{"id":200291,"date":"2026-09-07T14:08:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:08:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=200291"},"modified":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T14:13:09","slug":"edimmu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/edimmu\/","title":{"rendered":"Edimmu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"200291\" class=\"elementor elementor-200291 elementor-723\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edimmu, Mesopotamiako tradizioaren espiritua<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Edimmu Mesopotamiako tradizioaren <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritua<\/span> da.<\/p><p><strong>Atsedenik gabeko heriotza-espiritua, lur emate erritua ahaztu edo baztertu izanaren ondorioz.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Espiritua: Gorputz gabeko edo erdi-gorputzdun izakia, hildakoak, natur izakiak, etxeko espirituak edo atarietako zaindariak. Eguneroko bizitzan eragiten du, sarritan leku edo familiei lotua.\">Espiritua<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Erlijio dokumentatuaren jaiotza, Sumer, Akad, Babilonia, Asiria (K.a. 3500 inguru - K.a. 330).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/hilen-espirituak\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hildakoak, zeinen espirituek mundu honetan eragiten jarraitzen duten, etxeko espirituak, arbasoak, atsedenik gabeko hildakoak.\">Heriotza-espiritua<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Orrialde honetan ez da izenbururik aurkitu.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_mesopotamien_edimmu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-202714\" alt=\"Edimmu \u2013 Mesopotamiako tradizioko izpirituak, ilustrazio historikoa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_mesopotamien_edimmu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_mesopotamien_edimmu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_mesopotamien_edimmu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_mesopotamien_edimmu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edimmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Edimmu ez da demonologia mesopotamiarrean sortutako irudi bat, giza hutsegite baten ondorioa baizik. Hildako bat behar bezala ehortzi ez zenean, aldian-aldian hildakoen eskaintzarik jasotzen ez zuenean, edo indarkeriaz eta ahaztuta bizitzatik kendua izan zenean sortzen da. Arimatik, <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em> deitutik, sumerieraz <em>gidim<\/em>, mehatxu bihurtzen da orduan.<\/p><p>Horrek gizarte rol berezi bat ematen dio Edimmuri: bizirik gelditutakoen hutsegitea agerian jartzen du. Beraz, babesa ez datza soilik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturalarekin egindako ekintza sinbolikoen segida arautua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritu<\/span>an eta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Babeserako edo zoritxarra uxatzeko botere sinbolikoa duen janzten den objektua.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuletoan<\/span>, baizik eta batez ere ehorzketa egokian eta hildakoen etengabeko zaintzan, <em>kispu<\/em> delakoan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Azkar begiratuta: Edimmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mota:<\/strong> atsedenik gabeko heriotza-espiritua (mesopotamiarra)<br>Jatorria: akadieraz <em>edimmu<\/em>, sumerieraz <em>gidim<\/em><br>Funtzioa: bizidunak bisitatzen ditu lur emate erritua ahaztu denean<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo indar bati erregutuz edo dei eginez zuzentzea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Deia<\/span>: <em>kispu<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Errepikatzen den erlijio-ekintza finkatua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritua<\/span>, ur eta irin oparia hildakoentzat<br>Iturri nagusiak: Maql\u00fb seriea, Utukk\u016b lemn\u016btu, Gilgamesh Epopeiaren XII. tauleta<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historikoki kokatuta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testuen garaia<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Edimmuri buruzko lekukotasunak lehen sumeriar testuetatik neu-asiriar eta neu-babiloniar garaira arte iristen dira. Hildakoen zainketa, heriotza-espiritua eta bizitza ondoko sinesmenaren multzoa Mesopotamiako erlijioaren elementu iraunkorrenetako bat da.<\/p><p><strong>Kokapen mitologikoa<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Edimmu<\/em>, hildakoen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritua<\/span> edo arima, Mesopotamiako <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kultura bateko jainkoen eta izakien kondaira multzo osoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologian<\/span> ez da entitate bakarra, baizik eta izaki gainnaturalen klase bat, hildakoen espirituak. <em>Edimmu<\/em>k hildako pertsonen gorputz gabeko hondarrak dira, azpiko munduan zehar ibiltzen direnak.<\/p><p>Gaiztoak edo neutralak izan daitezke, nola bizi izan diren eta nola lurperatu dituzten arabera. <em>Edimmu<\/em>k mundu fisikoari lotuta daude aingura emozional edo fisikoen bidez, konpondu gabeko gaiengatik, lur emate txarrengatik edo sentimendu bortitzengatik. Ez dira jainkoak, ez demonio osoak, baizik eta bien arteko zerbait.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hedapen-eremua<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sinesmena Mesopotamiako kultur eremu osoan zabaldua dago. Antzeko funtzioak antzinako Mediterraneoko kulturetan, Asia ekialdeko herri-erlijioetan eta europar herri-sinesmenetako tradizioetan ere aurkitzen dira.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iturri-egoera<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Iturri nagusiak Maql\u00fb eta \u0160urpu xantxa-serieak dira, Gilgamesh Epopeiaren XII. taula, ehortzi gabeko hildakoa baretzeko jarraibideekin, eta Utukk\u016b lemn\u016btu bilduma kanonikoa (&#8220;Deabru gaiztoak&#8221;). Edizio eta itzulpen garrantzitsuenak M.J. Geller-ek egin ditu (Brill, 2007 eta 2016) eta R. Borger-ek; kispu praktika Akio Tsukimoto-k (1985) modu sistematikoan aztertu du.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izena eta aldaerak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Akadieraz:<\/strong> <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em>, transkripzio zaharragoetan <em>edimmu<\/em>, <em>etimmu<\/em>, <em>ekimmu<\/em> ere.<br>Sumerieraz: <em>gidim<\/em>.<br>Hitzez hitz: \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritua<\/span>&#8220;, \u201ehildako baten arima&#8221;.<\/p><p>Bereizketa garrantzitsua: printzipioz, hildako <em>guztiek<\/em> dute <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em> bat. Hori mehatxu bihurtzen da, hala ere, hildakoen zainketa ahaztu denean, heriotza bortitza izan denean edo gorpua lurperatu gabe geratu denean. \u201eEdimmu&#8221; demonio-terminoak, hortaz, atsedenik gabeko eta bideratu gabeko heriotza-espiritua adierazten du, ez arima bere osotasunean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ezaugarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Itxura<\/strong><\/p><p>Itzal-formakoa, irudi finkorik gabea. Esperientzia akustikoa da (kexu-hotsak, intzirika), ametsetan edo etxean gauez sentitzen den presentzia gisa. Akkadiar eskola-logikak bereizten ditu ikusgai bihurtzen diren Edimmuak (bakanak) eta zeharka baino ez direnak esperimentagarri (araua).<\/p><p><strong>Jokabidea<\/strong><\/p><p>Edimmuak gauez bizirik dirauten familiaren etxeetara etortzen dira. Arreta eskatzen dute, egin gabeko doluzko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun bati eskaintza, eskerrak, eskaria edo gurtza adierazteko.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritoak<\/span>, egin gabeko ur eta irin-eskaintzak. Baretzen ez badira, gaixotasuna, amesgaizto eta zorigaitza eragiten dute. Mehatxua iraunkorra da: egin gabeko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Errepikatzen den erlijio-ekintza finkatua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritu<\/span> bakar batek urte askotako esperantxa ekar dezake.<\/p><p><strong>Eragin-eremua<\/strong><\/p><p>Lo-arazoak, amesgaiztoak, buruko minak, malenkonia, familiaren gaixotasuna, antzutasuna, negozioetako porrota. Mesopotamiar diagnosiak sintoma ez-espezifiko sorta zabal bat Edimmu-multzoari egotzi ohi zion, judu-errabinikoen Lilith-diagnostikoaren parekoa.<\/p><p><strong>Itxura eta sinbolismoa<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Edimmuak<\/em> giza itxurako izaki gisa irudikatzen dira, baina eterikoak, grisak edo garden-antzekoak, izpiritu-antzeko distira batekin. Beren bizitzako jantziak edo ezaugarriak beste munduan ere eramaten dituzte, baina trantsizioan ahultzen dira. Beren begiak hutsak dira edo tristuraz beteak.<\/p><p>Batzuetan siluleta beltz edo gris hutsa baino ez da ikusten. <em>Edimmuek<\/em> ez dute gorputz fisikoen sendotasunik; hormak zeharkatu eta desagertu daitezke. Beren presentzia hotzarekin edo nolabaiteko beldur batekin lotu ohi da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Edimmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Edimmuren alderdi nagusiak begi-kolpe batean. Izenari, deskribapenari, defentsari eta parekotasunei buruzko azalpen zehatzagoa ondorengo ataletan aurkituko duzu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradizioa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Behar bezala lurperatu gabeko, hildakoen zaintza egin gabeko edo indarrez eta ahaztuta hildako pertsona bat izan zen lehen. Hau da: ez da sorkuntza bat, hutsegite bat baino.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edimmuren jomuga<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Batez ere hilobiratzea edo <em>kispu<\/em> erritua baztertu duten senideak. Horrez gain: legez kanpo lurperatuen edo indarkeriaz hildakoen tokietatik igarotzen diren bidaiariak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edimmuren itxura<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Itzal-antzekoa, zurbila, ahuldua, gizaki-antzekoa. Ez da izaki hibridoa. Bere presentzia gehiago sintomatan eta ametsetan agertzen da, argi eta garbi ikusgai diren irudietan baino.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edimmuren eragina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nekea, gaixotasun kronikoa, amesgaiztoak, senideengan sufrimendu azalgaitza. Erasoaldi bat baino gehiago, larritasun iraunkorra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Babesa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Berandutuko lurperatzea edo ordezko erritua, <em>kispu<\/em> hildakoentzako eskaintza aldizkakoak, baretzeko eta beste munduan itzultzeko exorzismoak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edimmuren parekotasunak<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lemures-ak (erromatarra), Keres-ak eta Homeroren lurperatu gabeko arimak (greziarra), gose-fantasmak (hungry ghosts, txinatar-budista), berpiztuak (germaniarra), poltergeist gaur egungo motiboak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eguneroko defentsa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defentsarako erritualak<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Errepikatzen den erlijio-ekintza finkatua.\" tabindex=\"0\">Erritu<\/span> nagusia <em>kispu<\/em> da, hildakoei ur, ogi eta irinez janaria ematea, hilabetero ilargi-berrian eta urteroko oroitzapen-egunean. Horrez gain, hildakoari izenez egindako ahozko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo indar bati eskatzeko edo deitzeko hitza.\" tabindex=\"0\">deiadar edo otoitza<\/span>.<\/p><p>Presentzia larriaren aurrean, Maql\u00fb sailetiko exorzismo-testuak erabiltzen ziren: buztinezko irudien erretzea, ipuru-erretxinaren erretze-eskaintzak, etxearen inguruko babes-zirkuluak. Gilgamesh Epopeiaren XII. tafletan lurperatu gabeko hildako baten Edimmua baretzeko jarraibide zehatza ematen da.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo izaki sakratu bati eskainitako gurtza-ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kultua<\/span> eta gurtza<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Edimmuen<\/em> &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainkotasun edo izaki sakratu bati eskainitako gurtza-ekintzen multzoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultua<\/span>&#8221; arbasoen gurtzaren eta hildakoen erritualen bidez praktikatzen zen. Familiek beren senide hildakoak ohoratzen zituzten eskaintza eta otoitzen bidez, beren <em>Edimmuak<\/em> lasai eta pozik eduki nahian beste munduan.<\/p><p>Apaizek erritualak egiten zituzten <em>Edimmu<\/em> gaiztoak baretzeko edo uxatzeko. Hilobiak eskaintzez hornitzen ziren <em>Edimmuak<\/em> elikatzeko eta baretzeko. Behar bezala lurperatu gabeko edo madarikatutako <em>Edimmuak<\/em> beldur handiaren iturri ziren, eta uxatzeko indar bereziak behar izaten ziren.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edimmu, beste kulturetako parekotasunak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Greziar-erromatar mundua<\/strong><\/p><p>Homeroren Keres-ek eta, batez ere, erromatar Lemures-ek, lurperatu gabeko edo haserretutako hildakoetatik sortzen diren atseden gabeko arimek, funtzionalki Edimmuarekin zerikusi handia dute. Erromako <em>Lemuria<\/em> jaia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arte edo narrazioan errepikatzen den eduki-elementu bat.\" tabindex=\"0\">motibo<\/span> horri erantzun instituzionalizatua da.<\/p><p><strong>Asia Ekialdea:<\/strong> Txinatar-japoniar-korear tradizioko budismoak eragindako \u201egose-fantasmak&#8221; (preta, egui) lotura bete gabeetatik eta erritu desegokietatik sortzen dira. Gose-fantasmen jaialdiak hildakoen zainketa erritualak aldizka berrezartzen ditu.<\/p><p><strong>Europa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Eguneroko bizitzan zabalduta dauden erlijio-ideiak eta ohiturak.\" tabindex=\"0\">herri-sinesmena<\/span>):<\/strong> Germaniar eta eslaviar herri-sinesmenean berpiztuen eta poltergeist-en motiboek ideia bera jasotzen dute: hildako batek itzuli egiten du, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Errepikatzen den erlijio-ekintza finkatua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritua<\/span>, justizia edo agurra osatu gabe geratu zirelako. Defentsa, aldi berean, konponketa modu bat da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9302b7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9302b7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f157fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3f157fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hildako atsedenik gabea: kausak eta logika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp41008d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp41008d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1c68ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1c68ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em>a (sumerieraz <em>gidim<\/em>, ikerketa literatura zaharrean askotan <em>edimmu<\/em> gisa idatzia) ez da hasieran ezer mehatxagarririk pentsamendu mesopotamiarrean. Hitzak, oro har, hildakoen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritua<\/span> izendatzen du, hildako baten espiritua.<\/p><p>Gizaki bakoitza <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em> bihurtzen da heriotzaren ondoren. Normalean, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritu<\/span> hori mundu azpikoan barneratzen da, bere lekua aurkitzen du eta ondorengoen hildakoen eskaintza erregularrek elikatzen dute.<\/p><p><em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em>a arriskutsu bihurtzen da tr\u00e1nsito ordenatu hori huts egiten duenean bakarrik. Testuek arrazoiak zehazki aipatzen dituzte: behar bezala ehortzi ez zen gizakia, gorpua ehortzi gabe geratu zena edo uretan flotan ibili zena; ondorengorik utzi ez zuen eta, ondorioz, hildakoen zaintzarik jasotzen ez duen gizakia; heriotza bortitz, goiztiar edo naturaz kanpokoa izan zuen gizakia.<\/p><p>Horrelako hildakoek ez dute atsedenik aurkitzen. Haien <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espiritua<\/span> bizidunen munduari lotuta geratzen da eta itzultzen da.<\/p><p>Orduan, <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em> atsedenik gabeak bizidunak bisitatzen ditu. Gizaki bat kutsatzen du, belarritik sartzen zaio, eta gaixotasuna, buruko mina, ahultasuna eta nahasmen mentala eragiten ditu.<\/p><p>Ideia hau erlijio-zientziaren ikuspegitik koherentea da: hildakoen espirituak falta zaiona nahi du, ehorzketa eta zaintza, eta bizidun bat estutuz lortzen du, harik eta hark edo bere familiak konponbidea aurkitu arte.<\/p><p><em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em>arenganako sinesmenak ehorzketa egoki eta hildakoen zaintza betebehar sozial garrantzitsu bihurtu zuen, norberaren osasunarekin lotutako kontua. Hildakoak baztertzen zituenak haien itzulera arriskatzen zuen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83df163 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp83df163\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11c77de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp11c77de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sendagintzako tratamendua: diagnostikoa eta xantxua<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpea16c28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpea16c28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdb4429 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbdb4429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em>a mesopotamiar medikuntzan eta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ekintza edo formula bereziek gauzen ibilbidean eragin nahi duten praktikak.\" tabindex=\"0\">magian<\/span> gaixotasunen kausa ohikoenetako bat da. Testu diagnostikoek, batez ere <em>Sakikk\u016b<\/em> serie handiak (&#8220;Sintomak&#8221;), Nils Hee\u00dfel-en lanekin lotua ikerketan, sintoma multzoak zerrendatzen dituzte, &#8220;hildako baten espirituaren eskua&#8221; (<em>q\u0101t e\u1e6demmi<\/em>) gisa interpretatuak.<\/p><p>Xantxu-apaizak, <em>\u0101\u0161ipu<\/em>k, gaixotasunaren zeinuen bidez zehazten zuen <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em> bat ari zen jarduten ala ez, eta hortik ateratzen zuen tratamendua.<\/p><p>Testu multzo bereziak, JoAnn Scurlock-en edizio batean &#8220;espiritu-gaixotasunen&#8221; izenburupean bildua, terapia zehatz-mehatz dokumentatzen du. Xantxuak, gantzurdinak, edabeak, amuletoak eta erritu-ekintzak biltzen zituen.<\/p><p>Prozedura garrantzitsu bat hildakoen espiritua identifikatzea zen, eta gero <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturala duen ekintza sinbolikoen sekuentzia arautua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritu<\/span> eta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jainko bati eskaintzen zaion opari, eskerrak, eskariak edo gurtza adierazteko.\" tabindex=\"0\">opari<\/span> baten bidez lasaitzea edo mundu azpikoan itzularaztea. Batzuetan, aurretik falta zitzaion ehorzketa edo hildakoen zaintza ematen zitzaion <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munduan eragina duela uste den gorputz gabeko izakia.\" tabindex=\"0\">espirituari<\/span>; beste batzuetan, ordezko bati, adibidez irudi bati, lotua geratzen zen, eta horrela gaixotik askatzen zen.<\/p><p>Iturri hauek erlijio-historiarako oso baliotsuak dira, medikuntza, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ekintza edo formula bereziek gauzen ibilbidean eragin nahi duten praktikak.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> eta hildakoen gurtza Mesopotamian nola elkarlotuta zeuden erakusten baitute. Gaixoaren tratamendua, aldi berean, bizidunen eta hildakoen arteko harreman hondatu batena zen.<\/p><p><em>\u0101\u0161ipu<\/em>a ez zen ondorengo esanahian etsai bat botatzen zuen exorzista bat, baizik eta harreman sozial hondatu bat berrezartzen zuen bitartekari bat, salbu eta partaideetako bat jada hilda zegoela. Espezialista berek aurre egiten zieten indar kaltegarri lotuak <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu<\/a> eta <em>utukku<\/em> deabruak ziren.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp80cd23c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp80cd23c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5308c81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5308c81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">kispu opariak eta hildakoen zaintza<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9eacb7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9eacb7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62f6bcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62f6bcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em> atsedenik gabe baten aurkako prebentzio eraginkorrena hildakoen zaintza erregular eta egokia zen, <em>kispu<\/em>a. Termino honek ondorengoek beren arbaso hildakoentzat egin behar zituzten hildakoen eskaintzak eta oroitzapen-errituak izendatzen ditu.<\/p><p><em>kispu<\/em>a funtsean hildakoentzako janari eta batez ere ur eskaintzatik osatzen zen, haien izenak esatearekin lotuta.<\/p><p>Erritu hauek leku finkoa zuten egutegian. Oroitzapen egun erregularrak zeuden, askotan hilerokoak, eta udako Abu hilabetea hildakoen oroitzapenerako aldi berezitzat jotzen zen, munduen arteko lotura iragazkorra zela pentsatzen zen garaia.<\/p><p>Zaintzak ez zuen azkenaldiko hildakoak bakarrik ukitzen, belaunaldi askotara luzatzen zen atzera; errege-etxeetan luzeetako arbaso-zerrendak irakurtzen ziren <em>kispu<\/em>ean.<\/p><p>Atzean dagoen logika argia da: <em>kispu<\/em>aren bidez zainduta dagoen hildakoa, zeinen izena aipatzen den eta zeinen egarria hausten den, mundu azpikoan pozik geratzen da eta ez da itzultzen.<\/p><p>Ahaztuta dagoen hildakoa, familia amaitu zaiona edo zaintza baztertzen zaiona, <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em> gose, egarri eta atsedenik gabe bihurtzen da. Horrenbestez, hildakoen zaintza ez zen hutsezko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gizaki batek bizi duen jarrera eta praktika erlijiosoa.\" tabindex=\"0\">debozioa<\/span>, baizik eta belaunaldien arteko kontratu bat, berehalako ondorioekin.<\/p><p>Bizidunek hildakoak zaintzen zituzten eta horrela haien aurkako bakea erosten zuten; hildakoek, aldiz, poztuta zeudenean, bizidunekiko onberak izan zitezkeen. <em>e\u1e6demmu<\/em>arenganako sinesmena eta <em>kispu<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturala duen ekintza sinbolikoen sekuentzia arautua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritua<\/span> hildakoen munduarekiko harreman beraren bi aldeak dira.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lotura osagarriak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/gallu\/\">Gallu, Mesopotamiako harrapari-demonio ahaidea<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu, emakumezko demonio ahaidea<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu, babeserako irudi apotropaikoa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, azpimundu Jainkosa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/nergal\/\">Nergal, azpimundu jainkoa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu, zelatari-demonio ahaidea<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eu\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamiako Tradizioa, testuinguru orokorra<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikerketa-bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturalarekin sinboliko-ekintzen sekuentzia arautua.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Scurlock, JoAnn: <em>Magico-Medical Means of Treating Ghost-Induced Illnesses in Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2006.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-edimmu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-edimmu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-edimmu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-edimmu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-edimmu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Hemen deskribatutako babes-praktika tradizio historikoen erlijio-zientzien araberako sailkapena da. iWell Guard tradizio kultural-historiko honi lotzen zaio, gorputzean eramaten diren babes-objektuen ildoari, eta horren gaur egungo forma bat aurkezten du. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">iWell Guard-i buruz gehiago \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1441f2e e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1441f2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e86c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e86c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Edimmuri buruzko galdera arruntak<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Zer ziren Edimmu erlijio mesopotamiarrean?<\/h3><p>Edimmu (sumerieraz GIDIM, akkadieraz e\u1e6dimmu) erlijio mesopotamiarrean hildakoen izpirituak ziren, bereziki behar bezala ehortzi ez zituztenak edo familiak hildakoen eskaintzarik eman ez zienak.<\/p><p>Fantasma eta izpiritu izugarrien mesopotamiar kidekoak dira, bizirik daudenak zigortzeko mundu honetan gelditzen direnak, gaixotasunen, amets txarren, istripuen eta zorigaitzaren bidez. Gilgamesh Epopeian, Enkidu-ren Edimmuk azpiko munduetatik itzultzen da eta Gilgameshi hildakoen erreinuko egoeraren berri ematen dio.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Nola babesten zen norbait Edimmu batetik?<\/h3><p>Metodorik garrantzitsuena ehorzketa egokia eta hildakoen eskaintza erregularra (Kispum) egitea zen, ogia, garagardoa eta ura arbasoentzat. Edimmu bat, hala ere, itzultzen bazen, xantxa-taulak, namburbi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturalarekin egindako ekintza sinbolikoen segida arautua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritua<\/span> (desegite-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturalarekin egindako ekintza sinbolikoen segida arautua.\" tabindex=\"0\">erritu<\/span> mota bat) eta jainko mesopotamiarrei egindako deiak lagungarri ziren, bereziki \u0160ama\u0161 (eguzki jainkoa eta epailea) eta Marduk-i.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esanahi erlijioso edo kulturalarekin egindako ekintza sinbolikoen segida arautua.\" tabindex=\"0\">Erritu<\/span> tipiko batean, Edimmuren buztinezko irudia egiten zen, izpirituaren izena idazten zitzaion eta modu sinbolikoan lurperatzen edo uretara botatzen zen.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Zer ziren Edimmu erlijio mesopotamiarrean?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Edimmu (sumerieraz GIDIM, akkadieraz e\u1e6dimmu) erlijio mesopotamiarrean hildakoen izpirituak ziren, bereziki behar bezala ehortzi ez zituztenak edo familiak hildakoen eskaintzarik eman ez zienak.Fantasma eta izpiritu izugarrien mesopotamiar kidekoak dira, bizirik daudenak zigortzeko mundu honetan gelditzen direnak, gaixotasunen, amets txarren, istripuen eta zorigaitzaren bidez. 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Edimmu bat, hala ere, itzultzen bazen, xantxa-taulak, namburbi-erritua (desegite-erritu mota bat) eta jainko mesopotamiarrei egindako deiak lagungarri ziren, bereziki \u0160ama\u0161 (eguzki jainkoa eta epailea) eta Marduk-i.Erritu tipiko batean, Edimmuren buztinezko irudia egiten zen, izpirituaren izena idazten zitzaion eta modu sinbolikoan lurperatzen edo uretara botatzen zen.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1693,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Edimmu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Edimmu - lur emate gabeko atsedenik gabeko heriotza-espiritua","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Edimmu Mesopotamiako demonologian ez da sortutako irudia, giza hutsegite baten ondorioa baizik. 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