{"id":200473,"date":"2026-09-07T14:09:22","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:09:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200473"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200473\" class=\"elementor elementor-200473 elementor-1997 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, tradizio hinduistako jainkoa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama tradizio hinduistako jainkoa da.<\/p><p><strong>Lehen hilkorra, arimen heriotza-jainkoa eta epailea.<\/strong> Yama indiar jainkotasunik zaharrenetakoa da, ez gaiztoa, baizik eta heriotza bera bezain saihestezina. Hil zen lehen gizakia izanik, beste-munduaren jaun bihurtu zen, *Yamadharma*, heriotzaren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduismoan betebeharra eta kosmiko ordena; budismoan Budaren irakaspena.\">Dharma<\/span>.<\/p><p>Bere makila (*Danda*) eta *Nandi* bufalo leialarekin, Yamak mundua zeharkatzen du, hiltzear dauden arimak biltzen ditu eta epaiketara eramaten ditu. Hinduismoan ez da <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Efektu kaltegarri edo anbiguoa egotzi ohi zaion izaki espirituala.\" tabindex=\"0\">deabru<\/span>, kosmiko ordenaren beharrezko indarra baizik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkoa \/ Jainkosa: kultura bateko panteoian botere gorenaren pertsonifikazioa, zeregin argiekin, natur indarrak, patua, gerra, emankortasuna. Kultuen, opariren eta tenplu-erakundeen bidez gurtua.\">Jainkoa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/hinduismoa\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko, asura eta babes-mundu hinduistak, vedikotik tantrikora.\">Hinduismoa<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/heriotza-jainkoak\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Azpiko munduaren eta heriotzaren jainkoak, hildakoen erreinuko agintariak, hildakoen epaileak, arimen gidariak.\">Hildakoen jainkotasuna<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 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512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202676\" alt=\"Yama \u2013 Hinduismo tradizioko jainkoak, ilustrazio historikoa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikuspegi orokorra: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mota:<\/strong> Hindu-budista jainko nagusia, hilen epailea eta azpi-munduaren jauna<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio edo kultura bateko jainko guztien multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteoia<\/span>: Hinduismoa, Budismoa (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Funtzioa: Heriotza bizi izan zuen lehen hilkorra; orain hilen guztien epailea, Narakaren jauna<br>Ezaugarri nagusiak: Bufalo beltza zaldi gisa, makila (Danda), lazoa (Pasha), Hilen Liburua<br>Kultu-gune nagusiak: Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bat edo gehiago gurtzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenplua<\/span> Tamil Nadun, tibetar monasterioak (Cham dantza), Japonia (Enma-O)<br>Identifikazio budista: Yamaraja (Tibetenean ere), Enma-O (Japonia), Yeomra (Korea)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kokapena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuen garaia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama <em>Rigveda<\/em>n (K.a. 1200\u2013900) lehen hilkortzat agertzen da, hilen munduraino lehen bidea egin eta han agintzen duena. Ondorengo tradizio epikoan (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>) hilen epaile zorrotz bihurtzen da.<\/p><p>Budismoak <em>Yamaraja<\/em> gisa hartu zuen, infernu-kosmos zabalduagoarekin. Tibeten K.o. VIII. mendetik Yama-Dharmaraja gisa panteoi haserretuetan. Asia ekialdean Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo izenez, egokitzapen lokalekin bakoitza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedapen-eremua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indian Yamari eskainitako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bat edo gehiago gurtzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenpluak<\/span> urriak dira, hilen epaileari beldur zaio, ez du kultu-jarraitzaile handirik. Garrantzitsuenak: Yamadharma-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bat edo gehiago gurtzeko eraikina.\" tabindex=\"0\">tenplua<\/span> Tamil Nadun, Yama-Mandirrak Nepalen. Tibeten funtsezkoa da Gelug monasterioetako Cham dantza-emanaldietan (bereziki Drepung, Gand\u00e4n, Sera). Japonian budista hilerri guztietan Enma-O estatua bat dago. Korean: Yeomra Mu-sok tradizio shamanikoan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturri-egoera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iturri nagusiak: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14\u201318 (Yama lehen hildakoa gisa), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (I. liburua, Sabha-Parva: Yama-Sabh\u00e2ren deskribapena), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (infernuen deskribapenak). Budista: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, tibetar <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em>. Bibliografia osagarria: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama gizon azal-berde edo gorrixka gisa irudikatzen da, sarritan armadura erregetiar batekin. Makila bat darama (<em>Danda<\/em>), zigor eta ordenaren ezaugarria, eta askotan lazo bat (<em>Pasha<\/em>), arimak lotzeko.<\/p><p>Bere bufaloa, <em>Nandi<\/em>, animalia garrantzitsuena da; batzuetan zaldiz ere ibiltzen da edo bizidunen artean nahasten da. Ikonografia berantiarragoko testuetan aurpegi berde edo gris-beltzarana du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deskribapena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama zalantzarik gabeko epailea da. Ez zaio inolako iruzurrik ezkutatzen. Bizitza amaitzen denean, Yama bere burua agertzen da, edo bere bidalia Chitraguptak kontuak eramaten ditu arima biltzeko. Ondoren arima <em>Yamaloka<\/em>ra eramaten da, non bere ekintzak (<em>Karma<\/em>) neurtzen diren.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduismoan, budismoan eta jainismoan ekintza-ondorio legea: ekintza bakoitzak hurrengo existentzietan eragina du.\">Karma<\/span>ren arabera, zigorra (<em>Naraka<\/em>) edo saria (<em>Swarga<\/em>) jasotzen da hurrengo jaiotza baino lehen. Hildakoentzako erritualek (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) Yama baretu eta arimak hurrengo bizitzara azkarrago eramateko balio dute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaren alderdi garrantzitsuenak ikuspegi batean. Ondorengo eremuek jatorria, funtzioa, itxura, gurtza, sinboloak eta parekotasunak laburbiltzen dituzte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaren jatorria<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Vivasvat (Surya) eguzki-jainkoaren eta Saranyuren semea da, Yamiren bikia. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkoen, jatorrien eta munduaren ordenaren inguruko kontakizun tradizionala.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mito<\/span> zaharrenean heriotza aurkitzen duen lehen gizakia, hortaz hilen munduraino lehen bidea egin eta orain han agintzen duena.<\/p><p>Ondorengo tradizioetan Dhumorna emaztearekin ezkonduta, bide-zaindari gisa bi txakur eme ditu (Sararen ondorengoak). Bere etxea hegoaldean dago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaren xede-taldea<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lehen hildakoa, hortaz hilen erregea. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (betebeharraren errege), epailea, hildako bakoitzaren karmaren arabera erabakitzen duena. 21 infernuen (Naraka) eta zeruko sarien administratzailea. Budismoan formalki lege kosmikoaren (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio indiarretan, jokabidearen irakaspena eta ordena zuzena.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>) zaindaria, ekintza-ondorio logikari dagokionez. Tibeten jainko haserretu gisa eskola-tradizioaren babeslea ere da negatiboaren aurka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaren itxura<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradizio hinduistan: azal ilun (berde-urdin-beltzeko) itxura apainduraz jantzia, eskuan <em>Danda<\/em> (epaiketaren makila) eta <em>Pasha<\/em> (lazoa, arimak harrapatzeko), bufalo beltz baten gainean zaldiz.<\/p><p>Jantzi gorria. Tibeten <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> gisa: bufalo-burua, hiru begi, aureola gartsua, hezur-apainduak, ile-koroa kiribildua, burezur-kopa eta ezpata bat dauzka eskuetan. Yami bere ahizparekin eta zerbitzari-armada batekin lagunduta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jarduera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Eragin-eremua:<\/strong> Indian Yamari zuzenean gutxitan eskatzen zaio babesa, Zorrotza denez beldurgarritzat jotzen dute. Hildakoen erritoetan, ordea, funtsezkoa da, senideek zenduarentzako tratu bigunaren alde erregutzen dute.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetar budismoan bi existentzien arteko trantsizio-egoera; Bardo Th\u00f6dolek heriotzaren ondorengo fasea deskribatzen du.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodolean (Tibetar Hilen Liburua) zendua aztertzen duen irudi gisa agertzen zaio, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetar budismoan bi existentzien arteko trantsizio-egoera; Bardo Th\u00f6dolek heriotzaren ondorengo fasea deskribatzen du.\">Bardo<\/span> egoeran. Japonian, Enma-O da budismo herrikoiaren hilen erritoen ardatz-figura, eta hilerri guztietan nagusi da. Tibetar Cham dantzetan, maskara beldurgarridun figura gisa agertzen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Babeserako baliabideak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bufalo beltza (zaldiontzia), Danda (makila), Pasha (uhala), Hilen liburua, Karmaren ispilua (Karma-Darpana), Garezur-kopa (tibetarra), Bufalo-burua (tibetarra), aureola sugarra, hirugarren begia. Landareak: asfodelo beltza. Norabide sakratua: hegoaldea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antzekoak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (budismoa), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japonia), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Txina, Hamar Infernu-erregeetako lehena), <em>Hades<\/em> (Grezia, azpimundu-erregea), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Erroma), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egipto, hilen laguntza + hilen epaile), <em>Hel<\/em> (germaniar, azpimunduaren jaun-andrea), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (azteka). Erro indoeuropar berbera Yama-Yima-Yumis multzoan aitortzen da (Yama vedikoa, Yima avestikoa, Yumis baltikoa).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Babes-praktika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gurtzarako erritualak<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama etxeko erritu vedikoetan gurtzen da opariren bidez (Havis), esnea, gurina, garia arbasoen oroimen-jaietan (Pinda-Daan). Rigveda 10.14ak heriotza duinerako gurtza-formulak jasotzen ditu. Hinduen hileta-erritualean, Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduismoan eta budismoan errepikatzen den silaba edo formula sakratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> bat esaten da errautsketaren aurretik. Gaur egungo praktika: hil-ohearen ondoko meditazioak edo arbasoen oroimen-jaiak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"India-erlijioetan, jokabidearen doktrina eta ordena zuzena.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>ren errege ohoratzeko.<\/p><p><strong>Otoitzak eta deiak<\/strong><\/p><p>Rigveda 10.14.1-2ko Yama-deialdi klasikoa: \u00abYame pathivratah &#8230; \u00bb, \u00abYamarekin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"India-erlijioetan, jokabidearen doktrina eta ordena zuzena.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>ren zentzuan ibiliz &#8230;\u00bb. Heriotza-beldurra gainditzeko mantrak Katha-Upanishaden aurkitzen dira (Nachiketaren elkarrizketa Yamarekin). Tibetar tantrismoak Yamantaka (Yamaren gainditzea) txertatzen du gainditze osoaren deialdietan.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletoak eta babes-sinboloak<\/strong><\/p><p>Yamaren sinboloak gutxitan agertzen dira <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Babes-indarra edo zorigaitza uxatzeko ahalmena egotzi zaion soineko objektua.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuletoa<\/span> gisa, lotura kontzeptuala baita nagusi. Egiptoko eskarabeo historikoek, Anubis hilen jainkoarekiko Yamaren antzekotasunak dituztenak, kultura-gainjartzea erakusten dute. Yamaren gurtzaren arkeologia-frogak testu erritual vedikoetan eta K.a. III. mendeko Indiako tenpluetako inskripzioetan aurkitzen dira, ez objektu-amuleto gisa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, beste kulturetako parekotasunak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama grekoen Hadesen, erromatarren Dis Paterren eta Egiptoko Osirisen antzekoa da, azpimunduko eta epaiketako jainko guztiak bezala.<\/p><p>Chitragupta, bere kontulariarekin, Yamak kristauen San Pedro eta arimen liburua gogorarazten du. Baina mendebaldeko heriotza-jainkoetatik ezberdin, Yama ez da aurkari gaiztoa, kosmiko funtzionario bat baizik, haren epaia zuzena eta saihestezina baita.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lehen hilkorraren mitoa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indiako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi jakintza eta kondairak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradizioaren<\/span> geruza zaharrenak Yama ez du zigortzaile-epaile gisa ezagutzen, hildako lehen gizakia baizik. <em>Rigveda<\/em>ren hamargarren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduismoan eta budismoan kosmosa irudikatzen duen diagrama zirkularra.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>k ideia hori jasotzen duten hainbat hitzaldi biltzen ditu.<\/p><p><em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14an, Yama deitzen zaio bestearekiko munduaren bidea lehenengoz aurkitu zuena eta, horrela, ondorengo guztientzat ireki zuena. Han, Vivasvant eguzki-jainkoaren semea dela esaten da, eta beraz, gizateriarekin ahaidetuta dagoela.<\/p><p>Bereziki eztabaidatua den hitzaldi bat da <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10a, Yamaren eta bere bikizko ahizpa Yamiren arteko elkarrizketa. Yamik Yama batasunera bultzatzen du, gizateriak iraun dezan, eta Yamak ezetz esaten dio, ahaide arteko intzestuaren debekua eta jainko zainduak aipatuz.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ikerketak, esaterako Stephanie Jamison eta Joel Breretonek 2014ko Rigveda itzulpenean, hitzaldi hau baimendutako ahaidetasun-harremanen mugei buruzko hausnarketa gisa irakurtzen dute, ez gizateriaren jatorriaren azalpen mitiko gisa.<\/span><\/p><p>Nabarmentzekoa da antzinako iraniar Yimarekiko hurbiltasun linguistikoa, <em>Avesta<\/em>n ere lehen errege eta lurpeko babesleku baten jaun gisa agertzen dena. Bi izenak erro indoiraniar berberetik datoz, bikia esan nahi duenetik.<\/p><p>Indoeuropar konparatiboak, besteak beste Bruce Lincolnen lanetan, hor sorkuntza- eta heriotza-mito komun baten hondarra ikusi du, non lehen gizakia aldi berean lehen hildakoa eta arbasoen agintaria bihurtzen den.<\/p><p>Epikoen eta Puranen Yama geroagokoa, infernuen eta egintzen kontabilitatearen jaun dena, hasierako irudi horren garapen handi bat da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaren erreinua eta egintzen kontabilitatea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Literatura epiko eta puranikoan, Yama zorionezko arbasoen jaunetik bestaldeko munduaren administratzaile bihurtzen da, mundu hori gero eta bereiztuagoa izanik. Bere egoitza, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> edo <em>Yamapura<\/em>, testu gehienen arabera hegoaldean dago, eta horregatik hegoaldea Yamaren norabide gisa hartzen da geografia erritualean.<\/p><p><em>Garuda Purana<\/em>k, heriotzari eta arimaren bideari buruzko usteentzat funtsezko testuak, hildakoaren bidaia deskribatzen du, <em>Vaitarani<\/em> ibai goriaren gainetik Yamaren tronuraino.<\/p><p>Yamaren ondoan <em>Chitragupta<\/em> dago, idazkari bat, gizaki bakoitzaren egite guztiak erregistro batean jasotzen dituena.<\/p><p>Liburu hori, sarritan <em>Agrasandhani<\/em> deitua, heriotzan irakurtzen da, eta bere edukiaren arabera Yamak erabakitzen du arimaren aurrerako bidea. Chitragupta Ipar Indian Kayastha idazkari kastaren arbaso bihurtu da, eta kasta horrek arbaso gisa gurtzen du. Hemen ikusten da nola pertsonaia mitologiko batek gizarte-identitatea eratzen duen.<\/p><p>Yamaren infernuetako zigorrak, <em>Naraka<\/em> deiturikoak, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>n eta <em>Manusmriti<\/em>ren zenbait zatitan katalogatuta daude, eta hutsegite bakoitzari egokitzen zaizkio. Hala ere, funtsezkoa da doktrina klasikoaren arabera infernu horiek ez direla betirako lekuak.<\/p><p>Berrjaiotzaren zikloko geldialdiak dira, eta egite txarren ondorioak ordaindu ostean, arimaren bideak jarraitzen du.<\/p><p>Yama, beraz, ez da hondamendi behin betikoaren jainko, baizik eta lege kosmikoaren funtzionario. Bere <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> izengoitiak, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio indiarretan, jokabide zuzenaren irakaspena eta ordena.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>ren errege esan nahi baitu, hain zuzen hori azaltzen du: ordena betearazten du, ez du asmatzen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Bhagavadgita eta Katha-Upanishaden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bi testu klasikok Yamari epaile soila baino harago doan zeregina ematen diote. <em>Katha-Upanishad<\/em>en, Yama irakaslea da. Nachiketas brahman gaztea aitak, haserrean, heriotzari eskaintzen dio, eta hiru egunez itxaroten du Yamaren atean.<\/p><p>Kalte-ordain gisa, Yamak hiru desira betetzen dizkio. Hirugarrena honako galdera da: zer gertatzen zaio gizakiari heriotzaren ondoren?<\/p><p>Yamak lehenik Nachiketas aberastasunarekin eta bizitza luzearekin arretaz kentzen saiatzen da, baina gazteak eutsi egiten dio. Orduan Yamak atsegingarriaren eta onuragarriaren arteko bereizketa irakasten dio, eta ni hilezkorra, <em>Atman<\/em>, azaltzen dio. Hemen heriotzaren jainkoa, paradoxikoki, heriotza bera gainditzen duen jakintzaren bitartekaria da.<\/p><p><em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>ren hamargarren kapituluan, Krishnak bere itxura jainkotiarrak zerrendatzean, dio bera dela menperatzaile edo epaileen artean Yama.<\/p><p>Horrela, Yama bere klaseko goi ordezkarien artean kokatzen da. Baieztapen horrek azpimarratzen du Yama, hinduismo klasikoan, ez dela indar deabruzko, baizik eta ordenatua eta legitimoa.<\/p><p>Testu-tradizio horrek gogor markatu du Yamari buruzko ikuspegi erlijio-zientifikoa. Ikuskera herrikoiak ikaragarritasunera murrizten duen bitartean, Wendy Doniger bezalako indologoek azpimarratzen dute Yama sanskrito-literaturan irakasle, zuzen eta beharrezko instantzia gisa ere agertzen dela. Ikuspegi horretan heriotza ez da ordenaren aurkakoa, baizik eta haren zati.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografia eta Indiatik haragoko hedapena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arte figuratiboan Yama gehienetan azal iluna duen figura gisa irudikatzen da, askotan berdea edo urdinxka, gorriz jantzia, eta bufalo bat zaldi gisa.<\/p><p>Eskuetan uztarri bat darama, <em>Pasha<\/em> deitua, harekin bizi-arima gorputzetik ateratzen duena, eta askotan makila edo klaba bat, <em>Danda<\/em> deitua. Atributu horiek Erdi Arotik aurrera egonkorrak dira tenpluetako erliebeetan eta miniatura-margolanetan.<\/p><p><em>Lokapala<\/em>etako bat gisa, munduko norabideen zaindaria, Yama tenpluen kanpoko hormetan hegoaldeko aldean agertu ohi da erregulartasunez.<\/p><p>Budismoaren bitartez Yama Tibetera, Txinara, Japoniara eta Hego-ekialdeko Asiara hedatu zen, eta bidean aldatu egin zen. Tradizio tibetarrean <em>Shinje<\/em> gisa hilen epaiketaren jauna da, eta aldi berean bere irakaspen-istorio baten objektu, non Manjushri bodhisattvak <em>Yamantaka<\/em>ren, Yama menperatzailearen, itxuran menderatzen duen.<\/p><p>Txinan <em>Yanluo<\/em> bihurtu zen, hamar infernuko erregeen buruzagia (ikus <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo<\/a>), eta Japonian <em>Enma<\/em> bihurtu zen. Ibilbide horrek erakusten du nola jainko indiar bat Asia osoko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pentsamendu abstraktu bat adierazten duen irudi grafiko bat.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinbolo<\/span> bihurtu daitekeen, hilen epaiketa saldu ezinaren adierazgarri.<\/p><p>Gaur egungo Indian, Yama bizirik dirau bereziki hileta-erritualetan, heriotzari buruzko literaturan eta <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> edo <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em> jaian, Yamaren eta bere arreba Yamiren harremana gogorarazten duena.<\/p><p>Arrebak anaia ongi hartzen du eta bizitza luzea eskatzen dio. Horrela herri-ohituran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Artean edo narrazioan errepikatzen den eduki-elementu bat.\" tabindex=\"0\">motibo<\/span> bat itzultzen da, jada bikien elkarrizketa den vedako himno zaharrenean agertzen zena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikerketa-historia eta interpretazio-eztabaida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaren inguruko azterketa zientifikoa XIX. mendean hasten da, <em>Rigveda<\/em>ren europar ikerketarekin batera. Hermann Oldenberg eta Abel Bergaigne bezalako lehen indologoek eztabaidatzen zuten Yama jatorriz jainkotutako lehen gizaki bat izan ote zen, edo hasieratik heriotzaren jainkotasun bat.<\/p><p>Eztabaida hori estuki lotuta dago 10.10 eta 10.14 himnoak nola datatu eta irakurri behar diren galderarekin.<\/p><p>XX. mendean, indoeuroparren azterketa konparatiboak arreta Yamaren eta iranierazko Yimaren arteko harremanera bideratu zuen. Georges Dum\u00e9zilek, eta haren ondorengo beste ikertzaile batzuek, hortik indoiranista, agian indoeuropar, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkoei, jatorriei eta munduaren ordenari buruzko kontakizun tradizionala.\" tabindex=\"0\">mito<\/span> bat berreraiki zuten: lehen hilkorra hilen erregea bihurtzen zen kontakizuna.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincolnek, <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> lanean, argudiatu du Yamaren eta antzeko irudien atzean sortze-eskema bat dagoela, non lehen hilketak mundua egituratzen duen.<\/p><p>Eztabaidagai jarraitzen du Yama vedikoa eta geroagoko Yama puranikoa zenbateraino bereizi behar diren. Zenbait ikertzailek etengabeko bilakaera ikusten dute, beste batzuek berriz hausturan jartzen dute arreta, lehen garaiko arbaso-erregea eta testu klasikoen infernu-administratzailea bereizten dutela.<\/p><p>Chitragupta idazkariaren jatorria ere argi gabe dago, geruza zaharrenetan ez baita agertzen eta ondoren gehitu zela uste da, ziurrenik talde sozial jakin batzuen eraginez. Iturriek kontu handiz jokatzera behartzen dute hemen: Yama-ren irudi finko gisa jotzen den asko, mendeetan zehar testu-tradizio ezberdinen geruzatzearen emaitza da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lotura osagarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, budismoaren egokitzapena<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yama-hilen-epaile\/\">Yama, hilen epailea (budismoa)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forma japoniarra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forma koreara<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/hades\/\">Hades, greziar paraleloa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/hinduismoa\/\">Hinduismoa, panteoiaren ikuspegi orokorra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/heriotza-jainkoak\/\">Hilen jainkotasunak, azpikategoria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (aukeraketa)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&rsquo;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14&ndash;18 (itzulpen ugari).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (&bdquo;Yama&ldquo; sarrera).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Erreferentzia gehiago <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/literatura\/\">bibliografian<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Yamari buruzko ohiko galderak<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Nor da Yama budismoan?<\/h3><p>Yama budismoan infernuko erreinuaren (Naraka) jaun eta hildakoen epailea da. Mendebaldeko ikuskeratik ezberdin, budista infernua ez da betiereko zigor-lekua, denboraz mugatutako berpizte-lekua baizik: han bere karma ordaindu duenak berriro jaiotzen da.<\/p><p>Yamak hildako bakoitzari bere bizitzako egintzei buruz galdetzen dio; mahayana budismoan hura laguntzen duten infernu-epaile ugariz osatutako gortea aurkitzen da. Yamaren erreinuak xehetasun harrigarriz deskribatzen dira budista <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura jakin batean munduaren egitura eta ordenari buruzko ikuspegia.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologian<\/span> (Abhidharma testuak).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Nola bereizten da Yama budista Yamaraja hinduarrarengandik?<\/h3><p>Bi irudi horiek jatorri komuna dute Yama vedikoan (Rigveda 10,14), lehen hilkorra izan zena eta aldi berean hilen jauna bihurtu zena. Hinduismoan Yama arima guztiak hartzen zituen epaile-jainko nagusia izan zen betiko.<\/p><p>Budismoan, ordea, Yama aurpegi askotako irudi bihurtu zen: Theravadan kontzeptu gisa gehiago, mahayanan eta bereziki budismo tibetarrean infernuko jaun pertsonifikatu gisa, ikonografia konplexuarekin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Irudien edukiak eta esanahiaz arduratzen den jakintza.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> (askotan zezen-buruarekin, Dharmaraja Yama-aspektua). Tibetan, dantzari deabru ibiltariak (Cham jaialdia) askotan Yamaren irudikapenak dira.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer ist Yama im Buddhismus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama ist im Buddhismus der Herrscher des H\u00f6llenreichs (Naraka) und Richter der Verstorbenen. 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Im Hinduismus blieb Yama der zentrale Richtergott, der jede Seele empf\u00e4ngt.Im Buddhismus wurde Yama zu einer mehrgesichtigen Figur: Im Theravada eher als Konzept, im Mahayana und besonders im tibetischen Buddhismus als personifizierter H\u00f6llenherr mit komplexer Ikonografie (oft mit Stierkopf, der Yama-Aspekt Dharmaraja). In Tibet sind die wandernden D\u00e4monen-T\u00e4nzer (Cham-Festival) oft Yama-Darsteller.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 Hinduismoko heriotza-jainkoa eta epailea","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, hinduismoko heriotza-jainkoa eta epailea. Makila eta Nandi bufaloa, Yamaloka, karma-epaiketa eta jatorri vedikoak. 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