{"id":200335,"date":"2026-09-07T14:09:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200335"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"troll","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/troll\/","title":{"rendered":"Troll"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200335\" class=\"elementor elementor-200335 elementor-1031\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Troll, tradizio germanikoaren espiritua<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Troll tradizio germanikoaren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela ustezko gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritua<\/span> da.<\/p><p><strong>Mendi-izaki erraldoia, Eddaren thurs eta herri-ipuinen ogre artean.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Espiritua: gorputzik gabeko edo erdi-gorputzeko izakia, hildakoak, natura-izakiak, etxeko espirituak edo atarietako zaindariak. Eguneroko bizitzan eragiten du, sarritan lekuei edo familiei lotua.\">Espiritua<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/germaniar\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ipar eta Erdialdeko Europako kristautasunaren aurreko jainko- eta izpiritu-mundua.\">Germanikoa<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/gestaldu-aldatzaileak\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Itxura aldatzeko gaitasuna duen animalia-gizaki izakia, otso-gizon, azeri-, hegazti- edo suge-itxurakoa.\">Itxura-aldatzailea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tAurkibidea\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202835\" alt=\"Troll - Germaniar tradizioko izakiak, ikuspegi historiko-ilustratiboa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Troll<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trolla tradizio nordikoaren izaietarik konplexuenetakoa da. Hasieran oso zabala izanik (islandiera zaharreko <em>troll<\/em> hitzak \u00abizaki magikoa\u00bb esan nahi zuen oro har), herri-ipuin eta literaturan kontzeptua estutu egiten da mendi- eta baso-biztanle erraldoi bihurtuz: ergela edo maltzurra, gehienetan arriskutsua, batzuetan barregarria.<\/p><p>Kobazuloetan, mendietan, baso urrunetan bizi da, gizakiak bahitzen ditu, andregaiak lapurtzen ditu, altxorrak zaintzen ditu, eta eguzki-argiarekin harri bihurtzen da.<\/p><p>Atzealdean Eddaren j\u00f6tnar eta thursar erraldoi mitikoak daude, jainkoen aurkakoak. Eskandinaviako herri-tradizioan hauek eskualdeko mendi- eta baso-espirituekin nahasten dira herri-ipuinen trolla sortuz, Asbj\u00f8rnsen eta Moeren norvegiar kondaira-bildumetan jasoa, islandiar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohitura, kontakizun eta abestien bidez transmititutako herri-kultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorean<\/span>, finlandiar ipuinetan. Fantasia-literatura modernoak (Tolkien, Rowling, Pratchett) trollaren irudia mundu osoan ezaguna egin du.<\/p><div><p><strong>Troll-haurrak eta mendi-trollak Eddan eta sagan<\/strong><\/p><p>Snorri Sturlusonek <em>Prosa-Eddan<\/em> (1220 inguru), bereziki <em>Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l<\/em>en (poeta-hizkuntza), bi troll-kategoria desberdin deskribatzen ditu. Batzuk mendi-biztanle gisa aurkezten dira, handiak, indartsuak eta ergelak, gizakien eta jainkoen etsaiak. Besteak, txikiagoak eta trebeagoak, magia eta itxura-aldaketa testuinguruan agertzen dira.<\/p><p>Bereizketa horrek geroago balio izan zuen troll-ikuskera eta kondaira desberdinak kategoria ezberdinetan sailkatzeko. Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1lek trollak metafora poetiko gisa ere lantzen ditu, eta horrek eztabaida jasoa iradokitzen du, ez soilik herri-tradizio hutsa.<\/p><p>Islandiar sagetan (Heimskringla, Egils saga, Grettis saga) trollak gizakien eta jainkoen aurka doan indar kaotiko gisa agertzen dira, baina gutxitan dira ekintza nagusiaren ardatz. Beren presentzia basakeriaren edo bestelako munduaren adierazpide gisa funtzionatzen du, kontakizunean markatzaile-funtzio bat, ez pertsonaia-tipo osoki garatua.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikuspegi orokorra: Troll<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mota:<\/strong> Mendi-\/baso-izaki erraldoia<br>Jatorria: Eddaren j\u00f6tnar eta thursar, eskualdeko mendi-espirituak<br>Testuak: Edda, Islandiar sagak, Asbj\u00f8rnsen &amp; Moe, Grimm, fantasia modernoa<br>Aroa: Bikingoen aroa gaur egunera arte<br>Defentsa: eguzki-argia, elizako kanpaiak, altzairua, gatza<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kokapena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuen garaia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erroa mitikoa Eddaren j\u00f6tnarretan. Loraldi literarioa islandiar sagetan (Grettis saga, B\u00e1r\u00f0ar saga). Erdi Arotik aurrera herri-ipuinetako izakia eskandinaviar tradizioan, XIX. mendean ugari bilduta (Asbj\u00f8rnsen &amp; Moe). Kultura popularreko pertsonaia modernoa Tolkienen garaitik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedapen-eremua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eskandinavia, Norvegia, Suedia, Islandia dira funtsezko eremua. Finlandiar eta samiar aldaerak. Alemanian \u00abtrollak\u00bb batez ere eskandinaviar itzulpen bidez ezagutzen dira; beren mendi- eta baso-erraldoiek beste izenak dituzte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturri-egoera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Edda (V\u00f6lusp\u00e1, Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l), islandiar sagak, Asbj\u00f8rnsen eta Moeren <em>Norske Folkeeventyr<\/em>, eskandinaviar eta finlandiar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Eguneroko kultura, ohiturak eta transmititutako sinesmenak aztertzen dituen zientzia.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorea<\/span>, fantasia-literatura modernoa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Islandiera zaharra:<\/strong> <em>troll<\/em>, oso zabala \u00abmagia, munstroa, izaki magikoa\u00bbrentzat.<br>Eddaren terminoak: <em>j\u00f6tunn<\/em> (plurala j\u00f6tnar), \u00aberraldoia\u00bb; <em>thurs<\/em>, \u00abgaizkilea\u00bb.<br>Izen modernoak: mendi-trolla, baso-trolla, Troldkone (troll-emakumea), Trollkunig (islandieraz).<br>Tolkien: trollak Orken munduaren azpiespezie gisa, eguneko argitan harri bihurtzen direnak.<\/p><p>Izaki magiko orokorretik erraldoi-mendi zehatzera doan esanahi-estutzea Erdi Aro berantiarrean eta Aro Modernoaren hasieran gertatzen da. Islandiar testu batzuetan terminoa zabal jarraitzen du, eta hor <em>troll<\/em> batek sorgin bat izatera ere heldu daiteke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ezaugarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Itxura<\/strong><\/p><p>Erlaizua, askotan hainbat metroko altuera duena. Itsusia, sudur lodia, kadirak eta ile nahasia dituena. Tradizio batzuetan buru bat baino gehiago ditu. Larruazala gehienetan grisa edo goroldio-estalia, harkaitzak gogorarazten dituena. Norvegiar ipuinetan sarritan buztana izaten du.<\/p><p><strong>Portaera<\/strong><\/p><p>Kobazuloetan eta mendietan bizi da. Arriskutsua da bidaiarientzat, ezkongaiak lapurtzen ditu, haurrak bahitzen ditu, altxorrak zaintzen ditu. Gizakiak baino ergelagoa da; herri-ipuinetan askotan iruzurraren bidez garaitzen dute. Trolek batzuetan, ilundu ondoren, ezkutuan herrietara jotzen dute, baina eguzki-irtzean harrapatuz gero, harri bihurtzen dira.<\/p><p><strong>Eragin-eremua<\/strong><\/p><p>Mendialdeak, baso zabalak, kobazulo eta harkaitz-arraildu bakartiak. Norvegiako harkaitz-formazio ikonikoetako batzuk gaur egun ere harri bihurtutako troll gisa interpretatzen dira (Trolltunga, Trollveggen).<\/p><p><strong>Kokapen mitologikoa<\/strong><\/p><p>Edda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainko-kondairen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologian<\/span> J\u00f6tnarrak jainkoen aurreko lehen indarren artean daude. Thor da haien etsai nagusia. Herri-tradizioan neurri kosmiko horrek garrantzia galtzen du; trolla mendi eta basoetako eguneroko izaki bihurtzen da.<\/p><div><p><strong>Asbj\u00f8rnsen-Moe bilduma eta nordikoen modernitatea<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Peter Christen Asbj\u00f8rnsen eta J\u00f8rgen Moe folklorista norvegiarrek 1841tik aurrera argitaratu zuten <em>Norske Folkeeventyr<\/em> (Norvegiar herri-ipuinak). Bilduma horrek troll-istorio ugari zituen: zubiak zaintzen dituzten trollak, gizakiak seduzitzen dituztenak edo jainkoekin liskarrean dabiltzanak.<\/span><\/p><p>Asbj\u00f8rnsen eta Moek troll-deskribapenak findu zituzten eta narrazioz eskuragarriago egin zituzten. Aldakuntza eskualdekakoa ere jaso zuten (fjordoetako trollak, mendiko trollak, itsaso-trollak), eta horrek troll-tradizioaren espezializazioa bultzatu zuen.<\/p><p>Bilduma hori, hainbatetan berrargitaratua eta hainbat hizkuntzara itzulia, Europako erromantizismoaren obra kanoniko bihurtu zen eta nordikoen trollak literatura eta folklore modernoan nola ulertu behar diren ezarri zuen.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Trolla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trollaren alderdi nagusiak begiratu batean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultura-testuingurua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eddako J\u00f6tnarrak eta Thursarrak jatorri mitiko gisa. Herri-tradizioan eskualdeko mendi- eta baso-espirituekin nahastu ziren.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eragin-objektua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bidaiariak, artzainak, haurrak. Ezkongaiak herri-ipuinetan. Altxorra bilatzen duten heroiak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trollaren itxura<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlaizua, itsusia, sudur lodia, ile nahasia, batzuetan buru bat baino gehiago. Larruazala grisa edo goroldio-estalia. Batzuetan buztana du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funtzioa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lapurtzen du, bahitzen du, altxorrak zaintzen ditu, birrintzen du. Herri-ipuinetan iruzurraren bidez garaitzen dute. Eguzki-irtzean bizia galtzen du eta harri bihurtzen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trollaren aurkako babesa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eguneko argia (babesbide nagusia), elizako kanpaiak, altzairua. Iruzurra eta pazientzia; herri-ipuinek heroiak erakusten dituzte trolla goizera arte atxikitzen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antzeko izakiak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Greziar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainko-kondairen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiako<\/span> erlaizuak, ogreak (frantziar ipuinak), ziklopea, germaniar mendi-erlaizuak, fantasia modernoko ogrea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Topaketa eta babesa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Eguneko argiaren araua<\/strong><\/p><p>Babesbide nagusia sinplea da: trolla eguzki-irtzeraino atxikitzea. Norvegiar herri-ipuin ugaritan heroiak denbora, asmakizunak, iruzurra edo elkarrizketa luzeak baliatzen ditu trolla eguzki-lehen izpiraino atxikitzeko; orduan harri bihurtzen da.<\/p><p><strong>Kanpaiak, altzairua, gatza<\/strong><\/p><p>Elizako kanpaiek trollak uxatzen dituzte, horregatik dorrean fundatzen ohi ziren herriko eliza berrietako kanpaiak. Altzairua (labanak, aizkorak, ferrak) erretzailea da trollen aurrean. Gatza sutara botatzen da trollak gertu daudela susmatzen denean.<\/p><p><strong>Negoziazioak<\/strong><\/p><p>Ez dira troll guztiak etsaiak. Zenbait kondairatan haiekin negoziatu, trukatu, morrontzan sartu edo irakaspenak jaso daitezke. Arriskuak handiak dira; sariak (altxorrak, sekretuak) ere bai.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelismoak eta harrera<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Germaniar eta bestelako paralelotasunak:<\/strong> Erlaizuak, ogreak, ziklopeak, guztiek dute erlaizu itsusi eta arriskutsuaren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo narrazioan errepikatzen den eduki-elementua.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiboa<\/span>, heroiei erronka jartzen diena. Eddako J\u00f6tnarrak mitikoak dira, herri-ipuinetako trollak eguneroko bizitzatik hurbilagoak.<\/p><p><strong>Tolkien eta fantasia<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tolkienek (1937, <em>The Hobbit<\/em>) norvegiar eguneko argiaren araua fantasia modernora ekartzen du. Handik trolla rol-jokoetan, fantasia-eleberrietan eta bideo-jokoetan etsai estandar bihurtzen da.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Eskandinaviar modernitatea<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Norvegian trolla figura kulturalki presente dago, turismoan (troll-oroigarriak, Trollveggen), zineman (<em>Troll Hunter<\/em>, 2010; <em>Troll<\/em>, 2022), literaturan. &#8220;Bitxia eta xarmangarria aldi berean&#8221; sentsazio nahasiak eskandinaviar identitatearen eraikuntzan eragina du.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Rol sozial eta kosmologikoa nordikoen munduaren ikuskeran<\/strong><\/p><p>Kultura nordikoen sinesmenean trollak ez ziren soilik munstroak, ordena kosmologikoaren elementu integrala baizik. Giza zibilizaziotik kanpoko lekuetan bizi ziren, eta bereganatu ezin zen indar bat adierazten zuten, errespetatu edo beldur izan behar zena.<\/p><p>Giza espazioaren (Midgard) eta espazio demonikoaren (J\u00f6tunheim) arteko muga trollek markatzen zuten askotan. Kokapen kosmologikorik gabe existitzen ziren dohakabe soilekin alderatuta, funtzio horrek trollak bereizten zituen.<\/p><p>Troll-tradizioa bizirik iraun zuen Eskandinavian, Europako beste zati batzuetan ahultzen zen bitartean. Horrek zati batean azaltzen du zergatik fantasia modernoak eta nordiko-kultura berpiztzeek troll-figura hain nabarmen tratatzen dute; ez baita XIX. mendeko asmakizuna, mendeetan zehar jarraitutasuna izan duen tradizio historikoki dokumentatuaren jarraipena baizik.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8484c62 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8484c62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp925f628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp925f628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trolla iparraldeko antzinako tradizioan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b5733e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b5733e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf977c07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf977c07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Islandiar zaharreko <em>troll<\/em> hitza ondo dokumentatuta dago Islandiako eta Eskandinaviako Erdi Aroko literaturan, baina bere esanahia han zabalagoa eta lausoagoa da gaur egungo erabileran baino.<\/p><p>Saga eta poesia eddikoan, <em>troll<\/em> hitzak ez du izaki-mota jakin bat izendatzen, baizik eta izaki naturaz gaindiko arriskutsu ugari. Erraldoi bat izan daiteke, munstro bat, hildako itzuli bat edo, oro har, izaki maltzur eta sorginduak. Antzeko hitza den <em>trolld\u00f3mr<\/em>-ek ere soilki sorginkeria esan nahi du.<\/p><p><em>\u00cdslendingas\u00f6gur<\/em> deituetan, hau da, islandiarren sagetan, izaki troll-antzekoak gehienetan arrisku gisa agertzen dira mundu bizituaren ertzean, mendietan, ibar zailetan, kostaldean.<\/p><p>Talde berezi bat osatzen dute <em>tr\u00f6llkonur<\/em>, troll-emakumeek, saga eta bertso skaldiko batzuetan agertzen direnak. <em>Grettis saga<\/em>-k pasarte ezaguna dakar, non Grettir heroi baztertuak troll-emakume horietako bat eta beste izaki gaizto bat aurka egiten dituen.<\/p><p>Islandiar zaharreko literaturaren ikerketak azpimarratzen du Erdi Aroko testuek ez dutela trollen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainko-narrazio transmitituen guztizkoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> sistematikorik eskaintzen. <em>Troll<\/em> beste hori adierazteko biltze-termino bat da, arraroa dena, gizakien eta jainkoen ordenatik kanpo dagoena.<\/p><p>Geroko herri-kontakizunetako eta, batez ere, gaur egungo haur literaturako troll-irudi itxi eta argia geroko garapena da. Trolla erlijio-historiaren ikuspegitik ulertu nahi duenak iturri zaharrenen lausotasun hori onartu behar du, eta ezin du gaur egungo irudia sagetan atzera irakurri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8ba61c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8ba61c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec6ae86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec6ae86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trollak eskandinaviar herri-kontakizunean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp48dcc90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp48dcc90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp07b663b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp07b663b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gaur egun ezagutzen dugun troll-irudi argia batez ere Erdi Aroaren ondorengo herri-kontakizunean sortu zen, eta XIX. mendean bildu zuten folkloristek. Norvegian, Peter Christen Asbj\u00f8rnsen eta J\u00f8rgen Moe-k lan biltzaile garrantzitsua egin zuten beren <em>Norske Folkeeventyr<\/em> bilduma bidez, eta Suedian hainbat folklorista horrelako materiala biltzen aritu ziren. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi jakintza eta kontakizunak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Transmisio<\/span> berriago horretan, trollak itxura argiagoa hartzen du.<\/p><p>Orain gehienetan mendietan, harkaitzetan edo muinoetan bizi den izaki gisa irudikatzen da, potoloa, indartsua, sarritan tuntuna eta gizakiek engainatzeko modukoa. Motibo errepikatuak dira zarataren, bereziki eliza-kanpaien, aurkako gorrotoa, zubien azpian bizitzea, aberastasuna, abereak eta altxorrak, eta zenbait tradiziotan eguzki-argiak harri bihurtzen duela sinesten den ideia.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo kontakizun bateko elementu edukizko errepikatua.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motibo<\/span> hori antzinako oinarri batekin lotzen da: dagoeneko poesia eddikoan, Alv\u00edss ipotxa harri bihurtzen da, egunsentiak harritu egiten baitu.<\/p><p>Folklorearen ikuspegitik, troll-sagek zeregin ugari izan zituzten. Paisaia bitxiak azaltzen zituzten, esaterako itxura arraroko harkaitzak, harri bihurtutako troll gisa interpretatuak. Landu eremuaren eta natura basatiaren arteko muga markatzen zuten, eta hutsunearen arriskuen aurka ohartarazten zuten. Eta arrotzarekiko topaketa kontakizun bidez lantzen zuten.<\/p><p>Kontakizun-mota zabaldu bat gizakiek mendi barnera trollek eramaten dituztenaren ingurukoa da, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo kontakizun bateko elementu edukizko errepikatua.\" tabindex=\"0\">motibo<\/span> hori lurpekoari eta natura-izakiei buruzko sinesmenekin lotuta dagoena. Erlijio-zientziaren ikerketak kontakizun horretan sinesmen-sistema baino gehiago errepertorio malgu bat ikusten du, landa-komunitateek beren ingurunea eta beldurrak interpretatzeko erabiltzen zutena.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5d270c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd5d270c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000042 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9000042\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izaki ikaragarritik haur literaturako pertsonaiara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6e0daa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa6e0daa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7f65d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa7f65d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trollaren harrera-historia XIX. eta XX. mendeetan, geist-izaki baten esanahi-aldaketaren adibide adierazgarria da. Abiapuntua Eskandinaviako herri-tradizioaren nazio-erromantizismoko goretzea izan zen. Trolla izaki ikaragarri hutsetik nazio-identitatearen eta arte-inspirazioaren elementu bihurtu zen.<\/p><p>Suediar margolari John Bauerrek, <em>Bland tomtar och troll<\/em> antologiarako egindako ilustrazioekin, XX. mende hasieran, oihanean bizi den troll potolo eta korapilotsuaren irudi eragingarria finkatu zuen.<\/p><p>XX. mendean aurrera, irudia are gehiago mugitu zen alde onbera eta haurrentzat egokira. Tove Jansson idazle finlandiar-suediarrak <em>Mumin<\/em> izakiak sortu zituen, biribilak eta bihozberak, eta ia ezertan bat egiten ez dutenak saga-trollen mehatxagarritasunarekin.<\/p><p>Jostailu eta entretenimendu industrian, trolla pertsonaia kaltegabe eta askotan xarmangarri bihurtu zen. Aldi berean, fantasia literaturan, J. R. R. Tolkien-en obren eraginez, trolla handi, tuntun eta arriskutsuaren irudia ere bizirik iraun zuen.<\/p><p>Ikuspegi zientifikoari begira, aldaketa hori adierazgarria da, izaki batek bere zeregina galdu eta berri bat lortu ahal duela erakusten baitu. Saga-trolla beldur zehatzei eta paisaia jakin bati lotuta zegoen.<\/p><p>Gaur egungo trollak lotura hori galdu du, eta beharraren arabera, xarmangarria, umoretsua edo munstrokoa izan daiteke. Suediar <em>troll<\/em> hitzak, horrela, bere zabaltasun zaharra modu berrian berreskuratu du: gaur egun kontakizun bakoitzak eskatzen dion ia guztia adierazten du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lotura osagarriak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Gomendatutako barne-loturak:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/germaniar\/\">Germaniarra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/alp\/\">Alp<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/nix\/\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/mahr\/\">Mahr<\/a><\/li><li>Edda-J\u00f6tnarrak eta nordiar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainko-narrazio transmitituen guztizkoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span><\/li><li>Tolkien eta gaur egungo fantasia<\/li><li>Paralelismoak: ogre, ziklope, erraldoia<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturriak eta bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Troll-ari buruzko funtsezko lan batzuk:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lindow, John: <em>Trolls. An Unnatural History<\/em>. London 2014.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Simpson, Jacqueline: <em>Scandinavian Folktales<\/em>. Harmondsworth 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning: <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Tangherlini, Timothy R.: <em>Interpreting Legend<\/em>. New York 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>L\u00f6nnroth, Lars: <em>Den dubbla scenen<\/em>. Stockholm 1978.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Beste oinarrizko lan gehiago <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/literatura\/\">bibliografian<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-troll-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-troll-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-troll\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-troll-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-troll-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Hemen deskribatutako babes-praktika tradizio historikoen azterketa zientifikoa da. iWell Guard-ek gorputzean eramateko babes-objektuen lerro kultural-historiko horrekin lotzen da, eta horren gaur egungo forma bat da. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">iWell Guard-i buruz gehiago \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-faq-eb1ce4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-troll-faq-eb1ce4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-faq-col-d45809\" data-id=\"wv-troll-faq-col-d45809\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-troll-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Troll-i buruzko ohiko galderak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-troll-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Zer da troll bat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainkoen kontakizunen multzo osoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologian<\/span>?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Troll bat mendietan, basoetan eta zubi azpietan bizi den ipar germaniar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainkoen kontakizunen multzo osoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiako<\/span> izaki bat da. Trollak handi, itsusi eta askotan ergel gisa hartzen dira, baina arriskutsuki indartsuak dira. Tradizio eskandinaviar zaharrean (Edda, sagak) trollak erraldoien leinuko izakiak direla azaltzen da, j\u00f6tunn-en senideak. Fantasia modernoaren tradizioak irudi hori nabarmen aldatu du.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Zer motatako trollak daude?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Tradizio eskandinaviar zaharrak troll mota ugari ezagutzen ditu: mendi-trollak (itsaslabarretako biztanleak), ur-trollak (ibaietan eta aintziretan), muino-trollak eta suediar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohitura, kontakizun eta kantuen bidez transmititutako herri-kultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorearen<\/span> hus-tomten txikiagoak. Trollak harri bihurtzen dira eguzki-argiarekin, Norvegiako harkaitz-formazioei buruzko saga askotan errepikatzen den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo kontakizun batean errepikatzen den eduki-elementua.\" tabindex=\"0\">motibo<\/span> bat.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-troll-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Zer da troll bat mitologian?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Troll bat mendietan, basoetan eta zubi azpietan bizi den ipar germaniar mitologiako izaki bat da. Trollak handi, itsusi eta askotan ergel gisa hartzen dira, baina arriskutsuki indartsuak dira. Tradizio eskandinaviar zaharrean (Edda, sagak) trollak erraldoien leinuko izakiak direla azaltzen da, j\u00f6tunn-en senideak. Fantasia modernoaren tradizioak irudi hori nabarmen aldatu du.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Zer motatako trollak daude?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Tradizio eskandinaviar zaharrak troll mota ugari ezagutzen ditu: mendi-trollak (itsaslabarretako biztanleak), ur-trollak (ibaietan eta aintziretan), muino-trollak eta suediar folklorearen hus-tomten txikiagoak. Trollak harri bihurtzen dira eguzki-argiarekin, Norvegiako harkaitz-formazioei buruzko saga askotan errepikatzen den motibo bat.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1570,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Troll","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Troll \u2013 Eddaren eta kondairen mendi-izaki erraldoia","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Troll, tradizio germanikoaren mendi-izaki erraldoia. Eddaren thurs eta herri-ipuinen ogre artean, harri eta erraldoiekin lotua.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-200335","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Troll \u2013 Eddaren eta kondairen mendi-izaki erraldoia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Troll, tradizio germanikoaren mendi-izaki erraldoia. 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