{"id":200803,"date":"2026-09-07T14:10:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:10:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200803"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"padmasambhava","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/padmasambhava\/","title":{"rendered":"Padmasambhava"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200803\" class=\"elementor elementor-200803 elementor-3039 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9a7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52e9a7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56d75fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56d75fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf05bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf05bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a6dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26a6dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava, budismo tibetarraren sortzailea<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a21472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a21472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tibetar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi jakintza eta kondairak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradizioaren<\/span> arabera, Padmasambhava budismoa Tibetan modu iraunkorrean errotu zuen tantra-maisua izan zen, eta babes-erritu ugariren sortzailea. Padmasambhava (\u00abloreetatik jaiotakoa\u00bb), tibetieraz gehienetan Guru Rinpoche edo Padmakara deitua, tibetar Vajrayana budismoaren sortzaile nagusitzat jotzen da.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi jakintza eta kondairak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradizioak<\/span> Indiako tantra Tibetera VIII. mende amaieran ekartzearekin lotzen du. Tibetar eskolarik zaharrenean, Nyingman, \u00abbigarren Buda\u00bb gisa gurtzen da. Erlijio-historiaren aldetik, haren izate historikoa eztabaidagarria da; iritsi zaigun irudia gogotik legendaz apainduta dago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4c9fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc4c9fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-695667b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"695667b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkoa \/ Jainkosa: kultura bateko panteoiko botere gorena pertsonifikatuta, eginkizun argiekin \u2014 natur indarrak, patua, gerra, emankortasuna. Kultuen, sakrifizioen eta tenplu-instituzioen bitartez gurtua.\">Jainkoa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/budismoa\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bodhisattvak, jainkosa babesleak, gose-espirituak eta infernuko zaindariak dituen tradizio budista.\">Budismoa<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f9eb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13f9eb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-411777f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"411777f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tAurkibidea\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08182e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08182e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864be76 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"864be76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202384\" alt=\"Padmasambhava - Budismo tradiziotik datozen jainkoak, ikuspegi historiko-ilustratiboa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5748d05 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5748d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a7ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11a7ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882952f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"882952f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuinguru historikoa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1a168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1a168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Garaiko iturri gutxietan, Indiakoa edo Oddiyanakoa zen tantra-irakasle bat aipatzen da, Trisong Detsen erregearen garaian (gutxi gorabehera 755etik 797ra bitartean agintean) Tibetera gonbidatu zutena.<\/p><p>Gaur egungo ikerketak Oddiyana gehienetan gaur egungo Pakistango Swat haranarekin edo Ekialdeko Indiako Odisharekin identifikatzen du. Erregeak tantrikari bat behar zuen, Indiako Shantarakshita monasterio-irakasleak Samye monasterio tibetar lehenaren eraikuntzan bertako izpirituen aurkakotasunarekin egin zuelako topo.<\/p><p>Padmasambhavak izpiritu horiek menderatu eta babes-jainkotzat sistema budistan sartu omen zituen. Samyeren sorrera-data 779koa dela onartzen da ohiz. David Snellgrove eta Hugh Richardsonek (\u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, London 1968) sinesgarritzat jotzen dute muin historiko hori, apainduraldi mitologiko ugariak legendagintza berantiarrari egotzi bitartean.<\/p>\n<p>Iturri xeheenak, Padma Thang Yig (Padma kronika) eta Pema Kathang, \u00abaltxor-testu\u00bb (terma) gisa iritsi dira, altxor-aurkitzaileen (tert\u00f6n) eskolaren bitartez. Batez ere XIV. mendean Orgyen Lingpak eta XVII. mendean beste altxor-aurkitzaile batzuek \u00abagerian\u00bb jarri zituzten.<\/p><p>Testu horien fidagarritasun historikoa mugatua da, baina eragin erlijiosoa itzela izan zen. Janet Gyatsok \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb lanean (Princeton 1998) terma tradizioa autorizazio erlijioso mota berezi gisa aztertu du, non ikuspenek, ezkutukotasunak eta berraurkikuntzak eginkizun kanonikoak hartzen dituzten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e027c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1e027c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0260798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0260798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Loreontziko jaiotza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebd706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ebd706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kondaira tradizionalaren arabera, Padmasambhava ez zen ama batengandik jaio, baizik eta zortzi urteko haur gisa agertu zen loreontzi bati esertzen, Oddiyana lurraldeko Dhanakosha lakuaren erdian.<\/p><p>Indrabhuti erregeak, harribitxien bila ari zela seme-alabarik gabe, haurra aurkitu eta bere semetzat hartu zuen. Kondaira hau Shakyamuniren jaiotza gizatiarrarekin kontrastean dago nabarmen, eta figuraren izaera apartekoa azpimarratzen du.<\/p><p>Erlijio-zientziaren ikuspegitik, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo narrazio batean errepikatzen den edukizko elementua.\" tabindex=\"0\">motibo<\/span> hori hagiografia tantrikoaren elementu tipikotzat hartu behar da, irakaslearen jatorri \u00abgainnaturalak\u00bb egitate biografikoaren gainetik jartzen duena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2be71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2be71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b10303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b10303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zortzi agerpenak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6317e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6317e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradizioak Padmasambharen zortzi agerpen nagusi zenbatzen ditu, bizitzako etapa edo argiztapen-egoera desberdinetako haren jarduera ezberdinak gorpuzten dituztenak.<\/p><p>Horien artean daude Guru Padma Gyalpo (erregea), Guru Loden Chokse (erabat jakitun dena), Guru Pema Jungne (loreetatik jaiotakoa), Guru Padmasambhava (bake-agerpena), Guru Shakya Senge (Shakyaren lehoia, monje-itxuran), Guru Senge Dradok (Lehoi Trumoitzailea, heretikoekin eztabaidan), Guru Nyima Ozer (eguzki-izpia, yogi gisa hilerrietan), Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (agerpen sutsua tigre eme hegalari batean).<\/p><p>Zortzi hauek Padmasambharen bizitzako aniztasun mitologikoa antolatzen duen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio bateko idazki sakratuen bilduma onartu eta lotesletzat hartzen dena.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> sistematizatua dira.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708cb59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"708cb59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7d36b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b7d36b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bost lagunkideak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2616577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2616577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava tradizioan garrantzi handia dute haren bost \u00abjakinduria-lagunkideek\u00bb (yum). Ezagunenak Yeshe Tsogyal, haren ikasle nagusi eta maitale gisa jotzen den erregina tibetarra, eta Mandarava, printzesa indiarra, dira. Yeshe Tsogyal geroago aurkituko ziren terma-testu ugariren egile edo bildumagilea da.<\/p><p>Haren bizitza (\u00abLady of the Lotus-Born\u00bb) XVII. mendean idatzi zen gaur egun ezagutzen den forman. Ikerketak eztabaidatzen du benetako pertsona historikoa den edo pertsonifikazio erlijiosoa den.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatsok \u00abWomen in Tibet\u00bb lanean (Bloomington 2005) irakurketa bereizi bat defendatzen du, Yeshe Tsogyal historikoki litekeena baina literalki oso apaindutako figuratzat hartzen duena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f50750 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f50750\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe3315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe3315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Altxor-testuak (terma)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a3df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39a3df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhavak, Tibeteko egonaldian, etorkizuneko garaietarako zuzendutako irakaskuntza-testu ugari ezkutatu omen zituen. \u00abAltxor\u00bb hauek (terma) material (ter) eta mental (gongter) gisa sailka daitezke. Materialak kobazuloetan, harkaitzetan, estatuetan edo ur-ibilbideetan ezkutatuta daude, eta altxor-aurkitzaile (tert\u00f6n) predestinatuek aurrez ezarritako bizitza-uneetan berraurkitzen dituzte.<\/p><p>Mentalak \u00abgogo-egoera\u00bb berezi batean grabatuta daude, zuzenean ikus daitekeena. Kontzepzio honek geroko belaunaldiei aukera eman die irakaskuntza-testu berriak zuzenean Padmasambharengandik datozela legitimatzeko, testu-kritikarik egin ezin bazen ere.<\/p><p>Zientifikoki, terma tradizioa erlijio-testu tradizio \u00abirekiaren\u00bb adibide da, Indiako tantra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio bateko idazki sakratuen bilduma onartuarena.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonikoki<\/span> itxitako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi jakintza eta kondairak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradizioaren<\/span> aurrean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801c16e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801c16e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e817ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e817ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irakaskuntza eta Vajrayana praktika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad8fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ad8fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava tradizioari egozten zaizkion irakaskuntza-edukiek batez ere \u00abOsotasun Handia\u00bb (Dzogchen) biltzen dute, Nyingma eskolaren goi-mailako irakaskuntza-sistematzat jotzen den transmisio-adarra. Horrez gain, hainbat yoga-tantra goren Padmasambhava-corpusaren parte dira, esaterako Vajrakilaya-tantra.<\/p><p>Praktikaren forma \u00abguru-yoga\u00bb da (lama-yoga), non ikasleek Padmasambhava buruan irudikatzen duten Buda, Bodhisattva eta irakasle guztien gorpuzkuntza gisa. Zazpi silabako oinarrizko mantra, \u00abom ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb, oso hedatua dago Nyingma praktika osoan zehar eta baita Tibeteko Nyingma ez diren eskoletan ere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cfb39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38cfb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ada09d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ada09d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedapena Tibetetik kanpo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f838d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f838d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava era berean gurtzen da Bhutan, Sikkim, Ladakh eta Mongoliako goi-lautadako eremu tibetar-kutsuko guztietan. Bhutan-en erlijio-figura nagusia da, eta Taktsang monasterioak (\u00abTigre Habia\u00bb), Paro haranaren aldapa zorrotzean kokatuak, tradizioaren arabera Padmasambhavak tigre-eme baten gainean meditatu zuen tokia markatzen du.<\/p><p>Bere zortzigarren bizitzaren amaierako \u00abMendi Kobrezkoa\u00bb (Zangdok Palri) lurralde garbitzat jotzen da, Amitabharen Sukhavatirekin batera existitzen dena, eta bizitzaren amaieran praktikatzaileen berpizte-helburu gisa hartzen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150951a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"150951a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7dc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb7dc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eztabaida erlijio-zientifikoa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8b2c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d8b2c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iritzi tradizionalak zenbateraino datzan pertsonaia historiko batean da galdera erabakigarririk erantzun ezin daitekeena. Robert Mayerrek eta Cathy Cantwellek hainbat lanetan (\u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013) erakutsi dute Padmasambhava kultuaren hedapena Tibeteko iraultza politikoekin estu lotua zegoela.<\/p><p>Botere zentralaren ahultze-garaietan Padmasambhavaren garrantzia handitu zen, Tibeteko babesle translokal gisa dinastia-egituren gaindiko nortasun bat sortu ahal izan zuelako. Funtzio horrek ere azaltzen du zergatik Padmasambhava tradizioak hedapen hain handia izan zuen, hain zuzen, Yarlung erresumaren erorketaren ondorengo \u00abmendeurte ilunetan\u00bb, IX. mendean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fba3c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fba3c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca67a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca67a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturriak eta bibliografia osagarria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcc19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Iturri primarioak: Padma Thang Yig (Padma Kronika), Orgyen Lingparen egilez esleitua; Pema Kathang; Bardo Th\u00f6dol (Tibeteko Hilen Liburua, bere kolofoian Padmasambhavari egotzia); Vajrakilaya-tantra.<\/p>\n<p>Bibliografia sekundarioa: David Snellgrove eta Hugh Richardson, \u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, Londres 1968; David Snellgrove, \u00abIndo-Tibetan Buddhism\u00bb, Londres 1987; Janet Gyatso, \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, Princeton 1998; Cathy Cantwell eta Robert Mayer, \u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013; Robert Buswell eta Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p>\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000<\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f489c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f489c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50de9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50de9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Samye eta \u00abHiru Harribitxiak\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a016ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a016ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Samye monasterioa, Lhasatik 50 kilometro inguru hego-ekialdera, lehen tibetar monasterioa da eta tradizioz Padmasambhavaren, Shantarakshitaren eta Trisong Detsen erregearen obratzat hartzen da.<\/p><p>Hirukote hori (\u00abhiru harribitxiak\u00bb, ston pa gsum) tibetar oroimen erlijiosoan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten testu-multzo onartu eta lotesleari dagokiona.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonikoa<\/span> da, eta tantrizko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktikak, ekintza edo formula bereziekin gauzen bilakaeran esku hartu nahi dutenak.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiaren<\/span> (Padmasambhava), diziplina monastikoaren (Shantarakshita) eta botere errealaren (Trisong Detsen) lotura ordezkatzen du.<\/p><p>Monasterioa Odantapuri monasterio indiarraren eredura eraiki zen, eta bere oinplanoak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama zirkularra, hinduismoan eta budismoan kosmosa irudikatzen duena.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> bat osatzen du, erdian Mount Meru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bat edo gehiago gurtzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenplua<\/span> duela, lau kapera nagusi lauzaindetan eta harresi bat 108 stuparekin.<\/p><p>Hainbat suntsiketaren ondoren, azkena 1959ko matxinadan, hainbat aldiz zaharberritu zen. \u00abSamyeko Kontzilio\u00bb ospetsuak (792tik 794ra) budismo indiar eta txinatar formen artean erabaki zuen indiarraren aldeko, eta horrek epe luzerako finkatu zuen budismo tibetarraren joera tantra tradizio indiarrera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8734ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8734ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb26340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb26340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transmisio-lerroak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd23e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fd23e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava irakaskuntza-lerroak (man ngag) hiru adar nagusitan banatzen dira. \u00abLerro luzea\u00bb (ring brgyud) Padmasambhavatik ikasle historiko nagusietatik gaur egunera arte doa, transmisio ahozko etengabearen bidez. \u00abLerro laburra\u00bb (nye brgyud) altxor-aurkitzaileen (tert\u00f6n) bidez, hauek Padmasambharekin harreman zuzena izaten dutenak ikuspenetan, transmisio-bidea laburtuz.<\/p><p>\u00abIkuspen garbiko lerroa\u00bb (dag snang brgyud), non irakasleek zuzeneko jarraibideak jasotzen dituzten garbitasun-ikusmenaren bitartez. Hiru zatiko egitura hori eraikuntza tibetar bereizgarria da, ikuspenak, altxor-aurkikuntzak eta ahozko transmisioa sistema bakar batean integratzen dituena. Karma-Kagy\u00fc, Sakya, Gelug eta batez ere Nyingma eskolek beren Padmasambhava lerro propioak zaintzen dituzte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8cb80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd8cb80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f063a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f063a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hogei Sad-Mahasiddhak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6733e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6733e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava hogei \u00abmahasiddha\u00bb, hau da, gorenera erdietsitako yogi tantrikoen irakasle izan zela diote. Hauek normalean bi taldetan banatzen dira: \u00abkanpoko\u00bb (Tibeteko ikasleak) eta \u00abbarneko\u00bb (Indiako ikaskideak). Lehenengoen artean Yeshe Tsogyal, Vairochana, Nyak Jnanakumara, Drogmi Palgi Yeshe eta beste hainbat historikoki dokumentatutako yogi tibetar daude, VIII. eta IX. mendekoak.<\/p><p>Talde hori erlijio-historiaren aldetik nahiko ondo dokumentatuta dago; Dunhuang-eko kobazuloetatik datozen dunhuang cache-ko testuek (VIII. eta X. mendearen artekoak) izen horietako batzuk berresten dituzte. Janet Gyatsok eta Sam van Schaikek hainbat ikerketan aztertu dute dunhuang aurkikuntzen eta ondorengo hagiografia tibetarraren arteko harremana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c4b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8c4b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d67f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d67f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava eta Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d615a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d615a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abTibeteko Hilen Liburua\u00bb (Bardo Th\u00f6dol), bere kolofoian Padmasambhavari egotzia, mendebaldean literatura erlijioso tibetarraren lan ezagunenetako bat da.<\/p><p>Ikuspegi tradizionalaren arabera, Padmasambhavak idatzi zuen, Yeshe Tsogyalek ezkutatu, eta XIV. mendean Karma Lingpak terma gisa berraurkitu zuen. Zientifikoki, Padmasambhavaren egiletza ziurgabea da; egungo forman testua XIV. mende amaierako bilduma da.<\/p><p>Heriotzaren ondoren kontzientziak zeharkatzen dituen faseak deskribatzen ditu, eta jarraibideak ematen ditu hilzorian dagoenak edo senideek kontzientziaren bidaia tarteko egoeretatik (bardo) nola lagundu dezaketen jakiteko.<\/p><p>Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentzen lehen ingelesezko itzulpenak (Oxford 1927) eragin handia izan zuen mendebaldeko espiritualtasunean, baina filologikoki gaurkotua ez dago. Robert Thurmanek 1994an argitaratu zuen edizio ingeleseko moderno eta fidagarri bat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b544069 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b544069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fcc070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fcc070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dorje Drol\u00f6 izaera haserretsua<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8569b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8569b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhavaren zortzi agerpen nagusietako bat, Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6, arreta berezia jaso du tibetar erlijiotasun modernoan. Forma haserretsu honek Padmasambhava erakusten du haurdun dagoen tigre-eme hegalari batean gainean, larruazal gorri iluna, hiru begi eta dorje-phurpa arma gisa dituela.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi jakintza eta kontakizunak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradizioaren<\/span> arabera, Padmasambhavak forma horretan sortu zuen Paro Taktsang (\u00abTigrearen Habia\u00bb) monasterioa Bhutanen, Paro haranaren gainean dagoen malda malkartsu batean eraikia.<\/p><p>Dorje Drol\u00f6renganako debozioa bereziki hedatua dago Bhutanen eta Tibeteko probintzia ekialdekoetan. Padmasambhavak indar etsaiak zaindari babeslean bihurtzeko duen eraldatze-ahalmena irudikatzen du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d51bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65d51bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79206f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79206f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padma bka' thang, iturri nagusia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04fb02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04fb02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00abPadma bka&#8217; thang\u00bb (Padmasambhavaren hitzen liburua) maisuaren hagiografia zabalena da. Orgyan Lingpak XIV. mendean terma gisa (aurkitutako altxor-testu ezkutua) aurkitu zuen, eta 108 kapitulu ditu, Padmasambhavaren jaiotza, irakaskuntza, mirariak eta agur egitea deskribatzen dutenak. Anne-Marie Blondeau eta Matthew Kapstein-en ikerketak iturri honen geruza testualak aztertu ditu.<\/p><p>Geruza zaharrenak XI. eta XII. mendekoak diren bitartean, mirari-kontakizun asko terma-lerro berantiarragoen gehiketak dira. \u00abPema Kathang Yiges Cinma\u00bb (Zazpi Kapitulu) iturri paraleloak, Sangye Lingparenak (XIV. m.), narrazio-geruza alternatibo bat eskaintzen du. Bi testuak Mendebaldeko Himalaian eta Sikkimen gaur egun arte liturgikoki errezitatzen dira, batez ere Bhutaneko Tsechu jaietan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afb269 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afb269\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47ed18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a47ed18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zortzi agerpenak xehetasunean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcab2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcab2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhavaren zortzi agerpen-forma (gu ru mtshan brgyad) hauek dira: Guru Tsokye Dorje (lotoan jaiotakoa), Guru Shakya Senge (monje forman), Guru Padmasambhava (Indrabhutiren jauregian), Guru Padmakara (praktika-fasean), Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (forma haserretsua), Guru Nyima \u00d6zer (distira budistan), Guru Senge Dradok (lehoi-ahotsa) eta Guru Loden Choksey (bizitza amaitzen duena).<\/p><p>Agerpen bakoitza irakaskuntza-fase eta praktika-ardatz jakin bati dagokio. Zortzikote-egitura hori XII. mendean kodifikatu zen eta tenplu tibetarren horma-margolanetan estandarizatuta dago. Ez da ausazkoa Mahayanaren zortzi bodhisattva handiekin duen korrespondentzia. Roger Jacksonek analogia egitura hori hindu bodhisattva-eskemaren tibetar guru-irakaskuntzan egindako inkulturazio kontziente gisa interpretatu du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91bea2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c91bea2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b57c1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b57c1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yeshe Tsogyal, idazlea eta ko-irakaslea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd743ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd743ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yeshe Tsogyal (gutxi gorabehera 757tik 817ra), Padmasambhavaren lagun espirituala eta ikasle nagusia, terma-testu nagusien idazle gisa hartzen da. Bere oroimen-ahalmenari esker, Padmasambhavaren irakaspen guztiak idatzi eta partez harkaitzetan, aintziretan eta bere etorkizuneko birsortzeen adimen-fluxuan ezkutatu zituela dio tradizioak.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatsok (\u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, Princeton, 1998) Yeshe Tsogyalen funtzioa geroago sortu zen terton-emakumeen klasearen eredu gisa aztertu du.<\/p><p>Bere hagiografia, \u00abMkha&#8217; &#8216;gro ye shes mtsho rgyal gyi rnam thar\u00bb, Taksham Nuden Dorjek terma gisa agerian utzi zuen, eta tibetar literatura erlijiosoko emakumeen biografia zabaletako bat da. Elementu biografikoak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten Jainkoaz eta sinesmenaz aritzen den ikaste zientifikoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> ikuskerarekin uztartzen ditu, eta horrek leku berezia ematen dio tibetar literatura-historian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06cb12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06cb12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0f880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0f880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Terma tradizioa eta bere autentikotasun-galdera<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Terma tradizioa, Nyingma eskolaren zutabe nagusia, Padmasambhavak eta Yeshe Tsogyalek irakaspenak ezkutatu zituztela dioen ustean oinarritzen da; geroago aurredestinatutako \u00abaltxor aurkitzaileek\u00bb (tert\u00f6n) berraurkituko zituzten.<\/p><p>Tradizio horrek XI. mendetik XX. mendera arte budismo literatura geruza propio bat sortu zuen. Autentikotasun-galdera bai tradizioaren barnean bai ikerketa modernoan eztabaidatzen da.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatsok, \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb lanean, terma-testuak \u00ablur-terma\u00bb (sa gter, aurkikuntza materialak) eta \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste zaion gorputzik gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritu<\/span>-terma\u00bb (dgongs gter, agerpen bisionarioak) bereizi behar direla argudiatu du.<\/p><p>Bi kategoriek metodo filologiko eta zientifiko desberdinak eskatzen dituzte. Ronald Davidsonek (\u00abTibetan Renaissance\u00bb, New York, 2005) terma tradizioa tibetar identitate-eraikuntzaren testuinguru zabalagoan kokatu du, Yarlung erresumaren erorketaren ondoren XI. mendean hasitakoan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00aa18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e00aa18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7d49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59e7d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava eta bardo irakaspenak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4394f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4394f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava tradizioaren zutabe nagusietako bat bardoaren irakaspena da, heriotza eta birsortzea arteko tarteko egoera. \u00abBardo Th\u00f6dol\u00bb (Askapena tarteko egoerako entzunaldiaren bidez, mendebaldean \u00abTibetar Hilen Liburua\u00bb izenez ezaguna) Padmasambhavaren terma gisa transmititzen da, Karma Lingpak XIV. mendean aurkitua.<\/p><p>Testuak bardoaren sei fase deskribatzen ditu, non kontzientziak azken urratsak eman ditzakeen askapenerantz.<\/p><p>Bryan Cuevasek (\u00abThe Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead\u00bb, Oxford, 2003) testuaren historia zehatz-mehatz berreraiki du, eta erakutsi du lana mendebaldean Walter Y. Evans-Wentzen (1927) bidez eta Kazi Dawa Samdupen itzulpen laguntzailearen bidez ezagutu zela.<\/p><p>Harrera mendebaldeko horrek bardoaren interpretazio-tradizio propioa sortu du, praktika tradizionalarekin beti bateragarria ez dena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e57d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"542e57d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bost tert\u00f6n errege<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6707d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6707d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradizio tibetarrak bost \u00abtert\u00f6n errege\u00bb (gter ston rgyal po lnga) ezagutzen ditu, altxor aurkitzaile garrantzitsuenak: Nyangrel Nyima \u00d6zer (1124-1192), Guru Ch\u00f6wang (1212-1270), Dorje Lingpa (1346-1405), Padma Lingpa (1450-1521) eta Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820-1892).<\/p><p>Guztiek elkarrekin milaka testu eta praktika-tradizio berraurkitu dituzte. Zenbaketa iturrien arabera aldatzen da, eta eskola batzuek beste izen batzuk gehitzen dituzte, hala nola Sangye Lingpa, Ratna Lingpa edo Orgyen Lingpa. Tert\u00f6n-lerro hori ez da apostolutza-segida gisa ulertzen, baizik eta aurredestinatutako berraurkitzaileen segida gisa, zeinen karma Padmasambhavaren garaitik funtzio horretara zuzendua egon zen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d745c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d745c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957a0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"957a0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maiz egiten diren galderak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d276cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d276cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Padmasambhava benetako pertsonaia historikoa izan zen?<\/strong> Muin historikoa sinesgarria da: Indiako edo Erdialdeko Asiako tantra irakasle bat, VIII. mendearen amaieran Tibetera iritsi zena. Hala ere, kontatzen den bizitza kondaira-osagai handiz betea dago, eta xehetasun gehienak ez dira historikoki egiazta daitezke.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zer dira terma-k?<\/strong> \u00abAltxorrak\u00bb, Padmasambhavak, tradizioaren arabera, ezkutatu omen zituen irakaskuntza-testu edo objektuak, geroago horretarako aukeratutako altxor-aurkitzaileek (tert\u00f6n) berraurkitzen dituztenak. Nyingma tradizio irakaskuntzaren zati garrantzitsua osatzen dute.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zer esan nahi du Padmasambhavaren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduismoan eta budismoan errepikatzen den silaba edo formula sakratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>k?<\/strong> \u00abOm ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb honela itzul daiteke: \u00abom ah hum, Diamante-irakasle Lotoa, lortu ezazu gauzatzea, hum\u00bb. Budismo tibetarreko mantra garrantzitsuenetako bat da, eta guru-yoga praktikan errezitatzen da.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Non bizi da Padmasambhava gaur egun tradizioaren arabera?<\/strong> \u00abMendi Kobrekolorekoa\u00bb (Zangdok Palri) izeneko mundu garbian, giza munduarekin batera existitzen dena. Praktikatzaileek bizitzaren amaieran han jaio berriz izatea espero dute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3277,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Padmasambhava","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Padmasambhava \u2013 Tibeteko tantra-maisua | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), loreontzitik jaiotako maisu tantrikoak, budismoa Tibetera eraman zuen VIII. mendean. 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