{"id":143822,"date":"2026-09-03T12:28:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T12:28:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=143822"},"modified":"2026-09-03T12:43:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T12:43:24","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"143822\" class=\"elementor elementor-143822 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, mesopotamialaisen perinteen demoni<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Manalan demonit, tuonpuoleisen sanansaattajat ja t\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6npanijat.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demoni: Yliluonnollinen olento, jonka vaikutus on yleens\u00e4 haitallinen tai kaksijakoinen. Sijoittuu jumalten ja ihmisten v\u00e4lille, aiheuttaa sairautta, kiusausta tai onnettomuutta, ja se torjutaan loitsuin, apotrooppisin esinein ja rituaalein.\">Demoni<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143817\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dokumentoidun uskonnon kehto, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (n. 3500 eaa.-330 eaa.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;T\\u00e4lt\\u00e4 sivulta ei l\\u00f6ytynyt otsikoita.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSis\u00e4llysluettelo\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-148979\" alt=\"Gallu - Mesopotamian perinteen demoneja, historiallis-havainnollistava\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu on <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Henkinen olento, jolle katsotaan olevan haitallinen tai ristiriitainen vaikutus.\" tabindex=\"0\">demoni<\/span> mesopotamialaisessa perinteess\u00e4.<\/p><p>Gall\u00fbt kuuluvat Mesopotamian vanhimpiin todistettuihin demonihahmoihin. Ne ovat l\u00e4heisess\u00e4 yhteydess\u00e4 manalaan ja sen valtiattareen Ere\u0161kigaliin, ja ne esiintyv\u00e4t myyteiss\u00e4 ja rituaaliteksteiss\u00e4 kuoleman t\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6npanijoina. Niille on ominaista tavoittamattomuus: tekstit korostavat, ett\u00e4 ne eiv\u00e4t ota vastaan ruokaa eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 juomaa, eiv\u00e4t tunne lahjoja eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 makeutta. Niiden kanssa ei voi neuvotella.<\/p><p>Kuuluisassa kertomuksessa Inannan matkasta manalaan Gall\u00fbt ovat se, jotka vaativat korvaajaa jumalattarelle ja johtavat Dumuzin manalaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 kohtaus on muodostanut mielikuvan aina n\u00e4ihin p\u00e4iviin asti: Gall\u00fbt ovat sanansaattajia, jotka saapuvat, kun ihmisen aika on t\u00e4ynn\u00e4.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lyhyt profiili: Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu (akkadiksi: gal-lu, \u201dsuuri\u201d) ovat demonisia olentoja tai manalan demoneja mesopotamialaisessa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kulttuurin perinteisten jumaltarinoiden kokonaisuus.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologiassa<\/span>. Niist\u00e4 on todisteita nuolenp\u00e4\u00e4kirjoituksissa Sumerista Babyloniin, ja niit\u00e4 kuvataan usein manalan jumalattaren Ereshkigalin tai kuolleiden jumalan Nergalin alaisina. Ne henkil\u00f6iv\u00e4t sairautta, ruttoa ja \u00e4killist\u00e4 kuolemaa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Konteksti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tekstien ajanjakso<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gall\u00fb-todisteet ulottuvat varhaisista sumerilaisista myyteist\u00e4 (3. vuosituhat eaa.) uusbabylonialaiseen ja akhaimenidiseen aikaan asti. Mik\u00e4\u00e4n muu demonityyppi ei ole yht\u00e4 johdonmukaisesti dokumentoitu Mesopotamian kulttuurihistorian ajan.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologinen asema<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em>, yksi manalan demoneista, on olento, joka palvelee <em>Ereshkigalia<\/em>, manalan kuningatarta. <em>Gallut<\/em> eiv\u00e4t ole v\u00e4ltt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 pahoja moraalisessa mieless\u00e4, vaan pikemminkin <em>Ereshkigalin<\/em> tahdon toteuttajia, h\u00e4nen k\u00e4skyjens\u00e4 t\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6npanijoita, sielujen vangitsijoita ja kuolleiden saattajia manalaan.<\/p><p>Niit\u00e4 pel\u00e4t\u00e4\u00e4n, sill\u00e4 niiden saapuminen merkitsee kuolemaa. <em>Gallut<\/em> voidaan ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4 my\u00f6s sairauden ja \u00e4killisen kuoleman demoneina, jotka noutavat ihmisi\u00e4 yl\u00e4isest\u00e4 maailmasta. Ne edustavat kuoleman v\u00e4ist\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00f6myytt\u00e4 ja objektiivisuutta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Levinneisyysalue<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu on dokumentoitu erityisesti babylonialaisissa ja assyrialaisissa savitaulusarjoissa, ennen kaikkea manalaan laskeutumisen kuvauksissa (Inanna-Ereshkigal-sykli, osittain rinnakkaisia tekstej\u00e4 my\u00f6s hettil\u00e4isess\u00e4 perinteess\u00e4). Niit\u00e4 pel\u00e4ttiin koko Kaksoisvirranmaassa Sumerista Assyriaan, ja niit\u00e4 vastaan taisteltiin loitsuilla ja apotropeeisilla rituaaleilla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00e4hdetilanne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallua koskeva l\u00e4hdeaineisto on hajanaista. Ensisijaiset tekstit ovat nuolenp\u00e4\u00e4kirjoituksella kirjoitettuja mytologeemeja ja luetteloita Vanhasta Babyloniasta (n. 1800\u20131600 eaa.) sek\u00e4 my\u00f6hempi\u00e4 assyrialaisia rinnakkaistekstej\u00e4.<\/p><p>Assyriologit Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann ja Schwemer ovat analysoineet n\u00e4it\u00e4 perinteit\u00e4 ja sijoittaneet ne mesopotamialaisen demonologian kontekstiin. Yksitt\u00e4isten Gallu-tyyppien varma tunnistaminen on nyky\u00e4\u00e4n vaikeaa, sill\u00e4 taulut ovat usein osittain tuhoutuneita ja niiss\u00e4 esiintyy nimivaihteluita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nimitys ja kirjoitustavat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sumeriksi:<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Akkadiksi: <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>Yleinen ryhm\u00e4nimitys: usein \u201dseitsem\u00e4n Gall\u00fbta\u201d, tyypillinen t\u00e4ydellisen luvun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Taiteessa tai kertomuksessa toistuva sis\u00e4ll\u00f6llinen elementti.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiivi<\/span> mesopotamialaisessa demonologiassa.<\/p><p>Etymologia on kiistanalainen; keskustelussa esitet\u00e4\u00e4n yhteyksi\u00e4 k\u00e4sitteisiin \u201dt\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6npanija\u201d tai \u201dv\u00e4kivalta\u201d. Alkuper\u00e4\u00e4 t\u00e4rke\u00e4mpi on vakiintunut rooli: Gall\u00fbt ovat aina toimeenpanevia elimi\u00e4, harvoin itsen\u00e4isi\u00e4 hahmoja. Ne esiintyv\u00e4t useimmiten ryhmiss\u00e4, toimivat manalan k\u00e4skyl\u00e4isin\u00e4 ja ovat nimett\u00f6mi\u00e4.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kuvaus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ulkomuoto<\/strong><\/p><p>Tekstit kuvaavat Gall\u00fbta ennemmin sen kautta, mit\u00e4 ne <em>eiv\u00e4t<\/em> ole. Ne eiv\u00e4t tunne ruokaa, janoa, lahjoja eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 makeutta. Kuvallisissa esityksiss\u00e4 ne ilmenev\u00e4t hahmottomina, pelottavina ja vaikeasti tavoitettavina. Ne kuuluvat siten pikemminkin Mesopotamian havainnollistamattomiin demoneihin.<\/p><p><strong>K\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen<\/strong><\/p><p>Gall\u00fbt saapuvat noutamaan. Ne viev\u00e4t kuolevien sielut manalaan, vaativat korvaajaa, kun j\u00e4rjestys on rikottu, ja panevat t\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6n kuolleiden valtakunnan tuomiot. Niiden toiminta on p\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4tietoista ja niiden kanssa ei voi neuvotella; lahjat tai loitsut tehoavat vain tiukoissa rituaalisissa rajoissa.<\/p><p><strong>Vaikutusalue<\/strong><\/p><p>El\u00e4m\u00e4n ja kuoleman raja, kuolinvuode, v\u00e4kivaltaisen kuoleman paikat, rituaaliset kynnystilanteet. Ne vaikuttavat siell\u00e4, miss\u00e4 tehd\u00e4\u00e4n ratkaisu el\u00e4m\u00e4st\u00e4 tai kuolemasta, tai miss\u00e4 kosminen j\u00e4rjestys vaatii korvaajaa.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologinen alkuper\u00e4<\/strong><\/p><p>Gall\u00fbt ovat manalan palvelijoita, erityisesti Ere\u0161kigalin. Kertomuksessa \u201dInannan matka manalaan\u201d ne esiintyv\u00e4t ryhm\u00e4n\u00e4, joka pakottaa jumalattaren manalaan ja vaatii my\u00f6hemmin Dumuzia korvaajaksi. Niiden rooli on siten rakenteellisesti vakiintunut: ne ovat manalan ojennettu ty\u00f6kalu el\u00e4vien maailmassa.<\/p><p><strong>Ulkomuoto ja symboliikka<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> kuvataan usein pelottavina, pimein\u00e4 hahmoina, joilla on yliluonnollisia piirteit\u00e4, mahdollisesti el\u00e4imen ruumis (leijona, sonni), hehkuvat silm\u00e4t ja kynnet tai kynsim\u00e4iset raajat. Ne voidaan my\u00f6s kuvata ihmism\u00e4isin\u00e4, demonisin piirtein, sarvin, mustuneilla kasvoilla ja kauhistuttavalla ilmeell\u00e4.<\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> kantaa usein kahleita tai ketjuja, sill\u00e4 ne ovat sieppaajia ja sitojia. Niiden ruumis on tumma, usein musta tai syv\u00e4npunainen. Ne liikkuvat nopeasti ja odottamatta. Niiden l\u00e4sn\u00e4olo on kylm\u00e4 ja pelottava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tietokortti: Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gall\u00fbn t\u00e4rkeimm\u00e4t piirteet yhdell\u00e4 silm\u00e4yksell\u00e4. Tarkemmat tiedot nimest\u00e4, kuvauksesta, torjunnasta ja rinnakkaisilmi\u00f6ist\u00e4 l\u00f6ytyv\u00e4t seuraavista osioista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallun alkuper\u00e4<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Manalan palvelijoita, erityisesti Ere\u0161kigalin. Mainitaan usein ryhm\u00e4n\u00e4, \u201dseitsem\u00e4n Gall\u00fbta\u201d. Ei yksil\u00f6llisi\u00e4 hahmoja, vaan kollektiivisia t\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6npanijoita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallun kohderyhm\u00e4<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kuolevat, ihmiset rituaalisissa kynnystilanteissa, tabujen rikkojat, syylliset, korvaajahenkil\u00f6t toisten vaihdossa (kuten Dumuzi Inannan sijasta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallun ulkomuoto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ep\u00e4selv\u00e4, tarkoituksellisesti tavoittamaton: \u201deiv\u00e4t sy\u00f6 ruokaa, eiv\u00e4t juo vett\u00e4, eiv\u00e4t tunne makeutta\u201d. Hahmoton, pelottava, vakiintumaton.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vaikutusalue<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c4killinen kuolema, sielun ry\u00f6st\u00f6, nopeasti etenev\u00e4 sairaus, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kiinte\u00e4\u00e4n uskonnolliseen toimintasarjaan kuuluva.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituaalisesti<\/span> ehdollistettu puuttuminen. Niiden saapumisesta ei voi neuvotella, sen voi vain lyk\u00e4t\u00e4 tai ohjata muualle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suoja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Loitsuja, joissa vaaditaan paluuta manalaan, puhdistusrituaaleja ja sijaisuhreja (korvaava hahmo, joka vied\u00e4\u00e4n ihmisen sijaan).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vertailukohtia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erinyet ja Kereet (kreikkalainen), Thanatos (kreikkalainen), Tzitzimime (atsteekkilainen), kuoleman sanansaattaja -aiheet Euroopassa, viikatemiehen hahmo my\u00f6hemm\u00e4ss\u00e4 kansanuskossa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Torjunta arjessa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Torjuntarituaalit<\/strong><\/p><p>Gall\u00fbja vastaan suunnatut rituaalit eiv\u00e4t tavoittele niiden tuhoamista, vaan tuomion lykk\u00e4\u00e4mist\u00e4 tai ohjaamista muualle. Tunnettu on sijaisuhrin periaate: symbolinen korvaava hahmo, el\u00e4in tai pienoinen taikinasta tai savesta muovailtu olento, &#8220;annetaan&#8221; Gall\u00fbille ihmisen sijaan. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein wiederkehrendes inhaltliches Element in Kunst oder Erz\u00e4hlung.\" tabindex=\"0\">Aihe<\/span> saa vahvimman mytologisen muotonsa kertomuksessa &#8220;Inannan matka manalaan&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Loitsut<\/strong><\/p><p>Loitsukaavat kutsuvat Gall\u00fbt esiin, nime\u00e4v\u00e4t niiden alkuper\u00e4n ja k\u00e4skev\u00e4t ne takaisin manalaan. Usein samalla vedotaan jumalalliseen auktoriteettiin, jonka valtuutus mahdollistaa niiden ohjaamisen muualle. Rakenne pysyy samana kaikissa mesopotamialaisissa loitsuissa: tunnistaminen, oikeuttaminen, takaisin l\u00e4hett\u00e4minen.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletit ja suojasymbolit<\/strong><\/p><p>Erityisesti Gall\u00fbja vastaan suunnatut amuletit eiv\u00e4t ole p\u00e4\u00e4osassa; t\u00e4rke\u00e4mpi\u00e4 ovat puhtauss\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6t ja yhteis\u00f6lliset suojariitit talolle, paikalle tai kaupungille. Suoja perustuu v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n esineeseen ja enemm\u00e4n rituaaliseen kuriin ja oikeaan suhteeseen jumaliin.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der religi\u00f6sen Verehrungshandlungen f\u00fcr eine Gottheit oder heilige Gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kultti<\/span> ja palvonta<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallut<\/em> eiv\u00e4t olleet suoraan palvonnan kohteena kuten jumalat, vaan niit\u00e4 pel\u00e4ttiin ja torjuttiin loitsuilla ja suojataioilla. Suojaamuletit <em>Galluja<\/em> vastaan olivat yleisi\u00e4, erityisesti taloissa, joissa oli sairaita tai kuolevia.<\/p><p>Maagit ja papit suorittivat suojarituaaleja pit\u00e4\u00e4kseen <em>Gallut<\/em> loitolla. Toisaalta maagit saattoivat my\u00f6s loitsia <em>Galluja<\/em> esiin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiken, die durch besondere Handlungen oder Formeln in den Lauf der Dinge eingreifen wollen.\" tabindex=\"0\">taikuudessa<\/span> vahingoittaakseen vihollisia tai saavuttaakseen nopeita tuloksia. <em>Galluja<\/em> kohdeltiin pelolla ja kauhulla, ei kunnioituksella.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, rinnakkaisilmi\u00f6t muissa kulttuureissa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kreikkalais-roomalainen maailma<\/strong><\/p><p>Kereet ja Erinyet ovat selkeimm\u00e4t toiminnalliset vastineet. Kereet hakevat kaatuneiden sielut, Erinyet kostavat verivelan. Thanatos kuoleman personifikaationa ottaa samankaltaisia sanansaattajan teht\u00e4vi\u00e4 ja siirtyy aiheena edelleen roomalaisiin ja hellenistisiin kuvauksiin.<\/p><p><strong>Keski-Amerikka:<\/strong> Atsteekkien Tzitzimime ovat y\u00f6n demoneja, jotka kosmisen kierron kriittisiss\u00e4 hetkiss\u00e4 uhkaavat ihmisten el\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4. Niiden rooli uhkaavan kosmisen lopun toimeenpanijoina muistuttaa rakenteeltaan ja teht\u00e4v\u00e4lt\u00e4\u00e4n Gall\u00fb-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein wiederkehrendes inhaltliches Element in Kunst oder Erz\u00e4hlung.\" tabindex=\"0\">aihetta<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Eurooppa (my\u00f6hempi kansanperinne)<\/strong><\/p><p>Eurooppalaisen keskiajan ja uuden ajan viikatemiehen hahmo tiivist\u00e4\u00e4 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein wiederkehrendes inhaltliches Element in Kunst oder Erz\u00e4hlung.\" tabindex=\"0\">aiheen<\/span> persoonattomasta, neuvottelemattomasta kuoleman hakijasta. Vaikka suoraa yhteytt\u00e4 ei voida osoittaa, samankaltainen perusmalli n\u00e4kyy: sanansaattaja, joka saapuu, kun aika on umpeutunut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallut kertomuksessa Inannan matkasta manalaan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallujen t\u00e4rkein kirjallinen esiintyminen l\u00f6ytyy sumerilaisesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Eine \u00fcberlieferte Erz\u00e4hlung \u00fcber G\u00f6tter, Urspr\u00fcnge und die Ordnung der Welt.\" tabindex=\"0\">myytist\u00e4<\/span> Inannan matkasta manalaan ja sen jatko-osasta, joka kertoo paimenjumala Dumuzista. Teksti on s\u00e4ilynyt savitauluilla ja lukeutuu sumerilaisen kirjallisuuden laajimmin rekonstruoituihin teoksiin.<\/p><p>Jumalatar Inanna laskeutuu manalaan, sisarensa Ereschkigalin valtakuntaan, jossa h\u00e4net surmataan ja ripustetaan paaluun.<\/p><p>Jumala Enkin v\u00e4liintulon ansiosta h\u00e4net her\u00e4tet\u00e4\u00e4n henkiin, mutta manala ei p\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4 ket\u00e4\u00e4n pois ilman korvausta. Inannan on nimett\u00e4v\u00e4 sijaisensa, joka laskeutuu h\u00e4nen sijaansa. Nousun aikana h\u00e4nt\u00e4 saattavat Gallut, manalan demonit.<\/p><p>Teksti kuvaa n\u00e4it\u00e4 Galluja hyvin vaikuttavasti. Ne eiv\u00e4t tunne n\u00e4lk\u00e4\u00e4 eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 janoa, ne eiv\u00e4t sy\u00f6 ruokaa eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 juo vett\u00e4, ne eiv\u00e4t ota vastaan uhrilahjoja eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 lahjuksia. Ne eiv\u00e4t tunne perhett\u00e4, lapsia eiv\u00e4tk\u00e4 yst\u00e4vyytt\u00e4.<\/p><p>Ne raastavat naisen miehen sylist\u00e4 ja lapsen imett\u00e4j\u00e4n rinnalta. N\u00e4in ne ovat t\u00e4ydellinen vastakohta ihmiselle tai jumalalliselle vastapuolelle, jonka kanssa voisi neuvotella.<\/p><p>Inannan sijaiseksi m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4t\u00e4\u00e4n lopulta h\u00e4nen puolisonsa Dumuzi, joka ei ollut surrut h\u00e4nt\u00e4. Gallut ajavat h\u00e4nt\u00e4 takaa, h\u00e4n pakenee ja muuttaa muotoaan, mutta h\u00e4net saadaan kiinni ja raahataan manalaan.<\/p><p>Vasta h\u00e4nen sisarensa Geschtinannan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gabe an eine Gottheit, um Dank, Bitte oder Verehrung auszudr\u00fccken.\" tabindex=\"0\">uhrauksen<\/span> ansiosta, kun t\u00e4m\u00e4 astuu osan vuodesta h\u00e4nen sijaansa, h\u00e4nen kohtalonsa lievenee. Gallut ovat t\u00e4ss\u00e4 kertomuksessa manalan j\u00e4rjestyksen lahjomattomia toimeenpanijoita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu loitsuteksteiss\u00e4 ja sairauden torjunnassa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kertovan kirjallisuuden ulkopuolella gallut esiintyv\u00e4t ennen kaikkea Mesopotamian loitsu- ja torjuntateksteiss\u00e4. N\u00e4it\u00e4 akkadin- ja sumerinkielisi\u00e4 tekstej\u00e4 on s\u00e4ilynyt lukuisilla savitauluilla, ja ne suojasivat sairaudelta, onnettomuudelta ja demonisilta hy\u00f6kk\u00e4yksilt\u00e4.<\/p><p>Akkadinkielisess\u00e4 muodossa nimi esiintyy sanana <em>gallu<\/em> tai yhdistettyn\u00e4 muihin demoninimityksiin. Erityisen usein mainittu ryhm\u00e4 on Seitsem\u00e4n, pahojen henkien joukko, joiden luetteloissa gallu toistuu.<\/p><p>N\u00e4iss\u00e4 teksteiss\u00e4 kuvataan, kuinka demonit tunkeutuvat oven ja salvan l\u00e4pi, kulkevat teit\u00e4 ja muureja pitkin ja iskev\u00e4t ihmiseen t\u00e4m\u00e4n kykenem\u00e4tt\u00e4 puolustautumaan.<\/p><p>Torjunta tapahtui loitsupappien kautta, joita Mesopotamiassa kutsuttiin nimell\u00e4 <em>ashipu<\/em>. He lausuivat vakiintuneita kaavoja, kutsuivat avuksi suuria jumalia, erityisesti Eaa, t\u00e4m\u00e4n poikaa Mardukia ja tulen jumalaa, taistelemaan demoneja vastaan ja suorittivat oheistoimituksia, kuten korvaavien hahmojen esitt\u00e4mist\u00e4 tai polttamista, suitsutusta ja veden pirskottelua.<\/p><p>T\u00e4ss\u00e4 k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6ss\u00e4 t\u00e4rke\u00e4 osa oli suojaavilla hahmoilla ja amuleteilla. Mesopotamian taloista tunnetaan pieni\u00e4 savesta valmistettuja suojaolentojen hahmoja, jotka haudattiin kynnysten alle, sek\u00e4 kirjoituksin varustettuja laattoja.<\/p><p>Aineisto osoittaa, ett\u00e4 gallu ei ollut ihmisille abstrakti myyttinen olento vaan koettu uhka, jota vastaan oli olemassa kehittynyt rituaalinen keinovalikoima. N\u00e4in tekstit yhdist\u00e4v\u00e4t demonologian ja parantamisopin kokonaisuudeksi, jossa sairaus ja demoninen hy\u00f6kk\u00e4ys tarkoittavat usein samaa asiaa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sumerin sanasta akkadilaiseksi demoniksi: etymologia ja luokittelu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nimi Gallu her\u00e4tt\u00e4\u00e4 kieli- ja uskontohistoriallisia kysymyksi\u00e4, joita assyriologiassa on k\u00e4sitelty. Sana on sumerilaista alkuper\u00e4\u00e4, ja vanhimmissa l\u00e4hteiss\u00e4 se tarkoittaa manalan demonia, tuonpuoleisen palvelijaa tai vartijaa. Akkadiin se omaksuttiin lainasanana.<\/p><p>Tutkimus sijoittaa gallun Mesopotamian alempien olentojen laajempaan j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4\u00e4n. T\u00e4m\u00e4 j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4 k\u00e4sitt\u00e4\u00e4 useita demoninimityksi\u00e4, kuten <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=144271\">Utukku<\/a>, Rabisu, Lilu ja muita, joista osa merkitsee selv\u00e4sti rajattuja ja osa toisiinsa limittyvi\u00e4 alueita. Gallu kuuluu ryhm\u00e4\u00e4n, joka liittyy manalaan ja ihmisten v\u00e4kivaltaiseen tempaamiseen pois.<\/p><p>Erillinen kysymys koskee sanan mahdollista jatkoel\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4. My\u00f6hemm\u00e4ss\u00e4 aramealaisessa ja juutalaisessa perinteess\u00e4 esiintyy demoninimityksi\u00e4, jotka \u00e4\u00e4nt\u00e4mykselt\u00e4\u00e4n muistuttavat sanaa <em>gallu<\/em>, ja on pohdittu, onko kyseess\u00e4 perinteenlinja Mesopotamian perinn\u00f6st\u00e4.<\/p><p>T\u00e4t\u00e4 kysymyst\u00e4 ei ole ratkaistu lopullisesti; \u00e4\u00e4nteellinen samankaltaisuus yksin\u00e4\u00e4n ei ole todiste, ja Vanhan id\u00e4n demonij\u00e4rjestelmien v\u00e4liset siirtym\u00e4t ovat monimutkaisia.<\/p><p>Ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4misen kannalta on t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4, ett\u00e4 Mesopotamian uskonto erotti selv\u00e4sti suuret, nimetyt ja temppeleiss\u00e4 palvotut jumalat alemmista olennoista, kuten gallusta.<\/p><p>Galluja ei palvottu; ne olivat kosmisen j\u00e4rjestyksen toimintaolentoja, joita ei kohdattu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kaikki palvontamenot, joita kohdistetaan jumaluudelle tai pyh\u00e4lle hahmolle.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultilla<\/span> vaan torjunnalla. T\u00e4m\u00e4 erottelu leimaa koko Mesopotamian suhtautumista demoniseen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aiheeseen liittyv\u00e4t linkit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143821\">Edimmu, sukua oleva mesopotamialainen kuolleen henki<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143818\">Lamashtu, sukua oleva mesopotamialainen demoninainen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143819\">Pazuzu, suojaesine Lamashtua ja sukulaisdemoneja vastaan<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143991\">Ereshkigal, manalan hallitsijatar, gallujen toimeksiantaja<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143985\">Nergal, manalan jumala, liittolainen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=144082\">Rabisu, sukua oleva \u201dv\u00e4ijyj\u00e4\u201d-demoni<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fi\/?page_id=143817\">Mesopotamian perinne, laajempi asiayhteys<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00e4hteet ja kirjallisuus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00e4\u00e4nneltyjen, uskonnollisesti tai kulttuurisesti merkitt\u00e4vien symbolisten toimintojen sarja.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituaali<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">T\u00e4ss\u00e4 kuvattu suojausk\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6 on uskontotieteellinen luokittelu historiallisista perinteist\u00e4. iWell Guard jatkaa t\u00e4t\u00e4 kulttuurihistoriallista kannettavien suojaesineiden linjaa ja edustaa sen nykyaikaista muotoa. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Lis\u00e4\u00e4 iWell Guardista \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu - manalan demonit, tuonpuoleisen sanansaattajat ja t\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6npanijat","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gall\u00fbt kuuluvat Mesopotamian vanhimpiin todistettuihin demonihahmoihin. Ne ovat l\u00e4heisess\u00e4 yhteydess\u00e4 manalaan ja sen valtiattareen Ere\u0161kigaliin","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-143822","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gallu - manalan demonit, tuonpuoleisen sanansaattajat ja t\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6\u00f6npanijat<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gall\u00fbt kuuluvat Mesopotamian vanhimpiin todistettuihin demonihahmoihin. 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