailmanlaajuisesti. Kuvallisesti Gandharasta (2.\u20135. vuosisata) Borobudurin kautta nykyaikaisiin japanilaisiin mangoihin. Videopeleiss\u00e4 ja fantasiaromaaneissa Mara on vakiintunut hahmo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kiusaus Bodhi-puun alla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Perinteinen kertomus jumalista, alkuperist\u00e4 ja maailman j\u00e4rjestyksest\u00e4.\" tabindex=\"0\">myytin<\/span> keskeinen jakso on h\u00e4nen hy\u00f6kk\u00e4yksens\u00e4 viel\u00e4 her\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6m\u00e4\u00e4n Buddhaan, bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautamaan, y\u00f6n\u00e4 ennen h\u00e4nen her\u00e4\u00e4mist\u00e4\u00e4n viikunapuun alla Bodhgayassa.<\/p><p>T\u00e4m\u00e4 kertomus on s\u00e4ilynyt monissa teksteiss\u00e4, muun muassa Pali-kaanonin <em>Padhana Suttassa<\/em>, ja laajemmin my\u00f6hemmiss\u00e4 el\u00e4m\u00e4kerroissa kuten Ashvaghoshan <em>Buddhacaritassa<\/em> ja teoksessa <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mara huomaa, ett\u00e4 bodhisattva on l\u00e4pimurron partaalla ja p\u00e4\u00e4see pakoon h\u00e4nen valtaansa syntym\u00e4n ja kuoleman maailmassa. H\u00e4n k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 ensin armeijoitaan, pelottavaa joukkoa demonisia hahmoja, jotka hy\u00f6kk\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t aseilla, myrskyll\u00e4, tulella ja pimeydell\u00e4.<\/p><p>Kaikki ammukset muuttuvat kuitenkin kukiksi saavuttaessaan meditoivan bodhisattvan. Sen j\u00e4lkeen Mara l\u00e4hett\u00e4\u00e4 tytt\u00e4rens\u00e4, joita joissakin teksteiss\u00e4 kutsutaan Tanhaksi, Aratiksi ja Ragaksi (himo, mielipaha, halu), viettelem\u00e4\u00e4n askeetin, mutta t\u00e4m\u00e4kin ep\u00e4onnistuu.<\/p><p>Lopulta Mara asettaa kyseenalaiseksi bodhisattvan oikeuden ottaa vastaan her\u00e4\u00e4misen istuin. Bodhisattva koskettaa oikealla k\u00e4dell\u00e4\u00e4n maata ja kutsuu sen todistamaan lukemattomien el\u00e4mien aikana ker\u00e4ttyj\u00e4 ansioitaan. Maa todistaa sen, Mara on voitettu ja vet\u00e4ytyy.<\/p><p>T\u00e4st\u00e4 eleest\u00e4, <em>bhumisparsha mudrasta<\/em>, maankosketuseleest\u00e4, tuli koko buddhalaisen taiteen yleisin Buddhan kuvaustapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara psykologisena periaatteena kanonisessa opetuksessa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Palikaanonin vanhimmissa teksteiss\u00e4 Mara ei ole ainoastaan kerronnallinen hahmo, vaan my\u00f6s opillinen k\u00e4site. Sana <em>mara<\/em> juontuu kuolemista merkitsev\u00e4st\u00e4 juuresta ja tarkoittaa kirjaimellisesti tappajaa tai kuolemaa. Mara ilment\u00e4\u00e4 kaikkea sit\u00e4, mik\u00e4 sitoo olennot syntym\u00e4n ja kuoleman kiertokulkuun.<\/p><p>Kommentaariperinne erottaa toisistaan useita Maran puolia tai lajeja. Mainittuja ovat muun muassa Mara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uskonnon sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 jumalallisena palvottu olento.\" tabindex=\"0\">jumaluutena<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mara viiten\u00e4 olemassaolon kokonaisuutena (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mara henkisin\u00e4 saastutuksina (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>) ja Mara itse kuolemana (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Mara on siten samanaikaisesti konkreettinen vastustaja ja vertauskuva sis\u00e4isille voimille, jotka est\u00e4v\u00e4t vapautumisen.<\/p><p><em>Samyutta Nikayassa<\/em> on lukuisia lyhyit\u00e4 kohtaamisia, joissa Mara ilmestyy Buddhalle tai h\u00e4nen munkeilleen ja nunnilleen horjuttaakseen, h\u00e4iritt\u00e4kseen tai houkutellakseen heid\u00e4t ep\u00e4ilyyn. Huomionarvoista on her\u00e4ttyneiden hahmojen suhtautuminen: he yksinkertaisesti tunnistavat Maran, puhuttelevat h\u00e4nt\u00e4, ja siten h\u00e4n menett\u00e4\u00e4 voimansa.<\/p><p>Theravada-perinne tulkitsee n\u00e4it\u00e4 kohtauksia usein sis\u00e4isten tilojen vertauskuvina. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tiede, joka tutkii uskontoja vertailevasti ja ilman uskonnollista sidonnaisuutta.\" tabindex=\"0\">Uskontotiede<\/span> korostaa, ett\u00e4 varhaisessa buddhalaisuudessa myyttist\u00e4 ja psykologista tasoa ei erotettu toisistaan, vaan niit\u00e4 pidettiin yhden ja saman asian kahtena puolena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maran asema buddhalaisessa kosmologiassa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhalaisessa maailmankuvassa Mara ei ole maailman ulkopuolinen vastavoima, vaan itsekin osa j\u00e4lleensyntym\u00e4n kosmosta. H\u00e4nen katsotaan hallitsevan aistimaailman korkeinta taivasta, ja joissakin teksteiss\u00e4 h\u00e4nen kotinaan mainitaan <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>-taivas. Mara on siis mahtava olento, jolla on pitk\u00e4 el\u00e4m\u00e4 ja suuri valta, mutta h\u00e4n ei ole ikuinen eik\u00e4 vapautunut.<\/p><p>H\u00e4nen kiinnostuksensa her\u00e4tyksen est\u00e4miseen selittyy t\u00e4st\u00e4 asemasta. Niin kauan kuin olennot pysyv\u00e4t j\u00e4lleensyntym\u00e4n kierrossa, ne pysyv\u00e4t Maran valtapiiriss\u00e4. Se, joka saavuttaa vapautumisen, p\u00e4\u00e4see t\u00e4m\u00e4n vallan ulottumattomiin. Mara ei siis ole ehdoton paha kosmisen dualismin mieless\u00e4, vaan valta ehdollisen maailman sis\u00e4ll\u00e4, joka puolustaa omaa aluettaan.<\/p><p>T\u00e4m\u00e4 rakenne erottaa buddhalaisuuden selv\u00e4sti dualistisista uskonnoista, joissa pahan periaate asettuu hyv\u00e4n rinnalle tasavertaisena. Mara on mahtava, mutta periaatteessa voitettavissa, ja h\u00e4nen tappionsa ei tarkoita vihollisen tuhoamista, vaan yksinkertaista irtautumista h\u00e4nen vaikutuspiirist\u00e4\u00e4n.<\/p><p>Tutkimus on huomauttanut, ett\u00e4 my\u00f6hemm\u00e4t perinteet, erityisesti mahayana, ovat eriytt\u00e4neet Maran roolia ja opettaneet toisinaan, ett\u00e4 her\u00e4tetty olento voi kohdata Maran my\u00f6t\u00e4tunnolla, koska t\u00e4m\u00e4kin on k\u00e4rsiv\u00e4 olento olemassaolon kierrossa.<\/p><p>Et\u00e4inen vastine kiusaajahahmolle l\u00f6ytyy muistakin uskonnoista, esimerkiksi hahmossa, jonka <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143922\">kristilliset tekstit<\/a> tuntevat vastustajana, mutta kosmologinen asema on t\u00e4ysin erilainen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aiheeseen liittyv\u00e4t linkit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Suositellut sis\u00e4iset linkit:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143877\">Buddhalaisuus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143885\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143887\">Naraka-vartijat<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143888\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143852\">Saatana<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143857\">Iblis<\/a> (kiusaaja-vastineita)<\/li><li>Buddhan her\u00e4\u00e4minen bodhipuun alla<\/li><li>Nelj\u00e4n Maran oppi (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tutkimuskirjallisuus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Valikoima keskeisi\u00e4 Maraa k\u00e4sittelevi\u00e4 teoksia:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (k\u00e4\u00e4nn. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Lis\u00e4\u00e4 perusteoksia <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143965\">kirjallisuusluettelossa<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Usein kysytyt kysymykset Marasta<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Kuka Mara on buddhalaisessa perinteess\u00e4?<\/h3><p>Mara (sanskritiksi kuolema, kiusaaja) on buddhalaisuudessa kiusauksen, maallisen kiintymyksen ja kuoleman personifikaatio.<\/p><p>Mara asettui Buddhaa vastaan Bodhi-puun alla ja pyrki est\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n h\u00e4nt\u00e4 saavuttamasta valaistumista l\u00e4hett\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 demonien joukkoja, kolme tyt\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4n (himo, tyytym\u00e4tt\u00f6myys, nautinto) ja v\u00e4itt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4, ettei Buddhalla ollut oikeutta valaistumiseen. Buddha kosketti maata, joka kutsuttiin todistajaksi, ja voitti Maran lujuudellaan.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Mitk\u00e4 ovat buddhalaisuuden nelj\u00e4 Maraa?<\/h3><p>Buddhalainen oppi erottaa nelj\u00e4 Maran ilmenemismuotoa: (1) Skandha-Mara, kiusaus viiden olemisen osatekij\u00e4n kautta (ruumis, tunne, havainto, mielen muodostumat, tietoisuus); (2) Klesha-Mara, kiusaus mielen saastutusten kautta (himo, viha, harhaluulo); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, itse kuolema; (4) Devaputra-Mara, taivaallinen kiusaaja (personifioitu hahmo). Kaikki nelj\u00e4 on kuljettava l\u00e4pi vapautumisen tiell\u00e4.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kuka Mara on buddhalaisessa perinteess\u00e4?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mara (sanskritiksi kuolema, kiusaaja) on buddhalaisuudessa kiusauksen, maallisen kiintymyksen ja kuoleman personifikaatio. Mara asettui Buddhaa vastaan Bodhi-puun alla ja pyrki est\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n h\u00e4nt\u00e4 saavuttamasta valaistumista \\u2014 l\u00e4hett\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 demonien joukkoja, kolme tyt\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4n (himo, tyytym\u00e4tt\u00f6myys, nautinto) ja v\u00e4itt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4, ettei Buddhalla ollut oikeutta valaistumiseen. Buddha kosketti maata \\u2014 joka kutsuttiin todistajaksi \\u2014 ja voitti Maran lujuudellaan.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Mitk\u00e4 ovat buddhalaisuuden nelj\u00e4 Maraa?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Buddhalainen oppi erottaa nelj\u00e4 Maran ilmenemismuotoa: (1) Skandha-Mara, kiusaus viiden olemisen osatekij\u00e4n kautta (ruumis, tunne, havainto, mielen muodostumat, tietoisuus); (2) Klesha-Mara, kiusaus mielen saastutusten kautta (himo, viha, harhaluulo); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, itse kuolema; (4) Devaputra-Mara, taivaallinen kiusaaja (personifioitu hahmo). Kaikki nelj\u00e4 on kuljettava l\u00e4pi vapautumisen tiell\u00e4.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1554,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mara, buddhalainen kiusaaja","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mara \u2013 buddhalaisen perinteen jumala","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mara on buddhalaisen perinteen keskeinen vastustajahahmo. H\u00e4nen tunnetuin kohtauksensa on y\u00f6 ennen Buddhan her\u00e4\u00e4mist\u00e4 bodhipuun alla.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-143884","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mara \u2013 buddhalaisen perinteen jumala<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mara on buddhalaisen perinteen keskeinen vastustajahahmo. 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