{"id":14963,"date":"2026-05-07T08:57:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T08:57:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/spiritismus-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T12:02:37","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T12:02:37","slug":"spiritismus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/es\/spiritismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Spiritismus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Spiritismus\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Espiritismo, comunicaci\u00f3n con esp\u00edritus y pr\u00e1ctica de sesiones<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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El espiritismo es el movimiento de la comunicaci\u00f3n con esp\u00edritus<\/strong> de personas fallecidas, codificado por Allan Kardec y practicado en la pr\u00e1ctica de sesiones<\/strong> con m\u00e9diums.<\/p>\n

Espiritismo<\/span><\/strong> es la doctrina y pr\u00e1ctica seg\u00fan la cual las almas de los difuntos pueden comunicarse con los vivos a trav\u00e9s de m\u00e9diums. Surgi\u00f3 en 1848 en Estados Unidos, se extendi\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente por Europa y Am\u00e9rica Latina, y marc\u00f3 los siglos XIX y XX tanto como movimiento religioso como campo de estudio de la parapsicolog\u00eda temprana.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hydesville 1848 y las hermanas Fox<\/h2>\n

En marzo de 1848, las hermanas Margaret y Kate Fox informaron en Hydesville, Nueva York, de golpes en su casa, a los que respond\u00edan con uno o varios golpes seg\u00fan las preguntas formuladas.<\/span><\/p>

De este episodio se desarroll\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente una pr\u00e1ctica propia: los golpes como lenguaje, luego la levitaci\u00f3n de mesas y, finalmente, fen\u00f3menos de trance<\/span> y materializaci\u00f3n. En pocos a\u00f1os exist\u00edan en Norteam\u00e9rica miles de c\u00edrculos y una red de m\u00e9diums itinerantes.<\/p>\n

Allan Kardec y la codificaci\u00f3n francesa<\/h2>\n

En Francia, el pedagogo Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail sistematiz\u00f3 la doctrina a partir de 1857 bajo el seud\u00f3nimo de Allan Kardec.<\/p>

Su Le Livre des Esprits<\/em> (Libro de los esp\u00edritus, 1857) y el Livre des M\u00e9diums<\/em> (1861) llevaron el espiritismo a una doctrina coherente: reencarnaci\u00f3n del alma para su perfeccionamiento progresivo, ordenaci\u00f3n jer\u00e1rquica de los reinos espirituales, orientaci\u00f3n \u00e9tica de la vida hacia el amor al pr\u00f3jimo y el progreso espiritual. El sistema de Kardec se distingue del espiritualismo anglosaj\u00f3n por su doctrina expl\u00edcita de la reencarnaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

En Brasil, el espiritismo kardeciano encontr\u00f3 una segunda patria. Hoy se encuentran all\u00ed las mayores comunidades espiritistas organizadas del mundo, con ramificaciones en la Umbanda y el Candombl\u00e9. Kardec tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1 presente en el espectro cat\u00f3lico-popular de Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/p>\n

Formas pr\u00e1cticas<\/h2>\n

La pr\u00e1ctica espiritista conoce varias formas principales. La cl\u00e1sica es la sesi\u00f3n en semic\u00edrculo alrededor de una mesa, dirigida por un m\u00e9dium que, en trance leve o profundo, transmite contactos. La comunicaci\u00f3n se realiza mediante golpes, movimiento de mesas, escritura autom\u00e1tica o el habla a trav\u00e9s de la boca del m\u00e9dium.<\/p>

A finales del siglo XIX se a\u00f1adieron fen\u00f3menos f\u00edsicos: levitaciones, materializaciones y sustancias ectopl\u00e1smicas. Estas formas m\u00e1s espectaculares dieron lugar a una oleada de investigaciones cient\u00edficas, pero tambi\u00e9n al descubrimiento de numerosos casos de fraude.<\/p>\n

Parapsicolog\u00eda temprana<\/h2>\n

La Society for Psychical Research (SPR) fue fundada en 1882 en Londres por Frederic Myers, Henry Sidgwick, Edmund Gurney y Eleanor Sidgwick para investigar metodol\u00f3gicamente los fen\u00f3menos espiritistas. Sus estudios, como el Census of Hallucinations<\/em> (1894) y los multivol\u00famenes Proceedings<\/em>, siguen siendo hasta hoy una fuente principal.<\/span><\/p>

La investigaci\u00f3n de la SPR sent\u00f3 las bases de la posterior parapsicolog\u00eda experimental. William James, en sus \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, trabaj\u00f3 intensamente con el m\u00e9dium Leonora Piper y la calific\u00f3 de \u00abwhite crow\u00bb, un caso que sacud\u00eda la tesis general sobre el car\u00e1cter puramente subjetivo de todos los informes medi\u00famnicos.<\/p>\n

Charles Richet, fisi\u00f3logo franc\u00e9s y Premio Nobel, acu\u00f1\u00f3 el t\u00e9rmino ectoplasma<\/em> y llev\u00f3 a cabo sesiones estrictamente controladas. Su Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9tapsychique<\/em> (1922) sigue siendo un notable documento de un enfrentamiento cient\u00edfico serio. El mediumismo de Eusapia Palladino fue examinado en cientos de sesiones controladas, y detractores y defensores permanecieron en desacuerdo durante a\u00f1os.<\/span><\/p>\n

Escepticismo y revelaciones<\/h2>\n

Ya en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, numerosos m\u00e9diums fueron desenmascarados como impostores.<\/p>

Las propias hermanas Fox confesaron p\u00fablicamente en 1888 haber producido sus golpes haciendo chasquear las articulaciones de los dedos de los pies (Margaret retir\u00f3 posteriormente su confesi\u00f3n, aunque el reconocimiento qued\u00f3 en pie). El ilusionista Harry Houdini se propuso en la d\u00e9cada de 1920 desenmascarar a los m\u00e9diums fraudulentos; su A Magician Among the Spirits<\/em> (1924) documenta docenas de tales casos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aunque no todo fen\u00f3meno era fraude, el autoenga\u00f1o fisiol\u00f3gico, como el efecto ideomotor en el movimiento de mesas, explica gran parte de los fen\u00f3menos de mesa y escritura tambi\u00e9n sin manipulaci\u00f3n consciente.<\/p>\n

El espiritismo hoy<\/h2>\n

El espiritismo organizado sigue existiendo, sobre todo en Brasil (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Esp\u00edrita Brasileira, con millones de seguidores), en Francia y en el Reino Unido (Spiritualists’ National Union). En los pa\u00edses de habla alemana el movimiento es m\u00e1s reducido, aunque est\u00e1 presente a trav\u00e9s de c\u00edrculos de sesiones, m\u00e9diums de trance y el espectro de practicantes de contacto con el m\u00e1s all\u00e1<\/a>.<\/p>

Para el estudio fenomenol\u00f3gico de los esp\u00edritus, el espiritismo sigue siendo una tradici\u00f3n clave: desde hace m\u00e1s de 170 a\u00f1os ofrece el corpus m\u00e1s extenso de informes documentados de contacto con esp\u00edritus<\/span>, as\u00ed como un debate continuo sobre su autenticidad.<\/p>\n

Fuentes<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Allan Kardec: Das Buch der Geister<\/em>, edici\u00f3n alemana Bruselas 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Janet Oppenheim: The Other World. Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850, 1914<\/em>, Cambridge UP 1985.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Ann Braude: Radical Spirits. Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in 19th Century America<\/em>, Beacon 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Renaud Evrard: Folie et paranormal<\/em>, PU Rennes 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Leonardo Vincentini: Spiritism in Brazil<\/em>, Lewiston 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3408,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Espiritismo Comunicaci\u00f3n con esp\u00edritus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Espiritismo \u2013 Comunicaci\u00f3n con esp\u00edritus Kardec | iWell","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"El espiritismo como movimiento del siglo XIX para la comunicaci\u00f3n con esp\u00edritus. 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