{"id":200675,"date":"2026-09-07T14:10:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:10:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200675"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"astarte-feniziar-jainkosa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/astarte-feniziar-jainkosa\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarte \u2013 Feniziar jainkosa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200675\" class=\"elementor elementor-200675 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, maitasunaren, gerraren eta erregetzaren feniziar jainkosa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (feniziarraz <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) feniziar panteoiaren emakume <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten barruan jainkotzat gurtatzen den izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">jainkotasunik<\/span> garrantzitsuena da, eta Sidon, Tiro, Biblos, Kition hiribaraen eta feniziar Mediterraneo osoan agertzen da. Maitasunaren, gerraren, erregetzaren eta emankortasunaren jainkosa da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradizio feniziarreko jainkosa.\">Jainkosa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/fenizarrak-kartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradizio feniziarraren mitologia.\">Feniziarra<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Goi mailako jainkotasuna.\">Goi mailako jainkotasuna<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tAurkibidea\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202515\" alt=\"Astarte Fenizioa - Fenizieraren-tradizioko jainkoak, historiko-ilustratiboa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sailkapena eta profil laburra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (akkadieraz I\u0161tar, ugaritieraz \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) Ekialde Hurbileko jainkosarik zaharrenetako baten forma feniziarra da. Sabatino Moscatik <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> lanean (1966) erakutsi zuen Astartek ia hiri-estatu feniziar guztietan lekua zentrala zuela, sarritan tokiko jainko nagusiaren emazte gisa.<\/p><p>Sidonen Eshmunen emaztea da; Tiron <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/melqart-tiroko-hiri-jainkoa\/\">Melqart<\/a>-ekin batera agertzen da; Biblosen Baalat-ekin batera. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/fenizarrak-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">Tradizio feniziarraren<\/a> barruan, jainkosarik garrantzitsuena da, alde handiz.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnetek <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> lanean (1996) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten barruan jainkotzat gurtzen den izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">jainkosa<\/span> honi buruzko monografiarik osoena aurkeztu du. Bertan erakusten du Astartek funtzio-profil oso zabala zuela: maitasun eta sexu-jainkosa, gerra-jainkosa, errege babesleen jainkosa, itsasgizonen babeslea, sendabide-jainkosa eta, testuinguru batzuetan, azpiko munduarekin lotutako funtzioa. Anitz-funtzionaltasun hori ohikoa da \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar familiako jainkosa antzinako ekialdeko jainkosengan.<\/p><p>Erlijio-historiaren aldetik, Astarte jainkosa-mota mendebaldeko semitikoen barruan sailkatzen da, A\u1e6ftart tradizio siriar-amoritar zaharretik garatua. K.a. I. milurtekoan Afrodita greziarrarekin identifikatu zuten; Zipreko Afrodita-tradizioa zuzenean feniziar Astartetik dator, Herodotok berak ohartarazi zuen bezala.<\/p><p>Hiri-espezifikazio garrantzitsu bat &#8216;Libanoko Astarte&#8217; da, hainbat inskripziotan aipatua; ziurrenik Beiruteko Astarterekin identifikatua zen. &#8216;Itsasoko Astarte&#8217; ere agertzen da Tiron. Hipostasi-aniztasun hori feniziar erlijioaren berezko ezaugarria da, eta Astarte panteoiko jainkosarik bereizituenean bihurtzen du.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio edo kultura bateko jainko guztien multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteoi<\/span> feniziarrean Astartek duen lekua hetitar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/arinna-eguzki-jainkosa\/\">Arinnako Eguzki-jainkosarekin<\/a> edo <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/hebat-hurritarren-jainkosa-nagusia\/\">Hebat<\/a>-ekin, inperioko jainkosa emakumezko nagusi gisa, alderatu daiteke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izena eta etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u02bf\u0161trt (Astarte) izena mendebaldeko semitikoa da eta <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em> erroari dagokio, \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) eta I\u0161tar (Mesopotamia) izenen oinarrian ere agertzen dena. Etimologia ez dago erabat argituta; interpretazio sinesgarri batek erroa &#8216;izar&#8217; kontzeptuarekin lotzen du, eta Astarte &#8216;izar-jainkosa&#8217; gisa ikusten du, ziurrenik goizeko izarrari (Artizarrari) erreferentzia eginez.<\/p><p>Inskripzio feniziarretan <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em> gisa agertzen da, testu punikoetan ere bai. Forma helenistiko garrantzitsu bat <em>A\u0161tart<\/em> da, arameoaren bokal-aldaketarekin.<\/p><p>Akkadieraz I\u0161tarrekin identifikatzen da; mundu helenistikoan Afroditarekin edo Herarekin (funtzio nagusiaren arabera); Egipton Erresuma Berritik aurrera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten barruan jainkotzat gurtzen den izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">jainkosa<\/span> inportatu eta bereizi gisa agertzen da, Astarte izenez. Han ere bere izaera mendebaldeko semitikoa mantentzen du.<\/p><p>Afrodita Urania greziarra zuzenean Astarte feniziarrari dagokio; Herodotok bere gurtza Feniziatik Ziprera eta handik Greziara zabaldu zela dio. Ondorengotza-lerro horrek Astarte Mediterraneoko itsasertzeko erlijio-historian eraginik handienetako jainkosetako bat bihurtzen du.<\/p><p>Testu batzuetan &#8216;Zeruko Anderea&#8217; edo &#8216;Zeruaren Erregina&#8217; izenez ere aipatzen da, titulu hori Bibliako Jeremias liburuan ere agertzen da (Jer 7,18; 44,17, 19) eta bertan modu kritikoan iruzkintzen da. &#8216;Zeruaren Erregina&#8217; tradizio hori Saby Cavesek erlijio-historiaren ikuspegitik aztertu du, eta erlijio kanaandar eta bibliarraren arteko lotura garrantzitsua adierazten du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deskribapena eta ikonografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte ikonografia feniziarrean hainbat irudi-motatan agertzen da: jainkosa biluzi zutik (Astarte-plaka posea), errege koroatua tronuan Polos koroarekin, gerra jainkosa lantza eta ezkutuarekin, lehoi gainean zaldi gisa edo zerutar erregina izar-markoarekin. Irudi-aniztasun horrek bere funtzio anizkoiztasuna islatzen du.<\/p><p>Bere animalia sakratua lehoia edo emelehoia da; Sidonen eta Kartagon askotan lehoi gainean tronuan edo hari gainean gainean agertzen da. Usoa ere berari egokitzen zaio, bereziki zipretar eta mediterraneoko testuinguruetan; Afrodite-usoak zuzeneko oinordetza dira feniziar Astartetik. Beste animalia-lotura bat sugea da, bere alde ktonioa adierazten duena.<\/p><p>Mendebaldeko mediterraneoko koloniatan, bereziki Tartessosen (Espainia), Astarte oso intentsuki gurtatu zen; K.a. 7. mendeko &#8216;Carambolon Astarte&#8217; brontzezko irudi ospetsuak tronuan jainkosa erakusten du eskaintza-inskripzio feniziarrarekin. Sevillan, C\u00e1dizen eta beste kokaleku batzuetan ere Astarte irudi txikiak aurkitu dira, bere gurtzaren presentzia intentsua dokumentatzen dutenak.<\/p><p>Kitionen (Zipre) Astarte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun bat edo gehiago gurtatzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenplu<\/span> erraldoi bat aurkitu zen, Burdin Aroko Mediterraneoko santutegi handienetakoa. Vassos Karageorghisen zuzendaritzapean eta duela gutxi Maria Iacovouren zuzendaritzapean egindako induskeitek feniziar gurtzaren Zipreko irudia nabarmen zabaldu dute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kondaira mitologikoak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Testu ugariterretan (KTU 1.92 eta beste batzuk) Astarte ehiza-jainkosa gisa agertzen da, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/baal-hadad-feniziar-euri-jainkoa\/\">Baalen<\/a> laguntzailea; hala ere, Baal zikloan bere ahizpa <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/anat-feniziar-gerra-jainkosa\/\">Anaten<\/a> baino paper txikiagoa du. Feniziar mitologiaren zatietan, batez ere Bybloseko Filonek idatzitakoetan (Eusebiok aipatuta), erregina gisa agertzen da, zezenarekin Tiro hirira bidaiatzen duena eta bertan errege-tronua hartzen duena.<\/p><p>Filonek dio Astartek &#8216;zezen-buru bat aurkitu&#8217; zuela eta bere buruan jarri zuela, horrela bere jainkotasuna baieztatuz. Kontakizun horrek egiptoar Hathor tradizioa eta mesopotamiar Inanna-Anu istorioa gogorarazten ditu. Albert Baumgartenek <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981) lanean material hori kritikoki editatu zuen.<\/p><p>Testu helenistikoetan Astarte Europa kontakizunarekin lotzen da: Europa, Tiroko Agenor erregearen alaba, Zeusek zezen-itxuran Kretara eraman zuen. Lotura hori historikoki nabarmena da: Astarte Europaren ama da eta, aldi berean, honen jainkozko oinarria. Europa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainkoen kontakizun tradizionalen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> horrela sintesi helenio-feniziar bat da.<\/p><p>Kartagoko garaitik, Astarteren eta Dido heroina-irudiaren arteko lotura bat iritsi zaigu; Dido erregina, Kartagoren sortzailea, erromatar iturri batzuetan Astarteren &#8216;apaiz-inkarnazio&#8217; gisa interpretatzen da. Identifikazio hori erlijio-historiaren aldetik oso adierazgarria da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultua eta gurtza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarteren kultu-zentro nagusiak Sidon izan ziren (Astarteren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bat edo gehiago gurtzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenplua<\/span>, Eshmunazar II.ak eraikia), Tiro, Byblos (Baalatekin), Kition (Zipre, non Astarteren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bat edo gehiago gurtzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenplu<\/span> erraldoi batek uhartea menderatzen zuen), Kartago eta Mediterraneoko koloniak. Maria Eugenia Aubetek <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) lanean hedapen mediterraneo hori dokumentatu du.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko edo izaki sakratu baten aldeko gurtza-ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kultuak<\/span> erre-opariak, edari-opariak eta &#8216;dantza-jai sakratua&#8217; izenekoa hartzen zituen, azken hori zenbait iturri feniziarretan aipatzen da.<\/p><p>Zeregin berezia zuten <em>qedeshim<\/em> eta <em>qedeshot<\/em>ek, sagaratutako gizon eta emakumeek, zeinen zeregin zehatza ikertzaileen artean eztabaidatzen den; Annie Caubetek, Corinne Bonnetek eta Stephanie Budinek &#8216;tenpluko prostituzio&#8217; gisako interpretazio zaharraren aurka egin dute, nahiz eta auzia erabat argitu gabe dagoen.<\/p><p>Garai helenistikoan Astarte Aphroditerekin identifikatu zen; Zipreko Pafosko Aphroditeren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun bati eskainitako leku sakratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">santutegi<\/span> ospetsua historikoki Astarteren gurtza feniziarraren jarraipen zuzena da. Korinton, Erizen (Sizilia) eta beste hainbat guneetan ere Astarteren tradizio feniziarra izen greziarrez jarraitu zen.<\/p><p>Kartagon Astarte gero eta gehiago <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/tanit-kartagoko-jainkosa\/\">Tanit<\/a>ek ordezkatu zuen, guztiz desagertu gabe; Tofet-inskripzioetan bi jainkosak batera agertzen dira noizean behin. Bi jainkosa nagusiren arteko lehia hori erlijio puniar-aren ezaugarri adierazgarrienetako bat da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Babes-praktika eta babes magikoa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte errege-familien, haurdunen, itsasgizonen eta gizon guduzaleen jainkosa babeslea zen. Sidonen errege-zigiluetan agertzen da errege-etxearen babesle gisa; Eshmunazar II. erregearen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Euskarri finko batean grabatutako edo zizelkatutako testua.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskripzio<\/span> ospetsuak (K.a. V. mendea) Eshmunekin batera aipatzen du jainkosa babesle nagusi gisa.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zorigaitza uxatzen duena: eragin kaltegarriak urrundu nahi dituzten zeinu eta objektuei buruz.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaikoki<\/span>, Astarte figurak etxeetan jartzen ziren; &#8216;Astarte plaka&#8217; izenekoak, emakume biluziaren terrakotazko errelieve txikiak, milaka aleetan ezagutzen dira gune feniziarretan. Babesa, emankortasun-eskaria eta etxe-babesa emateko balio zutela pentsatzen da. Plaka horien zeregina ikertzaileen artean eztabaidagai da; hala ere, haien ugaritasuna Astarteren gurtza etxekoaren indarraren adierazlea da.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Feniziar bidaia-erritualetan Astarte itsasoko babesle gisa deitzen zuten; kapitainek eta merkatariek opariak eskaintzen zizkioten itsas bidaien aurretik eta ondoren. &#8216;Bidaia-debozio&#8217; hori erlijio-historiaren ikuspegitik interesgarria da, munduaren feniziarraren nazioarteko mugikortasuna erlijio-esparruan zuzenean kokatzen duelako. iWell Guardek Astarte figura historiko gisa jasotzen du, sendatze-agindu garaikiderik aipatu gabe.<\/p><p>K.a. VII. eta VI. mendeetako feniziar eskarabeo-zigiluek maiz Astarte-motiboak erakusten dituzte: jainkosa biluzia zutik, Astarte lehoi baten gainean, Astarte lotus-lorearekin. Zigilu txiki horiek babes-amulet pertsonal gisa eramaten ziren eta oso zabalduta zeuden mundu feniziarrean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antzekotasunak beste kultura batzuetan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar familia handi mendebaldeko-semitikoa eta mesopotamiarrari dagokio. Estu lotuta dago ugaritiar \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu-rekin, mesopotamiar I\u0161tar-ekin, aramea ertaineko Atargatis-ekin (garapen propioarekin), hurritar \u0160au\u0161ga-rekin eta hetear \u0160amu\u1e2ba-ko I\u0161tar-ekin. Akkadieraz, Uruk-eko I\u0161tar-en multifuntzionaltasuna bereziki ondo dokumentatuta dago.<\/p><p>Erlijio-historiaren ikuspegitik, Astarte greziar Aphrodite-rekin identikoa da; Zipreko Aphrodite fenizieraz Astarteren ondorengo zuzena da. Greziar Hera, Athene eta, zenbait alderditan, Artemis-ek ere Astarteren ondarea dute. Kartagon, gero eta gehiago nahasten da <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/tanit-kartagoko-jainkosa\/\">Tanit<\/a>-ekin, honek bere funtzio propioa garatzen duen bitartean.<\/p><p>Material hebreeraz, Astarte Ashtoreth gisa agertzen da, era polemiko negatiboan (1 Errege 11,5; 2 Errege 23,13). Polemika hori kanaandar erlijioaren aurka zuzenduta dago, bere forma feniziarrean.<\/p><p>Zientifikoki, Astarte antzinako Israelentzat tradizio kanaandar berekoa den jainko lehiakidea da; Bibliako anti-a\u0161tartismoa hurbiltasun erlijioso errealari erantzuten dion erreakzio teologikoa da. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/hetear-anatoliar-tarhunna-babes-praktika\/\">Hetear<\/a> paralelismoak \u0160amu\u1e2ba-ko \u0160au\u0161ga-n aurkitzen dira.<\/p><p>Astarte = Aphrodite identifikazioa ez da historikoki ausazkoa; Pausaniasek eta beste <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Greziar eta erromatar kulturaren aroa, K.a. 800 inguru eta K.o. 600 inguru bitartean\" tabindex=\"0\">antzinako<\/span> autore batzuek greziar Aphroditeren jatorri feniziarra egiaztatzen dute. Walter Burkerten <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> lanaren eta Vinciane Pirenne-Delforgeren ikerketak dira gai honetan erreferentzia estandarra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gaur egungo harrera eta ikerketa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarteren ikerketa gaur egun oso maila altukoa da. Corinne Bonneten <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) monografia erreferentzia estandarra da; Stephanie Budinen <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) lanak Aphrodite-rekiko lotura kritikoki aztertzen du. Sabatino Moscati eta Maria Eugenia Aubet erreferentzia dira mediterraneoko hedapenari dagokionez. Charles Krahmalkoven eta Wolfgang R\u00f6lligen inskripzio feniziarren edizioak testu iturriak eskaintzen ditu.<\/p><p>Errezepzio herrikoian, Astarte batez ere bere Aphrodite-rekiko identifikazioaren eta Bibliako polemikaren bidez ezagutzen da. Berpizkunde espiritual neopagano bat, batez ere talde feminista eta neopaganoetan 1980ko hamarkadatik aurrera, Astarte &#8216;Ama Jainkosa&#8217; gisa jaso du; errezepzio moderno hori erlijio-historiaren ikuspegitik problematikoa da, profil historikoa sinplifikatzen duelako.<\/p><p>Zientifikoki, Astarte gaur egun mendebaldeko erlijio semitikoaren ikerketa-objektu garrantzitsuenetakoa da. Ikerketa-lerro nagusiak lokaleko Astarte hipostasi ezberdinen bereizketan daude (Sidoneko, Tiroko, Bibloseko eta Kitioneko Astarte), Aphrodite tradizioarekiko loturan, eta Astarteren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko edo irudi sakratu bati eskainitako gurtza-ekintza guztien multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuko<\/span> <em>qedeshot<\/em>-en gaian. iWell Guard-ek Astarte gaur egungo babes-hartzaile gisa ez, baizik eta funtsezko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio edo kultura bateko jainko guztien multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteoi<\/span>-kide gisa jasotzen du.<\/p><p>Espainiako (Sevilla, C\u00e1diz) eta Marokoko (Lixus) gune feniziarretan aurkitutako arkeologia-aurkikuntza berriek nabarmen zabaltzen dute bere mendebaldeko gurtzaren irudia. Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Deamosek eta Manuela Mar\u00ednek azken urteotan froga garrantzitsu berriak argitaratu dituzte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura eta iturriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ondorengo hautaketak Astarteren ikerketari buruzko lan estandar garrantzitsuenak biltzen ditu. Monografiak, inskripzio-edizioak eta sintesi historikoak barne hartzen ditu. Corinne Bonneten <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> lehen sarrera da; Budinen Aphrodite azterketak lerro greziarra aztertzen du; Aubet-ek mediterraneoko hedapena. Krahmalkoven fenizio-punikoaren gramatikak material hizkuntza-historikoa eskaintzen du; Moscatiren sintesi klasikoak testuinguru kultura-historikoa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte Eschmunazarren sarkofagoan eta Sidoneko errege-inskripzioetan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarteri buruzko iturri epigrafiko garrantzitsuenetako bat Sidoneko Eschmunazar II. erregearen sarkofagoan dagoen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Euskarri finko batean grabatutako edo zizelkatutako testua.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskripzioa<\/span> da, K.a. 5. mendearen hasieran datatua. Sarkofagoa bera egiptoar jatorrikoa da eta 1855ean aurkitu zen; gaur egun Louvre museoan dago. Fenizio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Euskarri finko batean grabatutako edo zizelkatutako testua.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskripzioa<\/span> hizkuntza honetan gorde diren testu luzeenetako bat da.<\/p><p>Bertan, errege-etxeak Astarterentzat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bat edo gehiago gurtzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenplu<\/span> bat eraiki zuela adierazten du. <em>Astarte Schem Baal<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bati eskainitako leku sakratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">santutegia<\/span> aipatzen da, Astarte, Baalen izena, esapide bat inskripzio punikoetako Tanit pene Baal-etik hurbil dagoena eta jainkosa eta jainkoaren arteko lotura teologiko bat adierazten duena.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Euskarri finko batean grabatutako edo zizelkatutako testua.\" tabindex=\"0\">Inskripzioak<\/span> Eschmun jainkoa ere aipatzen du, eta horrela Sidongo errege-dinastiaren programa erlijiosoa agerian uzten du.<\/p><p>Bigarren iturri funtsezko bat Bodaschtart erregearen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Euskarri finko batean grabatutako edo zizelkatutako testua.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskripzioa<\/span> da, hau ere Sidonekoa, eta hau ere Astarte eta Eschmunentzako eraikuntza-lanei buruz hitz egiten du. Testu hauetatik ondorioztatzen da Astarte Sidongo jainkosa nagusia zela eta hiriaren kultua estu lotuta zegoela errege-etxearen legitimazioarekin.<\/p><p>Errege-inskripzio feniziarrak hain baliotsuak dira, Ugariteko testu mitologikoetatik ezberdin, zuzenean fenizio lurraldetik eta gurtza errealetik datozelako.<\/p><p>Astarte ez dute pertsonaia narratibo gisa erakusten, baizik eta tenplu, dohaintza eta errege-gurtzaren hartzaile gisa. Testu hauen edizioak inskripzio feniziarren bilduma estandarretan aurki daitezke, esaterako Herbert Donner eta Wolfgang R\u00f6llig-en lanetan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Aphrodite eta jainkosaren itzulpen greziarra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Feniziarrek Mediterraneo osoan zehar harremanetan egon ziren grekoek, Astarte beren maitasun eta edertasunaren jainkosarekin, Afroditerekin, parekatu zuten. Baliokidetza hori itzulpen soila baino gehiago da.<\/p><p>Herodotok Askalonen zerulinako Afroditeren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun bati eskainitako leku sakratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">santutegi<\/span> bat aipatzen du eta jainkosa horren santutegi guztien artean zaharrena dela dio, Zipreko santutegia bera hartatik jaitsi zela. Horrela, Afroditeren jatorria esplizituki eremu siriar-feniziarrean kokatzen du.<\/p><p>Zipre gakoa da istorio honetan. Uhartea feniziarrek goiz kolonizatu zuten, bereziki Kition hiria, eta grekoek Afrodite gisa gurtzen zuten zipretar jainkosaren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo figura sakratu baterako gurtza ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuak<\/span> Astarteren aztarna nabariak ditu.<\/p><p>Zipreko Pafoseko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun bati eskainitako leku sakratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">santutegian<\/span> jainkosaren irudia harri konikoaren forman gurtzen zuten, greziar kultu-ulermenari baino Asia Txikiko usadioari gehiago dagokion <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Komunitate batean aldizka errepikatzen den ohitura transmititua.\" tabindex=\"0\">ohitura<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ikerketak eztabaidatzen du zenbateraino den Afrodite jatorriz greziar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio bateko jainkotzat gurtzen den izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">jainkotasuna<\/span> ala fenizieraren Astarteren bereganatzetik funtsean sortu zen. Walter Burkertek greziar erlijioan ekialdeko eraginari buruzko bere lanetan lotura hori indartsu azpimarratu du. Beste ikertzaile batzuek indoeuropar goizaldi-jainkosa baten eta Asia Txikiko elementuen nahasketa ikusten dute.<\/p><p>Ziurra da Astarte eta Afrodite mendetan zehar ahaidetzat sentitzen zen jainkosa bakar baten bi izen bezala tratatu izan direla. Astarterentzat horrek esan nahi du bere eraginaren historia feniziar hirietatik askoz haratago doala eta greziar erlijioan, gero erromatarrean, jarraitzen duela.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte eta Aschtoret Biblia hebrearrean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte Biblia hebrearrean <em>Aschtoret<\/em> forman agertzen da, plural gisa <em>Aschtarot<\/em>. Izen horren bokalizazioa ikerketaren aburuz nahita eginiko desitxuratzea da: masoreta jakintsuek jatorrizko bokalak lotsaren hebreerazko hitzaren bokalez ordezkatu omen zituzten, beste atzerriko jainkotasunekin ere susmatzen den prozedura.<\/p><p>Testu bibliarrek Aschtoret hainbat pasartetan aipatzen dute. Erregeen lehen liburuan sidoniarren jainkosa gisa aipatzen da, eta Salomon erregeak bere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo figura sakratu baterako gurtza ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultua<\/span> onartu omen zuen.<\/p><p>Askotan pluralean agertzen da Baalimen, Baal figuren, ondoan, testu bibliarren egileek polemikaz hitz egiten dieten atzerriko kultuen sinbolo gisa. Epaien liburuak eta Samuelen liburuek herriak Baalei eta Astarteei zerbitzatu ziela adierazten duten esapideak erabiltzen dituzte.<\/p><p>Aipamen horiek erlijio-historiaren aldetik bi arrazoirengatik dira garrantzitsuak. Lehenik, kanpotik baieztatzen dute Astarte benetan Sidoneko jainkosa nagusia zela, feniziar errege-inskripzioek beren ikuspegitik dioten bezala. Bigarrenik, erakusten dute Astarteren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo figura sakratu baterako gurtza ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultua<\/span> Israel eta Judako biztanleengan ere hedatuta zegoela, bestela profetek egindako polemikak ez luke helbururik izango.<\/p><p>Biblia hemen iturri etsai bat da, baina hain zuzen horregatik oso argigarria. Ez du Astarteren gurtzaileen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten jainko eta sinesmenei buruzko irakaskuntza zientifikoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> transmititzen, baina bai zeharkako froga bat, hots, haien <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo figura sakratu baterako gurtza ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultua<\/span> mendetan zehar erlijio-lehiakide gisa sentitzeko nahikoa bizirik zegoela.<\/p><p>Aschtoretek Biblian aipatutako Ascherarekin duen harremana ikertzaileen artean oraindik eztabaidagai da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (aukeraketa)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rom 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Feniziar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkoen, jatorrien eta munduaren ordenaren inguruko transmititutako narrazio bat.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitoan<\/span> Astartek maitasuna, gerra eta erregetza lotzen ditu; bere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo figura sakratu baterako gurtza ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultua<\/span> Sidon eta Tirotik Kartagoraino zabaltzen da eta geroago Afrodite eta Hera helenistikoen identifikazioak baldintzatzen ditu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Erlazionatutako gako-hitzak: Astarte Feniziarrak Jainkosa Maitasuna Gerra I\u0161tar Afrodite Sidon Tiro.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard eta babes-tradizioak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard-ek gorputzean eramaten diren babes-objektuen tradizio kulturhistorikoari lotzen zaio, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/fenizarrak-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">Feniziar<\/a> tradizioaren eta munduko beste hainbat kulturaren bidean. 41 geruza, urre garbia, platinoa, zilarra, Alemanian egina. 30 eguneko itzultze-eskubidea.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">iWell Guard-i buruz gehiago<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">iWell Guard-i buruz gehiago<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Esperientzia pertsonalak desberdinak izan daitezke. Ez da produktu mediko bat. Ez da sendatze-agindurik.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>ez da produktu medikorik<\/strong> eta ez du ordezkatzen medikuen edo psikoterapeuten tratamendurik. 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