{"id":200345,"date":"2026-09-07T14:09:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200345"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200345\" class=\"elementor elementor-200345 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, eslaviar tradizioko dena<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr eslaviar tradizioko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kaltegarri edo bikoiztasunezko eragina egotzi zaion izaki espirituala.\" tabindex=\"0\">dena<\/span> da.<\/p><p><strong>Eslaviar berpiztua, gaur egungo banpiro irudiaren aitzindaria.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dena: batez ere kaltegarri edo anbibalentea den eragina duen izaki gainnaturala. Jainkoen eta gizakien artean dago, gaixotasuna, tentazioa edo zoritxarra eragiten du, eta deiaketa, apotropaiko eta erritualen bidez uxatzen da.\">Dena<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/slaviarra\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Eslaviar mitologia eta herri erlijioa, X. mendetik aurrera kristautasunak gainjarrita.\">Eslaviarra<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tAurkibidea\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202693\" alt=\"Upyr - Slaviar tradizioko deabruak, ikuspegi historiko-ilustratiboa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr eslaviar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohitura, kontakizun eta abestien bidez transmititutako herri kultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorearen<\/span> berpiztu figura nagusia da, eta gaur egungo banpiro irudiaren berehalako aurrekari historikoa. Hildako bat da, hilobitik altxatzen dena, bizidunen odola xurgatzen duena, lehenik bere familia eta gero herria hondatuz, eta soilik erritu berezien bidez behin betiko lurperatu daitekeena.<\/p><p>Draugr eskandinaviarraz bestela, Upyr mugikorragoa da, gauez erasotzen du eta hilerritik kanpo aske mugitu daiteke.<\/p><p>Eslaviar Upyr tradizioa Europako banpiroaren historiarako funtsezkoa da. XVIII. mendeko Balkanetako bidaia txostenen bidez (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, Arnod Paole austriar kasua) fenomenoa Mendebaldeko Europan ezagutzera ematen da.<\/p><p>Handik, Polidori, Le Fanu eta Bram Stoker bidez, gaur egungo banpiro literatura garatzen da. Aldaera eskualdekoak: eslaviar ekialdekoa <em>Upyr<\/em>, poloniarra <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, errumaniarra <em>Strigoi<\/em>, eslaviar hegoaldekoa <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Azkar begiratuta: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mota:<\/strong> Eslaviar berpiztua, banpiroaren aitzindaria<br>Jatorria: bataiatu gabeak, suizidioz hildakoak, madarikatuak, elizatik kanporatutakoak<br>Testuak: eslaviar eliza aktak (XI. mendetik), Balkaneko txostenak XVIII. mendea, Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>Aroa: Erdi Arotik gaur egunera<br>Babesa: hosto-zurezko makila, buruaren mozketa, erretzea<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuingurua<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuen garaia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Lehen aipamen idatziak XI. mendeko eslaviar eliza dokumentuetan. Txosten ugariak XVIII. mendean (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, Arnod Paoleri buruz; beste habsburgiar ikerketa batzuk). Literatur harrera: Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Ikerketa modernoa: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedapen-eremua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eslaviar kultur eremua, Errusiatik Balkanetara, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi ezagutza eta kontakizunak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradizio<\/span> bereziki trinkoarekin Serbian, Bulgarian, Errumanian (Strigoi) eta Polonian. Habsburgiar kolonizazioaren eta literatur harreraren bidez Mendebaldeko Europara eta mundura zabaldu zen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturri-egoera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Eslaviar eliza aktak, habsburgiar exhumazio protokoloak (XVIII. mendea), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgocisen \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania&#8221; (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), balkaniar eta eslaviar folklore azterketa modernoa.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izena eta aldaerak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Errusiera:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Poloniera: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>Txekiera\/Eslovakiera: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Errumaniera: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (latinezko <em>strix<\/em>-etik, ez da eslaviarra, baina esanahi eremu berean dago).<br>Eslaviar hegoaldekoa: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; serbieraz ere <em>Vampir<\/em>, nazioartean ezagun den terminoaren jatorria.<br>Ukrainera: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>Serbierazko <em>Vampir<\/em> forma XVIII. mendeko habsburgiar protokoloetan agertzen da, eta hortik austriar eta alemaniar prentsaren bidez mundu osora zabaltzen da. Frantsesezko Tr\u00e9voux hiztegiko \u201eVampyr&#8221; artikulua (1721) nazioartean errotutako hitzaren lehen lekukotasunetako bat da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Deskribapena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Itxura<\/strong><\/p><p>Exhumazioaren ondoren nabarmen freskoa: aurpegi gorria, bihotzean koagulatu gabeko odola, hazi gabeko azazkalak eta ilea, odolez zikindutako ahoa. Herri jakintzaren aldetik ondo azaltzen da usteltze prozesu naturalen bidez; garaikideentzat banpiro jarduera baten froga zen. Gaueko jardueran: irudi iluna, batzuetan animalia gisa (otsoa, txakurra), batzuetan lainoa gisa.<\/p><p><strong>Portaera<\/strong><\/p><p>Gauez hilobia uzten du, lehenik familiakoak erasotzen ditu (hortik dator \u201elehenik bere familia&#8221;), gero herria. Odola xurgatzen du, akidura, gaixotasuna eta heriotza dakartza. Upyr-baten hozka batez hiltzen dena, Upyr bihurtzen da bera ere. Upyr-en eraso jasan duten herriek benetako hilkortasun seriea pairatzen dute.<\/p><p><strong>Eragin eremua<\/strong><\/p><p>Bere herria eta inguruko lekuak. Batzuetan urrunago mugi daiteke eremua hutsik gelditzen denean. Muga-egunetan (Jurjevden, Eguberriak, Erregeen eguna) bereziki aktiboa.<\/p><p><strong>Kokapen mitologikoa<\/strong><\/p><p>Herri erlijioaren tradizioaren arabera, Upyr bihurtzen da bataiatu gabe, suizidioz, elizatik kanporatuta, madarikatuta edo sorgin gisa hiltzen den gizakia. \u201eBi bihotz&#8221; edo \u201ebi arima&#8221; izanik jaiotako pertsonak ere arriskuan daudela uste da. Eslaviar berpiztutik banpiro modernora bilakaera mendeetan zehar gauzatzen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr-en alderdi garrantzitsuenak begirada batean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultura-testuingurua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bataiatu gabeak, suizidioz hildakoak, madarikatuak, elizatik kanporatutakoak edo sorgin gisa hildako pertsonak. Hobiratze desegokia edo bizitzan izandako huts moral batetik sortzen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erreferentzia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lehenik bere familia, gero herria. Upyr-baten hozka batez hiltzen den ororen bihurtzen da Upyr bera ere, epidemia gisa zabalduz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhumazioaren ondoren: gorria, hantura, koagulatu gabeko odola eta hazitako azazkalekin. Gauez: irudi iluna, animalia gisa (otsoa, txakurra) edo laino gisa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funtzioa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bizidunen odola xurgatzen du, akidura, gaixotasuna eta heriotza dakartza. Herrian hilkortasun serieak. Hozka bidezko kutsatzeaz zabaltzen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr-en aurkako babesa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhumazioa eta hosto-zurezko makilaz zulatzea, burua moztea, erretzea, aurpegia beherantz jarrita berriz lurperatzea. Baratxuria, intzentsua, gurutzeak; babesteko hileta modua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antzeko izakiak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germaniarra), gaur egungo banpiro figura (Stoker), errumaniar Strigoi, greziar Vrykolakas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Babesa eta banpiroaren aurkako borroka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aurretiazko lurperatzea<\/strong><\/p><p>Upyr bihurtzeko arriskuan dagoela jotzen zaionari (suizidioa, bataiatu gabea izatea, elizatik kanporatua izatea) bereziki kontuz lurperatzen zaio: aurpegia beherantz jarrita, hatz lodiak loturik, ahoa harri batez betea, hilobia igitai batez estalia (itzuliak bere burua mozteko igitaia izango luke, altxatu nahi izanez gero).<\/p><p><strong>Susmoa dagoenean<\/strong><\/p><p>Herrixka batean gertatzen den heriotza-uhinak banpiro-ehiza eragiten du. Herriko biztanleek hilobi susmagarriak zulatzen dituzte. Banpiro-jarduerarako zantzuak: gorpu freskoa, aho gorria, odol koagulatu gabea, azkazal hazteak. Ondoren: makal-zurezko hesola batez zulaketa, burua moztea, sugar irekitan erretzea, errautsak ibaira botatzea. Zenbait eskualdetan bihotza aparte erretzen zen.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletoak eta etxe-babesa<\/strong><\/p><p>Baratxuria leihoetan eta atean. Intsentsua etxearen barnean. Zilarrezko gurutzea ohearen ondoan. Haurrak eskumuturretan hari gorriz babestu. Arrisku bereziko garaietan (herriko heriotza-uhin bat izan ondoren): familiakoak elkarrekin lo egiten dute, amuletoak jarrita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr-etik banpirora<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Habsburgoko txostenak, XVIII. mendea<\/strong><\/p><p>1732an Johann Fl\u00fcckingerrek, Austriako armadaren aginduz, Arnod Paole kasua aztertzen du Serbian eta <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em> txostena idazten du. Dokumentu horrek banpiro fenomenoa ezagutarazten du Vienan, Parisen eta Londresen. Banpiro-eztabaida batek Argien Mendearen jakintsu-mundua astintzen du.<\/p><p><strong>Literaturan jaiotzea<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidoriren <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819) figura hori aretoetako literaturara dakar. Sheridan Le Fanuren <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) banpiro emea ezartzen du. Bram Stokerren <em>Dracula<\/em> (1897) banpiro-literatura modernoko gestalt zentrala bihurtzen da, esplizituki Errumania eta eskualde eslaviarraren mugan kokatua.<\/p><p><strong>Jarraipen modernoa<\/strong><\/p><p>Upyr-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo narrazioan errepikatzen den eduki-elementu bat.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiboa<\/span> aktibo dirau errumaniar, poloniar eta eslaviar literaturan (Olga Tokarczuk, <em>Die Jakobsb\u00fccher<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows eta beste egokitzapen ugarik zuzenean edo zeharka oinarri eslaviar horretan dute sustraia, askotan jatorri hori aitortu gabe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr-a lehen idatzizko lekukotasunetan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Upyr<\/em> hitza eslaviar herrien banpiro-sinesmenean lehenago agertutako hitzen artean dago. Askotan aipatzen den lekukotasun bat antzinako errusiar eskuizkribu batean aurkitzen da, non idazle batek <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em> goitizena daraman, gutxi gorabehera &#8220;Upir gaiztoa&#8221; esan nahi duena.<\/p><p>Lekukotasun horren datazioa, XI. mendekotzat jotzen dena, eztabaidatua da ikerketan, baina hitzak aspalditik eslaviar ekialdeko eremuan zabaldua zegoela adierazten duen zantzu zaharrenetakotzat jotzen da.<\/p><p>Beste lekukotasun garrantzitsu bat elizetiko antzinako eslaviera batean idatzitako sermoi bat da, jentiltasunezko ohiturak kritikatzen dituena eta <em>upyri<\/em> eta <em>beregini<\/em> izenekoei egindako opariak gaitzesten dituena. Testu honek Upyr geist-izaki gehiagorekin lerroan jartzen du, jende xumeak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun bati eskerrak, eskaera edo gurtza adierazteko egiten zaion dohaina.\" tabindex=\"0\">opariak<\/span> eskaintzen zizkien izakiekin, alegia.<\/p><p>Horrek ondorio hau ateratzera garamatza: hasieran Upyr ez zen soilik geroagoko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi transmititutako jakintza eta kontakizunak.\" tabindex=\"0\">ahozko tradizioko<\/span> odol-xurgatzaile berpiztua, izaki-espektro zabalago baten parte baizik, gurtza kultualaren jasotzaile.<\/p><p>Lehen lekukotasun horiek hizkuntzaren aldetik argigarriak dira, baina edukiz eskasak. Hitza aipatzen dute, baina izakia bera ia ez dute deskribatzen. Upyr, gauez hilobia uzten duen berpiztu gisa erakusten duen irudi zabala, askoz ere geroagoko iturrietatik dator, batez ere Aro Modernoaren hasieratik eta XIX. mendeko herri-tradizioari buruzko idazlanetatik.<\/p><p>Ikerketak, beraz, kontu handiz jokatzeko gomendioa ematen du: ezin da geroko banpiro-irudi erabat garatua zuzenean Erdi Aroko lekukotasunetara atzera proiektatu, egiaztatu gabe. Ziurra dena da hitza zaharra dela eta hasieratik hildakoen kultuarekin lotutako izaki beldurgarri bat izendatzeko erabili zela.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eztabaidatutako hitz baten etimologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>upyr<\/em> hitzaren jatorria hizkuntzalaritza eslaviarraren galdera erantzi gabeetako bat da. Zenbait interpretazio elkarren ondoan daude, bat ere behin betiko nagusitu gabe.<\/p><p>Interpretazio zabaldu batek hitza aurrizki ezezle edo indartzaile baten eta hegazko edo lumekin lotutako erro baten arteko konbinazio gisa banatzen du, Upyr-a hegan egiteko gai den edo hegaka dabilen izaki gisa ulertuko luketena.<\/p><p>Beste iradokizun batek erroa hantura edo puztura adierazten duen hitz batekin lotzen du, folklorean ondo dokumentatutako irudi horrekin bat egiten duena: banpiro-gorpu puztu eta ustelduraz gabekoarena.<\/p><p>Argitzea zailtzen duen faktore bat da hitza ia hizkuntza eslaviar guztietan agertzen dela, forma fonetiko aldatuetan bakoitzean.<\/p><p>Hego-eslaviar <em>vampir<\/em> forma XVIII. mendean alemanaren eta frantsesaren bidez mendebaldeko europar hizkuntzetara pasatu zen eta bertan izaki-klase osoaren nazioarteko hitz bihurtu zen. Poloniar <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, ukrainar <em>upyr<\/em>, errusiar <em>upyr<\/em> eta beste forma batzuk erro hitz beraren familiakoak dira.<\/p><p>Ikerketa linguistikoak hedapen zabal horretan argudio bat ikusten du hitza eta hark izendatzen duen kontzeptua eslaviar aro protoeslaviarrean bertan zeudela pentsatzeko. Iradokitako etimologietatik zein den zuzena zabalik dago, eta ikertzaile batzuek hitza ez-eslaviar hizkuntza batetik maileguzko hitza dela ere pentsatzen dute, egoera are gehiago korapilatuz.<\/p><p>Erlijio-azterketarako garrantzitsua da ohartzea izena bera ondare zahar eta zail bat dela, ez soilik aro modernoko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohitura, kontakizun eta abestien bidez transmititzen den herri-kultura tradizionala.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorearen<\/span> sorkuntza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr-a eta XVIII. mendeko banpiro-eztabaida europarra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vampiroei buruzko sinesmen slaviarra XVIII. mendean sartu zen mendebaldeko Europako jakintza-munduaren begiradapean, eta bertan Upyr eta bere hego-slaviar senideak izan ziren arreta-gunea. Eragile nagusiak Habsburgoen mendeko Balkaneko mugaldeetan gertatutako hainbat kasu ospetsu izan ziren.<\/p><p>Bereziki ezaguna izan zen Arnold Paole eta Petar Blagojevi\u0107 kasuak, 1720ko eta 1730eko hamarkadetan, non Austriako agintariek eta militar-medikuek ustezko vampiroei buruzko txosten ofizialak idatzi zituzten.<\/p><p>Txosten horiek Europan argitaratu ziren eta eztabaida akademiko zabala eragin zuten. Medikuek, teologoek eta filosofoek eztabaidatu zuten vampiroak existitzen ote ziren, aditutako gertakizunak nola azaldu zitezkeen eta Elizak eta Estatuak zer jarrera hartu behar zuten.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Augustin Calmet benediktarrak 1746an oso irakurria izan zen lan bat argitaratu zuen, non material hura bildu eta kritikoki aztertu zuen, garbi erabaki bat hartu gabe. Ilustrazioaren filosofiak erantzun zorrotzagoa eman zuen, eta vampiroei buruzko sinesmena superstizioaren eta elizaren sinesberatasunaren adibide gisa erabili zuen.<\/span><\/p><p>Erlijio-zientziaren ikuspegitik, atal hau bi zentzutan da garrantzitsua. Lehenik, vampiro slaviarrari buruzko deskribapen zehatzenetako eta zaharrenetako batzuk eman zituen, hilobiak irekitzeko eta zutoinaz zulatzeko praktikak barne.<\/p><p>Bigarrenik, une hau erakusten du non <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Eguneroko bizitzan zabaldutako sinesmen eta ohitura erlijiosoak.\" tabindex=\"0\">herri-sinesmen<\/span> erregional bat Europa osoko eztabaidagai bihurtu zen, eta horrela literaturarako eta gero kultura popular modernorako bidea urratu zuen. XIX. mendeko vampiro literarioa, John Polidoriren narrazioatik Bram Stokerren <em>Dracula<\/em>-ra arte, ez zen pentsagarria izango XVIII. mendeko eztabaida horiek gabe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lotura osagarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Barne-esteka gomendatuak:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/slaviarra\/\">Slaviarra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/baba-jaga\/\">Baba Jaga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/leshy\/\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/kikimora\/\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> (aurrekaria)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a> (germaniar hildakoen itzulera)<\/li><li>Modernoa: Bram Stoker, vampiro-literatura<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikerketa-bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Upyr\/vampiroari buruzko lan nagusien aukeraketa:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohitura, kondaira eta abestiez osatutako herri-kultura tradizionala.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania.&#8221; In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohitura, kondaira eta abestiez osatutako herri-kultura tradizionala.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Wien 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Wien 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Lan nagusi gehiago <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/literatura\/\">Bibliografian<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Hemen deskribatutako babes-praktika tradizio historikoen azterketa zientifikoa da. iWell Guard-ek gorputzean eramateko babes-objektuen lerro kultural-historiko horrekin lotzen da, eta horren gaur egungo forma bat da. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">iWell Guard-i buruz gehiago \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr - Eslaviar berpiztua","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, eslaviar berpiztua eta gaur egungo banpiro irudiaren aitzindaria: hileta erritualak, babes neurriak eta banpiroaren ideiaren 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