{"id":200332,"date":"2026-09-07T14:08:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:08:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200332"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"alp","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/alp\/","title":{"rendered":"Alp"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200332\" class=\"elementor elementor-200332 elementor-1028\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alp, tradizio germaniarraren izpiritua<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Alemaniar herri sinesmenaren gaueko presio-izpiritua.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Izpiritua: Gorpuzgabeko edo erdi-gorpuzdun izakia, hilak, natura-izakiak, etxe-izpirituak edo atalaseen zaindariak. Eguneroko bizitzan eragiten du, askotan leku edo familiei loturik.\">Izpiritua<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/germaniar\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ipar eta Europa erdialdeko kristautasunaren aurreko jainko eta izpirituen mundua.\">Germaniarra<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tAurkibidea\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_alp-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202746\" alt=\"Alp \u2013 Germaniar tradiziotik datorren izakia, irudikapen historiko-ilustratiboa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_alp-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_alp-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_alp-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_alp.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alp<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alp germaniar tradizioko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina izan duela uste den gorputzik gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritu<\/span> bat da.<\/p><p>Alp Europa Erdialdeko herri-sinesmenean <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kontzientzia esnatzen den baina gorputzak REM atonia dela eta paralizatuta jarraitzen duen pertzepzio-egoera; sarritan haluzinazioekin lotua.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lo-paralisiaren<\/a> irudi klasikoa da. Espiritu txiki eta astun bat gauez lo dagoenaren bularrean eserita, arnasa kentzen dio eta amesgaizto-esperientziak eragiten dizkio. Alemanezko &#8220;Albtraum&#8221; hitzak (\u00abamesgaiztoa\u00bb) figura hori gaur egun arte gordetzen du hiztegian, Erdi Aroko deabru-izenetatik hizkuntzan aldatu gabe iraun duten gutxietako bat.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi ezagutzak eta kontakizunak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradizioak<\/span> Erdi Aroko goi-alemanezko literaturatik eta iturri juridikoetatik hasi eta Grimm bildumetatik gaur egungo artxibo etnografikoetaraino iristen dira. Alp kulturalki oso lotuta dago Mahr-ekin (jatorriz emakumezkoa) eta ingelesezko <em>mare<\/em> hitzarekin, <em>nightmare<\/em> hitzean dagoena. Atearen atalasean jarritako sinboloen, buruko azpian ipinitako labanaren, otoitzen eta jendeen artean zabaldutako uxatze-formulen bidez uxatzen da.<\/p><div><p><strong>Erdi Aroko goi-alemanezko lekukotzak eta Sorginen Mailua<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp-en tradizio-lerroak Erdi Aroko goi-alemanezraino atzeman daitezke. Wilhelm Grimmek bere bildumetan amesgaiztoen eta gaueko bisiten kontakizunak dokumentatu zituen, non izaki deabruzko bat lo dagoenaren bularrean esertzen zen eta ito egingo zuela mehatxu egiten zuen.<\/p><p>Kontzeptua bera eskualdeko hainbat aldaeratan agertzen da: <em>Alb<\/em> Suabian, <em>Alp<\/em> Bavieran, <em>Elf<\/em> Holsteinen. Aniztasun horrek mendeetan zehar zabaldutako herri-tradizio bat adierazten du, non izakiaren forma egonkor mantendu zen baina izendapena eskualdeka desberdintzen zen.<\/p><p><em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em> lanean (Heinrich Kramer eta Jacob Sprenger, 1487) indar deabruzkoek eragindako gaueko itotze-kasuak deskribatzen dira.<\/p><p>Nahiz eta Alp izenez aipatzen ez den, deskribatutako sintomak (paralisia, arnasestua, pisu itogarriaren bisioak) geroagoko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz zabaldutako herri-kultura, ohitura, kontakizun eta abestiekin.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorearen<\/span> lekukotzekin bat datoz. Sorgin-jazarleek fenomeno horietan esku-hartze deabruzkoa ikusten zuten, ez XIX. mendeko medikuntzak identifikatuko zuen loaren nahaste fisiologikoa.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Azkar begiratzeko: Alp<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mota:<\/strong> Gaueko presio-izpiritua, amesgaizto-ekarlea<br>Jatorria: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">Izpiritu<\/span> txikia, askotan hilekin edo sorginekin lotua<br>Testuak: Erdi Aroko alemaniar iturri juridikoak, Grimm, herri-bildumak<br>Aroa: Goi Erdi Arotik gaur egun arte (hizkuntzan gaur arte)<br>Babesa: Drudenfu\u00df ikurra, oinetakoak alderantziz, aiztoa buruko azpian<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historikoki kokatuta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuen garaia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Goiz agertua Erdi Aroko alemaniar literaturan (Nibelungenlied, Walther) eta iturri juridikoetan (kalte-magia). Ugari dokumentatua XIX. eta XX. mendeko bildumetan (Grimm, Wolf, M\u00fcller-Bergstr\u00f6m). Hitz gisa gaur egun arte \u201eAlbtraum&#8221;-en presente dago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedapen-eremua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alemanez hitz egiten den eremua; antzeko irudiak beste izenekin (Nachtmahr, Drude, Trud) inguruko eskualdeetan. Ingelesezko <em>nightmare<\/em> hitza Mahr-en aldaeratik dator.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturri-egoera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erdi Aroko alemaniar testuak, iturri juridikoak (magia-prozesuak), Grimm anaien alemaniar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura baten transmititutako jainko-kontakizunen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span>, XIX.\/XX. mendeko herri-arkiboak, lo-ikerketa modernoa jarraipen sekular gisa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izena eta aldaerak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Erdi Aroko alemaniera:<\/strong> <em>alp<\/em>, <em>alb<\/em>. Etimologikoki \u201eElf&#8221;-ekin lotua; Alp jatorriz elfo bat da, funtzio negatiboan.<br>Eskualdeko aldaerak: Trud\/Drud (bavariarra), Nachtmahr (zabaldua), Walrider, Doggeli (suitzarra), Mart (behe-alemaniarra).<br>Ingelesez: <em>mare<\/em>, <em>nightmare<\/em> hitzean.<\/p><p>Alp = Elf baliokidetasuna lehen begiradan bakarrik harritzen du: germaniar antzinako kontzepzioan elfoak izaki anbibalenteak ziren, ez geroko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohitura, kontakizun eta abestien bidez transmititutako herri-kultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorearen<\/span> irudi adiskidetsuak. \u201eElfenschuss&#8221; (elfoen tiroa), bat-bateko gaixotasunerako, konplexu berean sartzen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ezaugarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Itxura<\/strong><\/p><p>Txikia, astuna, sarritan ez-nabarmena. Zenbait kontakizunetan animalia-forma hartzen du, katua, armiarma, erbinudea, batzuetan haur bihurritu bat bezala. Ez dago irudi zehatzik ezarrita, presio eta pisu gisa hautematen da gehiago.<\/p><p><strong>Portaera<\/strong><\/p><p>Gauez sartzen da giltzarraren zulotik, tximiniatik, atearen zirrikitutik. Lo dagoenaren bularrean jartzen da, arnasa eta mugimendua kentzen dizkio. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun bati emandako oparia, esker ona, eskaera edo gurtza adierazteko.\" tabindex=\"0\">Biktimak<\/span> ezin du oihu egin, ezin du ihes egin. Gaur egungo loaren ikerketaren arabera: <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kontzientzia esnatzen den baina gorputza REM atonia dela eta oraindik paralizatuta dagoen pertzepzio-egoera.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lo-paralisiaren<\/a> sintomatologia klasikoa.<\/p><p><strong>Eragin-eremua<\/strong><\/p><p>Lo egiteko gela, batez ere gau jakin batzuetan (muga-egunak, ilbete). Landa-tradizioetan zaldiak ere: Alp-ak gauez zaldia &#8220;gidatzen&#8221; du, goizean adats nahastua aurkitzen da.<\/p><p><strong>Kokapen mitologikoa<\/strong><\/p><p>Hasieran elfo-forma, herri-sinesmenean presio-espiritu mehatxagarri bihurtua. Kristau-berrinterpretazioan zenbaitetan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kalte edo eragin bikoitza egotzi zaion izpiritu-izaki.\" tabindex=\"0\">deabru<\/span> gisa ulertua, edo sorgin baten arima gisa. Interpretazio modernoan <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esnaldia REM atonia muskularrarekin; munduan zehar mamu-esperientzia gisa interpretatua (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 neurologikoki azalgarria.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lo-paralisia<\/a> fenomeno neurologiko gisa.<\/p><div><p><strong>Lo-paralisia eta interpretazio kulturala<\/strong><\/p><p>Medikuntza modernoak egoera hau <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esnaldia REM atonia muskularrarekin; munduan zehar mamu-esperientzia gisa interpretatua (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 neurologikoki azalgarria.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lo-paralisia<\/a> edo <em>isolated sleep paralysis<\/em> izenez ezagutzen du. REM loaldian kontzientzia esnatzen denean gertatzen da, gorputza ametsaren muskulu-tonuaren babes naturalak oraindik paralizatuta duen bitartean. Gaixoek haluzinazioak, arnasestua eta bularrean pisu itogarri baten sentsazioa kontatzen dute.<\/p><p>Interpretazio kulturala naturaz gaindikoaren eta medikoaren artean aldatu izan da garaiaren eta eskualdearen arabera. Aleman hizkuntzako eremuan, Alp izan zen luzaroan fenomeno horien azalpen nagusia. David Hufford-ek <em>The Terror that Comes in the Night<\/em> (1982) lanean esperientzia horien iraunkortasun fenomenologikoa kultura anitzetan zehar dokumentatu zuen.<\/p><p>Alp-en tradizio-lerroak ez ziren sekularizazioarekin desagertu, baizik eta berrinterpretatu egin ziren. XX. mendeko literatura psikologiko eta terapeutikoak, neurri batean, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Eguneroko kultura, ohiturak eta transmititutako sinesmenak ikertzen dituen zientzia.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> bilduma erabili zuen lo-arazoak historikoki testuinguratzeko. Alp ezagutzen ez zenaren artxibo kultural bat izaten jarraitu zuen, hasieran azalpen arrazionaletik ihes egiten zuena.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Alp<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alp-en alderdi garrantzitsuenak begi kolpean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradizioa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Germaniar elfo-sinesmenetik dator; herri-sinesmenean presio-espiritu mehatxagarri bihurtu zen. Kristau-berrinterpretazioan zenbaitetan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kalte edo eragin bikoitza egotzi zaion izpiritu-izaki.\" tabindex=\"0\">deabru<\/span> gisa, zenbaitetan sorgin-arima gisa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alp-en jomuga<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lo dauden pertsonak, bereziki bizkarrez etzanda daudenak. Landa-tradizioan zaldiak ere, ukuiluan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Txikia, astuna, forma desegokia. Animalia-forma har dezake (katua, armiarma, erbinudea). Sarritan ikusi baino gehiago presio gisa hautematen da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jarduera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bularreko presioa, mugitzeko ezintasuna, arnasestua, amets txar bizigarriak. Interpretazio modernoa: <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esnaldia REM atonia muskularrarekin; munduan zehar mamu-esperientzia gisa interpretatua (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 neurologikoki azalgarria.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lo-paralisia<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defentsa-moduak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Drudenfu\u00df (pentagrama) atean eta ohean, zapatak alderantziz ohearen aurrean, labana ahoa gora buruko almohadaren azpian, hip\u00e9rikoa ohearen azpian, otoitzak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alp-en parekoak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lilu-eta-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b eta Lil\u012btu<\/a>, Empusa, Strix, Kikimora eslaviarra, <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esnaldia REM atonia muskularrarekin; munduan zehar mamu-esperientzia gisa interpretatua (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 neurologikoki azalgarria.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lo-paralisiaren<\/a> ikerketa modernoa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Babes-praktika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Atea eta ohearen babesa<\/strong><\/p><p>Drudenfu\u00df (punta gora duen pentagrama) atean edo ohearen gainean. Zapatak alderantziz ohearen aurrean Alp nahasten dute. Labana ahoa gora buruko almohadaren azpian, tradizionalki Erdialdeko Europa osoan agertua.<\/p><p><strong>Hitzezko formulak<\/strong><\/p><p>Oheratzerakoan esaten diren herri-esaera laburrak. Alp-i izenez deitu behar zaio, orduan bere izena esan behar dio dei egileari eta desagertu egiten da. Herri-sinesmenak &#8220;Alp-deiak&#8221; babes-praktika gisa ezagutzen ditu.<\/p><p><strong>Zaldien babesa<\/strong><\/p><p>Ukuiluan: ostikoak, Alp-ispilua (metal ispilatzaile pieza bat), argizariak piztuta. Zenbait eskualdetan zaldiari kanpai txikiak dituen lepokoa jartzen zaio, Alp-ak durundia beldur baitio.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parekoak eta interpretazio modernoa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Munduko paralelismoak:<\/strong> Lil\u016b\/Lil\u012btu Mesopotamian, Empusa Grezian, Strix Erroman, Kikimora eremu eslaviarrean, Baka Jaga zenbait gau-formatan. Nonahi egitura bera: gaueko izpiritu emakumezko edo tamaina txikikoa, lo daudenak estutzen dituena.<\/p><p><strong>Loaren ikerketa:<\/strong> Loaren laborategiko ikerketa modernoak sintomatologia hau <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esna egoera muskuluen REM atonia egoerarekin batera; munduan zehar izpiritu-esperientzia bezala interpretatua (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 neurologikoki azalgarria.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lo-paralisi<\/a> gisa identifikatzen du, REM loaldiaren trantsizioan gertatzen dena, non muskulu-atonia eta kontzientzia gainjartzen diren. Ikerketa etnografikoak erakusten du kultura askotan deskribapen fenomenologiko bertsuak agertzen direla.<\/p><p><strong>Harrera:<\/strong> Alp gaur egun ere hizkuntzan bizirik dago &#8220;Albtraum&#8221; hitzean. F\u00fcsslik egindako margolan ospetsua &#8220;Der Nachtmahr&#8221; (1781) da adierazpen artistiko ezagunena. Beldurrezko literatura eta zinema modernoak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo narrazio batean errepikatzen den eduki-elementua.\" tabindex=\"0\">motibo<\/span> hau berrartu dute.<\/p><div><p><strong>Mahr eta beste gaueko izpirituekiko harremana<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp <em>Mahr<\/em>-ekin oso lotuta dago; biak gaueko izpirituak dira, lo dauden pertsonen gainean jarri eta larritasuna eragiten dutenak. Aldea generoan eta eskualdean baino ez da askotan datza: Alp (maskulinoa edo neutroa) agertzen den lekuan, ondoko eskualdeetan Mahr (femeninoa) fenomeno bera azaltzeko erabil daiteke.<\/p><p>Eskandinaviako baliokideek, hala nola norvegiar <em>Mareritt<\/em>-ak eta islandiar <em>Mara<\/em>-k, sustrai germaniar bat iradokitzen dute, Europako iparraldera eta erdialdera zabaldu zena.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijioak konparatiboki eta fede-lotura gabe aztertzen dituen zientzia.\" tabindex=\"0\">Erlijio zientziaren<\/span> ikuspegi konparatibotik, Alp batzuetan deabruen azpimota gisa sailkatzen da, baina askotan izaki-mota berezitzat ere hartzen da, esperientzien lokaltasuna eta errepikakortasuna deabru klasiko baten gaiztotasun abstraktua baino ezaugarri nabarmenagoak baitira. Muga hori oraindik eztabaidatzen da literatura espezializatuan.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9cdd254 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9cdd254\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpebbec9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpebbec9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alp eta Albtraum hitza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfab36f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfab36f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac5f837 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpac5f837\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gaur egungo hizkuntzan <em>Alp<\/em>-ek utzi duen arrasto argiena <em>Albtraum<\/em> hitza da, <em>Alptraum<\/em> idazkera zaharragoarekin batera. Hitzez hitz, Alp-ek eragindako ametsa adierazten du.<\/p><p>Aurkikuntza linguistiko horrek Alp-en irudikapenaren muinera garamatza zuzenean: Alp, batez ere, presio-espiritu bat da, gauez lo dagoenaren gainean esertzen den izakia, bularra zapaltzen diona eta horrela amets astun eta beldurgarriak, itotze- eta paralisi-sentsazioa eragiten dizkiona.<\/p><p>Hitz-familia oso zaharra da. Nordiko zaharreko <em>alfr<\/em> hitzarekin lotuta dago, elfoak edo albeak izendatzen dituena, eta ingelesezko <em>elf<\/em> hitzarekin ere bai.<\/p><p>Ingelesez, ideia zaharrak <em>nightmare<\/em> hitzean bizirik jarraitzen du, zeinen bigarren osagaia, <em>mare<\/em>, alemanezko <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/mahr\/\">Mahr<\/a>-en erro berekoa baita. Hizkuntzen arteko lotura horiek erakusten dute gaueko presio-izaki baten ideia oso zaharra eta zabaldua zela eremu germaniarrean.<\/p><p>Hizkuntza-historiaren aldetik interesgarria da Alp jatorriz albeen artekoa zela, hau da, natura-izakien klase oso bateko partaidea, eta geroago mugatu zela gaueko itogarriaren funtzio berezira.<\/p><p>Mitologia germaniarrari eta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Eguneroko kultura, ohiturak eta transmititutako sinesmenak aztertzen dituen zientzia.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnografiari<\/span> buruzko ikerketek azaldu dute hitzaren esanahia hainbat aldiz aldatu zela, izaki-espiritu orokor batetik presio-espiritura, eta gaur egun ia soilik <em>Albtraum<\/em> hitzean gordetzen den esanahi metaforikoraino.<\/p><p>Alp, beraz, adibide bat da nola sinesmen mitologiko bat hizkuntzan iraun duen, izakiarekiko sinesmena bera desagertu ondoren ere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp383e27c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp383e27c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd33fc94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd33fc94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lo-paralisia: kontzeptu zahar baten muin medikoa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp488d917 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp488d917\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1274817 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1274817\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alp-en kontzeptua oso aztertutako adibide bat da, gorputz-esperientzia erreal bat kulturalki nola interpretatzen den erakusteko. Alp-en kontakizunaren oinarrian dagoen esperientzia, hainbat aspektu \u200b\u200bzorroztasunean, gaur egungo lo-medikuntzak lo-paralisi izenez deskribatzen duenarekin bat dator.<\/p><p>Prozesu horretan, kontzientzia esnatzen da, ametsezko loaldian dagoen muskulu-erlaxazioa oraindik iraun bitartean. Kaltetuak esna dago, baina ezin da mugitu, bularrean presioa, arnasestua eta beldurra sentitzen ditu askotan, eta ez gutxitan gelan presentzia mehatxatzaile bat sentitzen du.<\/p><p>Esperientzia hori kultura eta garai guztietan agertu da, eta ia beti izaki eraso-eraile batek azaldu da. Alemaniar herri-tradizioak Alp-en obra bezala interpretatu du, beste kulturek antzeko presio-izpirituak dituzte.<\/p><p>Lo-paralisiaren gainean egindako ikerketa kultura-arteko konparatiboak erakutsi du gorputzeko oinarrizko sintomak nabarmen egonkorrak direla, interpretazioa kulturaz kultura aldatu bitartean. Antzematen ustezko izakiak tokiko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belaunaldiz belaunaldi jakintza eta narrazioak transmititzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradizioak<\/span> ematen dizkion ezaugarriak jasotzen ditu.<\/p><p>Ikuspegi honek Alp-en kontzeptua ez du gutxietsi, aitzitik ulergarri egiten du. Azaltzen du zergatik zen Alp-en sinesmena hain zabaldua eta iraunkorra: esperientzia errepikakor eta bortitz batean oinarritzen zen, lo-ikerketa modernoa baino lehen bestelako azalpenik ez zuena.<\/p><p>Ikuspegi etnografiko eta erlijio-zientifikoak, hortaz, Alp-engan gorputz-esperientziaren eta interpretazio kulturalaren arteko lotura adierazgarritzat jotzen du. Esperientzia erreala zen, izaki azaltzailea eraikuntza kultural bat zen, eta biek elkarrekin mendeetan zehar egonkorra izan zen sinesmen-multzo bat osatu zuten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp58c2f6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp58c2f6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7a02cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf7a02cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lotutako kontzeptuak eta Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6a3ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5e6a3ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb6f9e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpdb6f9e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alp ez dago bakarrik, gau-erdiko presio-espirituari buruzko elkarren artean estu lotutako sinesmen sorta baten parte da. Ahaide garrantzitsuena <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/mahr\/\">Mahr<\/a> da, alemanezko hizkuntza-eremuko zati handi batean funtzio berbera betetzen duena: lotan dagoena zapaltzen du, gainean ibiltzen da, bularra astuntzen dio.<\/p><p>Eskualde batzuetan bi terminoak batera erabiltzen ziren, beste batzuetan bata edo bestea nagusitzen zen. Banaketa erregional hori historiako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Eguneroko kultura, ohiturak eta belaunaldiz belaunaldi transmititutako sinesmenak aztertzen dituen zientzia.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloreari<\/span> buruzko esparru ondo dokumentatua da.<\/p><p>Sinesmen esparru osoaren ezaugarri nagusia hainbat irudiren nahasketa da. Presio-espiritua batzuetan izate espiritual berezi bat bezala pentsatzen da, beste batzuetan bizirik dagoen pertsona baten arima bidalia bezala, kontzienteki edo ez, besteak nekatzen dituena.\n\n<\/p><p>Bigarren interpretazio horretan, Alp-en sinesmena sorginkeriaren sinesmenarekin lotzen da: herriko pertsona jakin bat susmagarri izan zitekeen gauero besteengana Alp gisa joateagatik. Horrela, esperientzia gaueko bat arazo sozial bihurtzen zen, komunitatean susmoa eta errudun-egiketa sor zezakeena.<\/p><p>Sinesmen-mundu horretatik azaltzen dira ere transmititutako defentsa-bideak eta haien logika. Alp zirrikitu batetik, adar-zulo batetik edo arrakala batetik sartzen zenez, halako zirrikituak itxi behar ziren.<\/p><p>Zenbaka zitekeenez, lagungarri zen ataza zenbagarri bat ematea. Irteteko bide bera hartu behar zuenez, sarrera oztopatuz harrapatu zitekeen.<\/p><p>Bide horiek soilik zentzua dute Alp-ek nola jokatzen zuen buruzko eredu jakin baten testuinguruan. Erlijio-zientzien ikerketak, hortaz, defentsa-praktika horiek azpian dagoen sinesmenerako giltza gisa interpretatzen ditu: Alp-en aurka egiten zenetik, harrez pentsatzen zena berreraiki daiteke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lotura osagarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Barne-esteka gomendatuak:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/germaniar\/\">Germaniarra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/mahr\/\">Mahr<\/a> (ahaidetasun estua), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/nix\/\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/troll\/\">Troll<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lilu-eta-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b eta Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esna egoera muskuluen REM-atonia dela-eta; mundu osoan espiritu-esperientzia gisa interpretatua (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari), neurologikoki azalgarria.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Loezinaren<\/a> ikerketa<\/li><li>F\u00fcssli, \u201eDer Nachtmahr\u201c<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikerketa-bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Alp\/Mahr-i buruzko oinarrizko lan-hautaketa:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Grimm, Jacob: <em>Deutsche Mythologie<\/em>. 4. Aufl. Berlin 1875, 1878.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hufford, David J.: <em>The Terror That Comes in the Night: An Experience-Centered Study of Supernatural Assault Traditions<\/em>. Philadelphia 1982 (<a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lo-paralisia\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esna egoera muskuluen REM-atonia dela-eta; mundu osoan espiritu-esperientzia gisa interpretatua (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari), neurologikoki azalgarria.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">loezina<\/a> eta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ohiturak, kontakizunak eta abestiak biltzen dituen transmititutako kultura herrikoia.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklorea<\/span>).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich: <em>Ephialtes. Eine pathologisch-mythologische Abhandlung<\/em>. Leipzig 1900.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ranft, Michael: <em>Tractat von dem Kauen und Schmatzen der Todten<\/em>. Leipzig 1734 (historikoa).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Beste lan nagusiak <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/literatura\/\">bibliografian<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-alp-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-alp-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-alp\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-alp-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-alp-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Hemen deskribatutako babes-praktika tradizio historikoen azterketa zientifikoa da. iWell Guard-ek gorputzean eramateko babes-objektuen lerro kultural-historiko horrekin lotzen da, eta horren gaur egungo forma bat da. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">iWell Guard-i buruz gehiago \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a453185 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a453185\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5511186 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5511186\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Alp-i buruzko galdera arruntak<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Zer da Alp <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura baten transmititutako jainko-narrazioen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> germaniarrean?<\/h3><p>Alp alemaniar-germaniar tradizioko gau-erdiko izpiritu kaltegarri bat da, lotan dauden pertsonen bularrean kokatzen dena eta amets txarrak eragiten dituena.<\/p><p>Alp-etik dator &#8216;Albtraum&#8217; hitza ere (aitzineko forma: &#8216;Alpdruck&#8217;). Loaren ikerketa modernoan fenomeno hori loezin gisa ezagutzen da, REM lo-fasera igarotzean gertatzen den mugimendu-gelditze aldi baterakoa, askotan presio-sentsazio, arnasestu eta oso bizidun ziren haluzinazioekin lagunduta.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Nola babesten zen jendea sinesmen herrikoian Alp-etik?<\/h3><p>Herri-medikuntza klasikoak defentsa-praktika ugari ezagutzen zituen: oheko zapatak buelta emanda jarri, labana ireki bat burukoaren azpian ipini, orratz burdinazko bat ohean sartu, lo egin baino lehen Aitagurea esan, atean pentagrama bat marraztu.<\/p><p>Ipar Alemanian Alp ere formula bat esanez uxatzen zen (&#8216;Alb, Alb, geh weg, du geh\u00f6rst nicht hierher&#8217;). Schwarzwald-eko tradizioak Alp-harri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturala duten sinbolo-ekintza sekuentzia egituratua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritual<\/span>a ezagutzen zuen: zulaturiko harri batez zeharkatutako intxaurrondo-zotza ohearen zutabean.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Was ist ein Alp in der germanischen Mythologie?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Der Alp ist ein n\u00e4chtlicher Schadgeist der germanisch-deutschen Tradition, der sich auf der Brust schlafender Menschen niederl\u00e4sst und Albtr\u00e4ume verursacht.Vom Alp leitet sich auch das Wort 'Albtraum' (alter Beleg: 'Alpdruck') ab. In der modernen Schlafforschung wird das Ph\u00e4nomen als Schlafparalyse bezeichnet, der vor\u00fcbergehende Bewegungsstillstand beim \u00dcbergang in den REM-Schlaf, oft begleitet von Druckgef\u00fchl, Atemnot und sehr lebhaften Halluzinationen.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wie sch\u00fctzte man sich im Volksglauben vor dem Alp?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Die klassische Volksmedizin kannte zahlreiche Abwehrpraktiken: Schuhe verkehrt herum vor dem Bett aufstellen, ein offenes Messer unter das Kissen legen, eine eiserne Nadel ins Bett stechen, vor dem Schlafen das Vaterunser sprechen, ein Pentagramm an die T\u00fcr zeichnen.In Norddeutschland wurde der Alp auch durch einen Spruch ('Alb, Alb, geh weg, du geh\u00f6rst nicht hierher') ausgetrieben. Die Schwarzwald-Tradition kannte das Alp-Stein-Ritual: ein steinbohrter Holunder-Pflock am Bettpfosten.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1660,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Alp","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Alp - Alemaniar herri sinesmenaren gaueko presio-izpiritua","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Alp Europa erdialdeko herri sinesmenaren lo-paralisi klasikoaren irudia da: gauez bularrean eserten den izpiritu txiki eta astun bat.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-200332","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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