{"id":200356,"date":"2026-09-07T14:09:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200356"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200356\" class=\"elementor elementor-200356 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, tradizio budistako izakia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Yamaren heriotza-mandatariak, epai karmikoen betearazleak.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamadutak Naraka-sisteman<\/h2>\n<p>Yamadutak <strong>Yamaren heriotza-mandatariak<\/strong> dira, Yama tradizio vediko, hinduista eta budistako hildakoen jauna izanik.<\/p><p>Garuda Purana-n eta Mahabharataren Naraka-sisteman, arima <strong>heriotza-unearen<\/strong> ondoren berehala jasotzen dute. Haien eginbeharrak hauek dira: ariman identifikatzea, bizitzako loturak banantzea, <strong>Vaitarani ibaian<\/strong> zehar laguntzea, Yamaren epaitegian ematea, <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>n. Han, <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> idazkariak merituak eta hobenak neurtzen ditu, eta Yamak epaitzen du.<\/p><p>Zigorrek <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong>etako (infernuetako) batera eramaten dute: Raurava (garrasien infernua), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Hartzapen budistak (Mahayana, Vajrayana) eskema mantentzen du, baina askapenaren aukera gehitzen du <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduismoan eta budismoan behin eta berriz esaten den silaba edo formula sakratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span>ren errezitazioaren eta bitarteko egoerako praktiken bidez (Bardo, Tibetar Hilen Liburua). Ikonografikoki, Yamadutak larru iluna dute, uztarri eta makila darabiltzate eta ur-bufaloen gainean ibiltzen dira.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izpiritua: gorputz gabeko edo erdi-gorpuztutako izakia, hildakoak, izadi-izakiak, etxeko izpirituak edo atalase-zaindariak. Eguneroko bizitzan eragiten du, askotan leku edo familiei loturik.\">Izpiritua<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/budismoa\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bodhisattvak, jainko babesleak, gose-izpirituak eta infernu-zaindariak dituen tradizio budista.\">Budismoa<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tAurkibidea\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202710\" alt=\"Yamaduta - Budismo tradizioko izpirituak, ikuspegi historiko-ilustratiboa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta tradizio budistako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorputzik gabeko izakia, munduan eragina duela uste zaiona.\" tabindex=\"0\">izpiritua<\/span> da.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016btak Yamaren, tradizio indiar-budistako hildakoen jaunaren, zerbitzuko heriotza-mandatariak dira. Heriotza gertatzean agertzen dira, arima jasotzeko eta Yamaren epaitegira eramateko.<\/p><p>Han, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduismoan, budismoan eta jainismoan ekintza-ondorioaren legea: ekintza bakoitzak hurrengo existentzietan eragina du.\">Karma<\/span> neurtzen da; Yamak epaia ematen du; Yamad\u016btak betearazten dute, zeruko munduetan edo Naraketan (infernuetan). Irudi honek indiar eta budista hildakoen kultu-tradizioak lotzen ditu; Asia ekialdean, tokiko hildakoen munduaren kontzeptuekin nahasten da.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta-k (\u201ejainko-mandatarien Sutta&#8221;) Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten idatzi sakratuen bilduma nagusitzat onartua.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonean<\/span> eszena bat kontatzen dio Budari: hildako bat Yamaren aurrera eramaten dute; Yamak galdetzen dio ea ez ote zituen ikusi \u201ejainko-mandatariak&#8221;, zahartzaroa, gaixotasuna, heriotza, gorpuzki-aurkikuntzak, atzera egitera bultzatuko zutenak.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016btak, beraz, betearazleak baino gehiago dira, aldi berean bizitzaren adierazleak. Bikoiztasun honek irudia teologikoki aberasten du.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana eta Yamalokaren topografia<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Yamaduta<\/em>ren deskribapenik zehatzena <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>n (K.o. VIII-X. mendea) aurkitzen da, non Yamaren mandatariak maila eta funtzioaren arabera sailkatzen diren. Zaindari edo mandatari soilak izan beharrean, epaimahaikide eta epai karmikoaren dokumentatzaile gisa aritzen dira.<\/p><p>Hildako bakoitza bere Yamadutak heriotza-mundutik Maharlokara eramaten du, non Yamak epaitegia zuzentzen duen. Yamalokaren topografiak berak, Purana ezberdinetan deskribatuta, egitura burokratiko bat erakusten du: atea, kalea, justizia-aretoa, infernu-eremu ezberdinak. Yamadutak topografia horren administratzaileak dira, ez haren zaindariak.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikuspegi azkarra: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mota:<\/strong> Heriotza-mandatariak, infernu-betearazleak<br>Jatorria: Yamaren, hildakoen jaunaren, zerbitzua<br>Testuak: Devad\u016bta Sutta, Jatakak, Abhidharmakosha, Tibetar Hilen Liburua<br>Aldia: vedikotik budismora eta gaur egunera arte<br>Asia ekialdeko forma: Txinako azpimundu-sisteman Yanluoren mandatari gisa<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kokapena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuen garaia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jatorri vedikoa (Yama Rigveda-n), forma budista Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten idatzi sakratuen bilduma nagusitzat onartua.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonean<\/span> eta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Ibilgailu handia'; budismoaren hiru tradizio nagusietako bat, bodhisattva-ideala eta gogoeta filosofiko landua duena.\">Mahayana<\/span>-sutretan. Abhidharmakosha-k (Vasubandhu, K.o. IV-V. mendea) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko munduaren egitura eta ordenaren kontzeptua.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologia<\/span> sistematizatzen du. Tibetar Hilen Liburuak (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Budismo tibetarrean bi existentzien arteko trantsizio-egoera; Bardo Th\u00f6dol-ek heriotzaren ondorengo fasea deskribatzen du.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, VIII. mendea edo geroagokoa) Yamad\u016bta eszena zehatza dauka. Erreferentzia txinatar eta japoniarrak literatura budistako azpimundu-kontakizunetan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedapen-eremua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Azpikontinente indiarra, Theravada herrialdeak, Asia ekialdea (Txinan Yanluoren mandatari gisa, Niu Tou \u201eIdi-burua&#8221; eta Ma Mian \u201eZaldi-aurpegia&#8221; gisa), Tibet <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Diamante-ibilgailua'; Mahayana budismoaren forma tantrikoa, batez ere Tibetan, Yidam-praktika eta mantra-teknika erdigunean dituena.\">Vajrayana<\/span>ren zabalpenarekin, Japonia Emma-forma bereganatuta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturri-egoera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya eta Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetar Hilen Liburua; heriotzaren ondorengo trantsizio-egoerak lantzeko gida erritual.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, txinatar azpimundu-kontakizunak (<em>Di Yu<\/em> literatura), japoniar Jigoku-z\u014dshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izendapena eta idazkerak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrito:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eYamaren mandataria&#8221;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eYamaren zaindaria&#8221;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eYamaren gizona&#8221;.<br>Txinera: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201eBehi-burua eta zaldi-aurpegia&#8221;, bikote forma herrikoia).<br>Japoniera: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama Emma gisa.<br>Tibetera: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Asia ekialdeko zehaztapena interesgarria da: behi-burua eta zaldi-aurpegia bikotea txinatar garapen berezi bat da. Biak Yanluo Wangen azpiko munduko funtzionario ahaltsu gisa irudikatzen dira, eta herri-erlijiozko tenpluetan nabarmen agertzen dira.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ezaugarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Itxura<\/strong><\/p><p>Indiar tradizioan, askotan sugar-aura, armak eta kateak dituzte. Animalia-forma edo erdi-animalia-forma izan dezakete. Txinatar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Irudien edukiei eta haien esanahiari buruzko jakintza.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografian<\/span> behi-burua eta zaldi-aurpegia gisa zehazten dira, makilez edo sardexkaz armaturik. Thangka tibetarretan haserre, dantzan, hilezurren sinboloekin agertzen dira.<\/p><p><strong>Jokabidea<\/strong><\/p><p>Heriotza gertatzean agertzen dira, arima lotu eta Yamarengana eramaten dute. Narakatan zigor karmikoak betearazten dituzte, ez pertsonalki krudelak, baizik eta zeregin funtzional gisa. Devad\u016bta interpretazioan, aldi berean sinbolikoak dira: bizitzak berak zahartzaroaz, gaixotasunaz eta heriotzaz ohartarazten du.<\/p><p><strong>Eragin-eremua<\/strong><\/p><p>Heriotza-prozesuko bitarteko mundua, Yamaren epaitegia, Narakak (infernuak). Asia ekialdeko tradizioan azpiko munduko kargu zehatzetan banaturik ere, hamar infernuetako bakoitzak bere funtzionarioak ditu.<\/p><p><strong>Mitologiako kokapena<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama, tradizio bedikoan, azpiko mundura joan zen lehen hilkorra izan zen, eta horrela haren jaun bihurtu zen. Bere mandatariak sistema kosmiko bateko funtzionarioak dira, ez demonio autonomoak. Budista bertsioak funtzio-egoera hori mantentzen du.<\/p><div><p><strong>Gorputz-ezaugarriak eta beldur-funtzioa<\/strong><\/p><p>Mahabharataren pasarteetan eta ondorengo Puranetan, Yamadutak ezaugarri fisiko zehatzekin deskribatzen dira: azal beltza, begi gorriak, suge-ileak edo ile ordez sugarrak, arma burdinazkoak. Ezaugarri horiek funtzionalak dira, ez batere ausazkoak: hilkorrak izutu eta beren bizitzari buruzko hausnarketara bultzatzeko dira.<\/p><p>Itxura <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zorigaitza uxatzen duena; sinbolo apotropaikoek (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) magia kaltegarritik eta begi txarretik babesten dute.\">apotropaikoa<\/span> eta aldi berean meditatiboa da. Yamaduta bat ikusteak bizitzatik erantzukizunerako aldaketa markatzen du. Iruzkin tantrikoetan, beldur-funtzioa are esplizituagoa da: Yamaduta karma-ondorioen gorpuzte kontzientea da, ez izaki biologiko bat.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamad\u016bta-ren alderdi nagusiak begiratu batean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jatorria<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaren, hilen jaunaren, zerbitzuan. Oinarri bediko-budista. Asia ekialdean Yanluo\/Emma-ren azpian garatuagoa, bere funtzionario-hierarkiarekin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hartzaileak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heriotza-unean hiltzen ari direnak, bitarteko egoeran dauden zenduak, infernuko izakiak zigorra betearazteko. Zeharka, bizi diren guztiak ere ohartarazi gisa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Itxura<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indiar tradizioan sugar-aurarekin eta armekin. Txinatar tradizioan behi-burua eta zaldi-aurpegia gisa zehaztuak. Tibetar tradizioan haserre, dantzan, hilezur-apainduekin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamadutaren eragina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hiltzear dauden arimak hartzen dituzte, Yamaren epaitegira eramaten, eta epai karmikoak betearazten. Funtzionalak dira, ez pertsonalki krudelak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defentsa-moduak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ez uxapena, baizik eta bizitza zuzena: jokabide etikoa, Hiru Harribitxietara jotzea, Ksitigarbharen (infernuko izakien <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mahayana budismoan, argi-erdiratu bat, beste izakien alde irakaskuntzaren mesedetan bere askapena atzeratzen duena.\">bodhisattva<\/span>) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkozko botere edo izaki bati eskatuz edo deituz egindako hitzaldia.\" tabindex=\"0\">deiadarra<\/span>. Tibetarra: Phowa praktika (kontzientziaren transferentzia heriotza-unean).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antzekoak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/dirae\/\">Dirae<\/a>, egiptoar Amduat laguntzaileak, kristau heriotza-aingeruak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heriotza eta hildakoen erritoak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Heriotzarako prestaketa<\/strong><\/p><p>Theravada tradizioan: Paritta eta Metta sutrak errezitatzea hiltzear daudenengan. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ibilgailu handia; budismoaren hiru tradizio nagusietako bat, bodhisattva-idealarekin.\">Mahayana<\/span>: Amitabharen mantrak errezitatzea, Yamaren erreinuan jaio ordez, bere Lurralde Garbian jaio ahal izateko. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantezko ibilgailua; Mahayana budismoaren forma tantrikoa, batez ere Tibetan, Yidam praktika erdigunean duena.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa, zikloa uzteko heriotza-meditazio berezia.<\/p><p><strong>Heriotza ondorengo erritoak<\/strong><\/p><p>Tibetar Hildakoen Liburuak zendua den pertsonari argibideak ematen dizkio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Budismo tibetarrean, bi existentzia bitarteko trantsizio-egoera; Bardo Th\u00f6dol-ek heriotza ondorengo fasea deskribatzen du.\">bardoaren<\/span> 49 egunetarako, eta horien artean Yamadutekin izandako topaketa esplizituak. Txinatar tradizioan \u201ezazpi-zazpi&#8221; hildakoen erritoa (49 egun aste-zeremoniekin). Japoniako Obon eta antzeko erritoak hildako egoera arintzeko.<\/p><p><strong>Dimentsio etikoa<\/strong><\/p><p>Devad\u016bta irakaspenak dio bizitzak berak bidaltzen dituela mandatariak: zahartzaroa, gaixotasuna, gorpuen ikusmena. Horiei kasu egiten dienak gutxi izango du beldurtzeko Yamaren epaitegian. Kasu egin ez dienak dagozkion berpizkundeetan aurkituko du bere burua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismoak eta harrera<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Greziar eta erromatar kulturaren garaia, K.a. 800 inguru eta K.o. 600 artean\" tabindex=\"0\">Antzinaroa<\/span> eta Mesopotamiako paralelismoak<\/strong><\/p><p>Mesopotamiako <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, azpimundu-erakundeen betearazlea; greziar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a>, heriotza-emakumezko deabruak; egiptoar Amduat-eko lagun-figurak, eguzki-itsasontziaren azpimunduko bidaian.<\/p><p><strong>Ekialdeko Asiako garapena<\/strong><\/p><p>Txinako Niu Tou Ma Mian, japoniar Emma funtzionarioek herri-sinesmenean rango-sistema zehatza dute, gutunak eta azterketak barne. Di Yu sistema (&#8220;lurpeko kartzela&#8221;) munduko azpimundu-administrazio landuenetako bat da.<\/p><p><strong>Harrera modernoa<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywood filmek Yamraj pertsonaiak dituzte, japoniar animeek Shinigami motiboak, korear K-dramek Grim Reaper pertsonaiak; guztiek Yamaduta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo narrazio batean errepikatzen den eduki-elementua.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiboa<\/span> forma modernoan aldatzen dute.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamaduta eta Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt islamiarrak<\/strong><\/p><p>Paralelismo aipagarri bat dago Yamaduta hinduak eta islamiar tradizioko heriotza-aingeruak, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>, artean. Bi tradizioek heriotzaren unean agertzen diren zeruko izakiak deskribatzen dituzte. Biek hildakoen egintzak ebaluatzen dituzte erlijio- edo karma-erregistroen arabera.<\/p><p>Biak ankerrak dira itxuraz, baina zuzenak funtzioan. Hala ere, islamiar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arabieraz 'aingeruak'; Koranean aingeruen kategoria kosmologikoa, Gabriel, Mikel eta Israfil garrantzitsuenak izanik.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span>-k Jainkoaren agente moralak dira, Yamaduta-k, ordea, indar administratibo neutralagoak dira. Ezberdintasun horrek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkoaren guztiahaltasuna eta ontasuna munduan gaizkiaren existentziarekin bateragarri egiteko arazo teologikoa.\">teodizian<\/span> dagoen aldea erakusten du: hinduismoan karma bere kabuz betetzen da, islamean, ordea, Jainkoaren graziak erabakitzen du justizia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, heriotzaren jainkoaren mezulariak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaduta<\/em> izenak hitzez hitz &#8220;Yamaren mandataria&#8221; esan nahi du. Yama hilen jauna da, tradizio bediko erlijiotik datorren irudia, budismoaren eta hinduismoaren bidez Hego eta Ekialdeko Asia osoan zabaldu zena.<\/p><p>Yamaduta haren mendekoak dira, hildakoen arimak biltzeko eta hilen jaunaren epaitegira eramateko bidalitakoak. Beraz, ez dira berezko botere independenteak, ordena kosmiko baten barruko funtzionarioak baizik.<\/p><p>Testu budistetan Yamaduta hainbat rolekin agertzen dira. Toki garrantzitsu bat Pali kanoiko <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> da, non, hala ere, &#8220;mandatari jainkotiarrak&#8221; nagusitzen diren lehen mailan, hau da, zahartzaroa, gaixotasuna eta heriotza, gizaki oro ohartarazi behar zuten oharpen-seinale gisa.<\/p><p>Horrez gain, infernuko mandatarien deskribapen zehatzagoak daude, hildakoa harrapatu eta Yamaren aurrera eramaten dutenak. Orduan Yamak hildakoari leporatzen dio zahartzearen, gaixotasunaren eta heriotzaren oharpen-seinaleak bizitzan ikusi bazituen ere, ez zituela kontuan hartu.<\/p><p>Deskribapen ikaragarriaren eta ohartarazpen etikoaren arteko lotura hori Yamadutari buruzko tratamendu budistaren ezaugarri bereizgarria da. Beldurgarriak dira, baina beren beldurgarritasunak helburu hezitzailea du. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura baten barruan munduaren egitura eta ordenari buruzko ikuspegia.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kosmologia<\/span> budistari buruzko ikerketak azpimarratzen du budismoaren infernu-deskribapenak karmaren legea modu bizian erakusteko pentsatuak zirela, ez berezko helbururik gabe.<\/p><p>Yamadutak ez dute zigor arbitrariorik ezartzen, hildakoaren egintzek berek dakartena betearazten dute soilik. Egiazko epailea, azken finean, ekintzaren eta ondorioaren legea da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta infernu-irudikapenetan eta tenplu-artean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Asiako arte budistak Yamaduta askotan irudikatu ditu, batez ere tenpluetan, hormairudietan eta pergaminoetan aurkitzen diren infernu-irudikapen handietan. Programa ikonografiko horiek Yamaren hilen epaiketa eta infernu ezberdinen zigorrak erakusten dituzte, askotan modu oso zehatz eta gordinean.<\/p><p>Yamaduta horietan zaindari eta borreroi gisa agertzen dira, sarritan animalia-ezaugarriekin, adibidez zezen edo zaldi buruekin, batez ere Ekialdeko Asiako tradizioan garatutako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Irudien edukiei eta esanahiari buruzko doktrina.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografia<\/span> bat.<\/p><p>Halako infernu-irudikapenek funtzio didaktiko argia zuten. Laikoek ikus zitzaketen tokietan jartzen ziren, eta ekintza kaltegarrien ondorioak modu ulergarri batean erakusten zituzten, testua ezagutu gabe ere.<\/p><p>Thailandian, tradizio tibetarrean, Txinan, Korean eta Japonian tradizio ikonografiko horren berezko bertsioak aurkitzen dira, oinarrizko eskema komuna eskualdeko berezitasunekin osatzen dutenak.<\/p><p>Ekialdeko Asiako aldaeran ondare indiarra lotzen da azpiko munduko hamar erregeen ideiarekin, eta horrela Yama hamar epaileetako bat gisa agertzen da han, koreako <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra<\/a>rekin alderagarria.<\/p><p>Erlijio-ikerketarako, tradizio ikonografiko hori iturri garrantzitsua da, karmari eta hilen epaiketari buruzko doktrina laikoen bizitza-munduan nola transmititu zen erakusten baitu. Yamaduta irudi horietan itxura argi eta ikaragarrizko izaki gisa agertzen dira, ez kontzeptu teologiko abstraktu gisa.<\/p><p>Arte-historiaren ikerketak, gainera, kontserbatutako infernu-irudiak erabiltzen ditu ideia jakin batzuen hedapena denboran eta espazioan jarraitzeko, horietan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura baten barruan munduaren egitura eta ordenari buruzko ikuspegia.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologia<\/span> budistaren transmisio-bideak eskualdeen artean irakur baitaitezke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta eta Yamadut hinduismoan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaren mezularien irudia budismotik haratago hinduismoan ere sendo errotuta dago, non mezulariak askotan <em>Yamadut<\/em> izenez ezagutzen diren. Puranarik askotan jasotako kondaira ezagun batek Ajamilaren istorioa kontatzen du.<\/p><p>Ajamila bizitza zuzena bizi izan ez zuen gizon bat da, eta heriotza-orduan Yamaren mezulariek eramatera doaz. Hiltzeko unean, ordea, bere semearen izena deitzen du, eta kasualitatez izen hori Vishnu jainkoaren izenetako bat da. Orduan Vishnuren mezulariak, <em>Vishnudut<\/em> deiturikoak, agertzen dira, Yamaren mezularien aurka jarri eta Ajamila askatzen dute.<\/p><p>Kondaira hau teologikoki oso adierazgarria da. Vishnuren gurtza-tradizioan izen jainkotiarraren indar salbatzailearen froga gisa erabiltzen da: nahi gabeko deiaK ere ondorio onuragarria omen du.<\/p><p>Kondaira honetan Yamaren mezulariek egite eta zigor-arloko logika zorrotza gorpuzten dute, Vishnuren mezulariek berriz logika hori hauts dezakeen grazia adierazten dute. Bi mezulari-taldeen arteko eztabaida testuetan egiazko auzi gisa aurkezten da, zuzenbide eta grazia inguruan.<\/p><p>Ikuspegi erlijio-zientifikotik atal hau erakusten du Yamadutak Indiako korronte erlijioso desberdinetan pisu ezberdina hartu dutela, ikuspuntu teologikoaren arabera. Karmaren araberako esparru zorrotz batean, ekiditezinezko betearazle dira.<\/p><p>Debozio eta graziaren aldeko korronteetan, ordea, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio baten barruan jainkotiar gisa gurtzen den izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">jainkozale<\/span> salbatzailearen laguntzaz gainditu daitezkeen instantzia bilakatzen dira. Yamadutak, horrenbestez, adierazle ona dira nola irudi mitologiko komun bat sistema erlijioso desberdinetan modu ezberdinean kokatu eta baloratzen den ikusteko.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lotura osagarriak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Barne-esteka gomendatuak:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/budismoa\/\">Budismoa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/sluy-preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/naraka-zaindariak\/\">Naraka gordelekuko zaindariak<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a> (paraleloak)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/yama\/\">Yama<\/a>, hilen jauna (hinduismoa)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol eta Hilen Tibetar Liburua<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikerketa-bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yamad\u016bta gaiaz aritzen diren funtsezko lan batzuk:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Beste funtsezko lan batzuk <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/literatura\/\">bibliografian<\/a> aurkituko dituzu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Hemen deskribatutako babes-praktika tradizio historikoen azterketa zientifikoa da. iWell Guard-ek gorputzean eramateko babes-objektuen lerro kultural-historiko horrekin lotzen da, eta horren gaur egungo forma bat da. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">iWell Guard-i buruz gehiago \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta Yamaren heriotza-mandataria","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 Yama jainkoaren heriotza-mandatariak","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016btak Yamaren, tradizio indiar-budistako hildakoen jaunaren, zerbitzuko heriotza-mandatariak dira. Heriotza gertatzean agertzen dira, arima","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-200356","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta \u2013 Yama jainkoaren heriotza-mandatariak<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yamad\u016btak Yamaren, tradizio indiar-budistako hildakoen jaunaren, zerbitzuko heriotza-mandatariak dira. 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