{"id":14710,"date":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/upyr-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T11:55:55","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T11:55:55","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/es\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"14710\" class=\"elementor elementor-14710 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, demonio de la tradici\u00f3n eslava<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr es <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ser espiritual al que se le atribuye un efecto perjudicial o ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonio<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3n eslava.<\/p><p><strong>El muerto viviente eslavo, antecesor del moderno personaje vamp\u00edrico.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demonio \/ demonia: Ser sobrenatural de efecto predominantemente perjudicial o ambivalente. Se sit\u00faa entre los dioses y los seres humanos, provoca enfermedad, tentaci\u00f3n o desgracia, y se repele mediante conjuros, apotropaicos y rituales.\">Demonio<\/span><a href=\"\/es\/slawisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitolog\u00eda eslava y religi\u00f3n popular, con superposici\u00f3n cristiana a partir del siglo X.\">Eslavo<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndice de contenidos\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Abrir la tabla de contenidos\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Cerrar la tabla de contenidos\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-133410\" alt=\"Upyr - demonios de la tradici\u00f3n eslava, ilustraci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Upyr es la figura central del muerto viviente en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmitida con costumbres, relatos y canciones.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span> eslava, y el antecesor hist\u00f3rico inmediato del moderno personaje vamp\u00edrico. Un difunto que se levanta de su tumba, succiona la sangre de los vivos, diezma primero a su propia familia y luego al pueblo, y solo puede ser enterrado definitivamente mediante ritos especiales.<\/p><p>A diferencia del Draugr n\u00f3rdico, el Upyr es m\u00e1s \u00e1gil, ataca de noche y puede desplazarse libremente fuera del cementerio.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3n eslava del Upyr es fundamental para la historia europea del vampiro. A trav\u00e9s de relatos de viajeros procedentes de los Balcanes en el siglo XVIII (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger, 1732; el caso austriaco de Arnod Paole), el fen\u00f3meno se dio a conocer en Europa Occidental.<\/p><p>De ah\u00ed se desarrolla, a trav\u00e9s de Polidori, Le Fanu y Bram Stoker, la moderna literatura vamp\u00edrica. Variantes regionales: eslavo oriental <em>Upyr<\/em>, polaco <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, rumano <em>Strigoi<\/em>, eslavo meridional <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Visi\u00f3n r\u00e1pida: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipo:<\/strong> Muerto viviente eslavo, precursor del vampiro<br>Origen: Fallecidos no bautizados, muertos por suicidio, malditos o excomulgados<br>Textos: actas eclesi\u00e1sticas eslavas (desde el siglo XI), informes balc\u00e1nicos del siglo XVIII, Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>Per\u00edodo: desde la Edad Media hasta la actualidad<br>Defensa: estaca de madera de \u00e1lamo tembl\u00f3n, decapitaci\u00f3n, cremaci\u00f3n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edodo de los textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Los primeros testimonios escritos se hallan en documentos eclesi\u00e1sticos eslavos del siglo XI. Abundantes informes en el siglo XVIII (Fl\u00fcckinger, 1732, sobre Arnod Paole; otras investigaciones habsburgesas). Recepci\u00f3n literaria: Polidori, 1819; Le Fanu, 1872; Stoker, 1897. Investigaci\u00f3n moderna: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1rea de difusi\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El espacio cultural eslavo desde Rusia hasta los Balcanes, con una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmisi\u00f3n de conocimientos y relatos a trav\u00e9s de las generaciones.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> especialmente densa en Serbia, Bulgaria, Ruman\u00eda (Strigoi) y Polonia. A trav\u00e9s de la colonizaci\u00f3n habsburguesa y la recepci\u00f3n literaria, se extendi\u00f3 a Europa Occidental y al resto del mundo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estado de las fuentes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Actas eclesi\u00e1sticas eslavas, protocolos de exhumaci\u00f3n habsburgueses (siglo XVIII), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci \u00abThe Vampire in Roumania\u00bb (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), folclor\u00edstica balc\u00e1nica y eslava moderna.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nombre y variantes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ruso:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Polaco: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>Checo\/Eslovaco: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Rumano: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (del lat. <em>strix<\/em>, no eslavo, pero en el mismo campo sem\u00e1ntico).<br>Eslavo meridional: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; en serbio tambi\u00e9n <em>Vampir<\/em>, fuente l\u00e9xica del t\u00e9rmino conocido internacionalmente.<br>Ucraniano: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>La forma serbia <em>Vampir<\/em> aparece en los protocolos habsburgueses del siglo XVIII y desde all\u00ed se difunde mundialmente a trav\u00e9s de la prensa austriaca y alemana. El art\u00edculo &#8216;Vampyr&#8217; del diccionario franc\u00e9s Tr\u00e9voux (1721) es uno de los primeros testimonios de la palabra en su uso internacional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aspecto<\/strong><\/p><p>Tras la exhumaci\u00f3n, sorprendentemente fresco: rostro sonrojado, sangre sin coagular en el coraz\u00f3n, u\u00f1as y cabellos crecidos, boca manchada de sangre. Explicable desde el folclore por los procesos naturales de descomposici\u00f3n; para los contempor\u00e1neos, prueba de la actividad vamp\u00edrica. Durante su actividad nocturna: figura oscura, a veces como animal (lobo, perro) o como niebla.<\/p><p><strong>Comportamiento<\/strong><\/p><p>Abandona su tumba de noche, ataca primero a los familiares (de ah\u00ed &#8216;primero a la propia familia&#8217;) y luego al pueblo. Succiona sangre, causa agotamiento, enfermedad y muerte. Quien muere por la mordedura del Upyr se convierte a su vez en Upyr. Los pueblos afectados por el Upyr sufren aut\u00e9nticas series de muertes.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c1mbito de acci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><p>Su propio pueblo y las localidades circundantes. En ocasiones puede desplazarse m\u00e1s lejos si la zona queda despoblada. Los d\u00edas fronterizos (Jurjevden, Navidad, Epifan\u00eda) son de especial actividad.<\/p><p><strong>Clasificaci\u00f3n mitol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/p><p>Seg\u00fan la tradici\u00f3n religiosa popular, una persona se convierte en Upyr si muere sin bautismo, por suicidio, excomulgada, maldita o como bruja. Tambi\u00e9n se considera en riesgo a quienes nacen con &#8216;dos corazones&#8217; o &#8216;dos almas&#8217;. El desarrollo del muerto viviente eslavo al vampiro moderno se produce a lo largo de siglos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Los aspectos m\u00e1s importantes del Upyr de un vistazo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contexto cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Personas fallecidas sin bautismo, por suicidio, malditas, excomulgadas o muertas como brujas. Surge tambi\u00e9n por una sepultura impropia o por un fracaso moral en vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En relaci\u00f3n con<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primero la propia familia, luego el pueblo. Todo el que muere por la mordedura del Upyr se convierte a su vez en Upyr; propagaci\u00f3n de car\u00e1cter epid\u00e9mico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tras la exhumaci\u00f3n: rojo, hinchado, con sangre sin coagular y u\u00f1as crecidas. De noche: figura oscura, como animal (lobo, perro) o como niebla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Succiona la sangre de los vivos, provoca agotamiento, enfermedad y muerte. Series de muertes en los pueblos. Propagaci\u00f3n mediante transmisi\u00f3n por mordedura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00f3mo repeler al Upyr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhumaci\u00f3n y perforaci\u00f3n con estaca de \u00e1lamo tembl\u00f3n, decapitaci\u00f3n, cremaci\u00f3n, reinhumaci\u00f3n boca abajo. Ajo, incienso, cruces; pr\u00e1cticas funerarias protectoras.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seres afines<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"\/es\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/es\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germ\u00e1nico), figura vamp\u00edrica moderna (Stoker), Strigoi rumano, Vrykolakas griego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3n y lucha contra los vampiros<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sepultura preventiva<\/strong><\/p><p>A quien se considera en riesgo de convertirse en Upyr (suicidas, no bautizados, excomulgados) se le entierra con especial cuidado: boca abajo, dedos gordos del pie atados, boca rellena de piedra, tumba cubierta con una hoz (para que el muerto viviente se decapite a s\u00ed mismo si intenta levantarse).<\/p><p><strong>Ante la sospecha<\/strong><\/p><p>La mortandad en un pueblo desencadena una caza de vampiros. La comunidad aldeana excava las tumbas sospechosas. Se\u00f1ales de actividad vamp\u00edrica: cad\u00e1ver fresco, boca roja, sangre sin coagular, u\u00f1as crecidas. A continuaci\u00f3n: perforaci\u00f3n con estaca de \u00e1lamo tembl\u00f3n, decapitaci\u00f3n, cremaci\u00f3n en llama abierta, cenizas arrojadas al r\u00edo. En algunas regiones se quemaba el coraz\u00f3n por separado.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletos y protecci\u00f3n del hogar<\/strong><\/p><p>Ajo en ventanas y puertas. Incienso en el interior del hogar. Cruz de plata junto a la cama. Proteger a los ni\u00f1os con hilos rojos en las mu\u00f1ecas. En \u00e9pocas de especial peligro (tras una mortandad en el pueblo): los miembros de la familia duermen juntos, portando amuletos protectores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Del Upyr al vampiro<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Informes habsburgueses del siglo XVIII<\/strong><\/p><p>En 1732, Johann Fl\u00fcckinger investiga por encargo del ej\u00e9rcito austriaco el caso de Arnod Paole en Serbia y redacta el informe <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. El documento da a conocer el fen\u00f3meno vamp\u00edrico en Viena, Par\u00eds y Londres. Un debate sobre los vampiros sacude al mundo intelectual ilustrado.<\/p><p><strong>Nacimiento literario<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819) introduce la figura en la literatura de sal\u00f3n. <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) de Sheridan Le Fanu establece la figura de la vampira femenina. <em>Dracula<\/em> (1897) de Bram Stoker se convierte en la figura central de la literatura vamp\u00edrica moderna, situada expl\u00edcitamente en la periferia rumano-eslava.<\/p><p><strong>Continuaci\u00f3n moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un elemento tem\u00e1tico recurrente en el arte o en el relato.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivo<\/span> del Upyr permanece activo en la literatura rumana, polaca y eslava (Olga Tokarczuk, <em>Die Jakobsb\u00fccher<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows y numerosas adaptaciones m\u00e1s se apoyan directa o indirectamente en la figura eslava original, a menudo sin reconocer ese origen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Upyr en los testimonios escritos m\u00e1s tempranos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El t\u00e9rmino <em>upyr<\/em> se cuenta entre las palabras m\u00e1s antiguamente atestiguadas de la creencia eslava en vampiros. Un testimonio citado con frecuencia se encuentra en un manuscrito del antiguo ruso, en el que un copista lleva el sobrenombre o apodo <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, que significa aproximadamente &#8216;el Upir malvado&#8217;.<\/p><p>La dataci\u00f3n de este testimonio en el siglo XI es objeto de debate en la investigaci\u00f3n, aunque se considera uno de los indicios m\u00e1s antiguos de que la palabra ya era corriente en el espacio eslavo oriental en \u00e9poca temprana.<\/p><p>Otro testimonio importante es un serm\u00f3n en eslavo eclesi\u00e1stico antiguo contra pr\u00e1cticas paganas, que censura el sacrificio a los <em>upyri<\/em> y a los <em>beregini<\/em>. Este texto sit\u00faa al Upyr en la misma categor\u00eda que otros seres espirituales a quienes el pueblo llano ofrec\u00eda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrenda a una deidad para expresar gratitud, petici\u00f3n o veneraci\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificios<\/span>.<\/p><p>De ello cabe concluir que el Upyr no era originalmente solo el muerto viviente chupador de sangre de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmisi\u00f3n de conocimientos y relatos a trav\u00e9s de las generaciones.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3n<\/span> posterior, sino parte de un espectro m\u00e1s amplio de seres espirituales a los que se tributaba veneraci\u00f3n cultual.<\/p><p>Estos testimonios tempranos son ling\u00fc\u00edsticamente reveladores, pero escuetos en cuanto al contenido. Mencionan la palabra, pero apenas describen al ser. La imagen detallada del Upyr como muerto viviente que abandona su tumba por la noche procede de fuentes considerablemente m\u00e1s recientes, sobre todo de la \u00e9poca moderna temprana y de los registros folcl\u00f3ricos del siglo XIX.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3n invita por ello a la cautela: no es l\u00edcito proyectar sin m\u00e1s la imagen del vampiro plenamente desarrollada, propia de \u00e9pocas posteriores, sobre los testimonios medievales. Lo \u00fanico seguro es que la palabra es antigua y que desde el principio design\u00f3 a un ser temido, vinculado al culto a los muertos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La etimolog\u00eda de una palabra controvertida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El origen de la palabra <em>upyr<\/em> pertenece a las cuestiones no resueltas de la ling\u00fc\u00edstica eslava. Coexisten varias interpretaciones sin que ninguna se haya impuesto de manera definitiva.<\/p><p>Una propuesta extendida descompone la palabra en un prefijo negativo o intensificador y una ra\u00edz relacionada con volar o con plumas, lo que interpretar\u00eda al Upyr como un ser capaz de volar o de revolotear.<\/p><p>Otra propuesta vincula la ra\u00edz con una palabra que designa hinchaz\u00f3n o abultamiento, lo que encajar\u00eda con la bien documentada imagen folcl\u00f3rica del cad\u00e1ver vamp\u00edrico, repleto y sin descomponerse.<\/p><p>La aclaraci\u00f3n se ve dificultada por el hecho de que la palabra aparece en casi todas las lenguas eslavas, siempre con variaciones fon\u00e9ticas.<\/p><p>La forma eslava meridional <em>vampir<\/em> es la que, a trav\u00e9s del alem\u00e1n y del franc\u00e9s en el siglo XVIII, pas\u00f3 a las lenguas de Europa Occidental y se convirti\u00f3 all\u00ed en la palabra internacional para toda la clase de seres. El polaco <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, el ucraniano <em>upyr<\/em>, el ruso <em>upyr<\/em> y otras formas pertenecen a la misma ra\u00edz l\u00e9xica.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica ve en esta amplia distribuci\u00f3n un argumento a favor de que la palabra y el concepto que designa ya exist\u00edan en \u00e9poca protoeslava. Cu\u00e1l de las etimolog\u00edas propuestas es la correcta sigue siendo una cuesti\u00f3n abierta, y algunos investigadores consideran incluso que la palabra podr\u00eda ser un pr\u00e9stamo de una lengua no eslava, lo que complica a\u00fan m\u00e1s la situaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Para el an\u00e1lisis desde la perspectiva de las ciencias de las religiones es importante reconocer que ya el propio nombre constituye un legado antiguo y dif\u00edcilmente descifrable, y no una creaci\u00f3n de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmitida con costumbres, relatos y canciones.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclore<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Upyr y el debate europeo sobre los vampiros del siglo XVIII<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La creencia eslava en los vampiros entr\u00f3 en el campo de atenci\u00f3n de la erudici\u00f3n de Europa Occidental en el siglo XVIII, y el Upyr \u2013o sus parientes eslavos meridionales\u2013 ocuparon el centro de ese inter\u00e9s. El detonante fueron varios casos sensacionales procedentes de las zonas fronterizas habsburguesas en los Balcanes.<\/p><p>Particularmente conocidos fueron el caso de Arnold Paole y el de Petar Blagojevi\u0107 en las d\u00e9cadas de 1720 y 1730, en los que autoridades austriacas y m\u00e9dicos militares redactaron informes oficiales de investigaci\u00f3n sobre presuntos vampiros.<\/p><p>Estos informes fueron impresos en Europa y desencadenaron un amplio debate intelectual. M\u00e9dicos, te\u00f3logos y fil\u00f3sofos discutieron si exist\u00edan los vampiros, c\u00f3mo explicar los fen\u00f3menos descritos y qu\u00e9 postura deb\u00edan adoptar la Iglesia y el Estado.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El benedictino Augustin Calmet public\u00f3 en 1746 un tratado muy le\u00eddo en el que reuni\u00f3 el material y lo examin\u00f3 cr\u00edticamente, sin llegar a un juicio claro. La filosof\u00eda ilustrada reaccion\u00f3 con mayor contundencia y utiliz\u00f3 la creencia en los vampiros como ejemplo de superstici\u00f3n y de credulidad eclesi\u00e1stica.<\/span><\/p><p>Para el an\u00e1lisis desde la perspectiva de las ciencias de las religiones, este episodio es significativo en un doble sentido. En primer lugar, proporcion\u00f3 algunas de las descripciones m\u00e1s detalladas y antiguas de la concepci\u00f3n eslava del vampiro, incluidas las pr\u00e1cticas de exhumaci\u00f3n y de empalamiento.<\/p><p>En segundo lugar, muestra el momento en que una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Las creencias y pr\u00e1cticas religiosas difundidas en la vida cotidiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">creencia popular<\/span> regional se convirti\u00f3 en objeto de debate para toda Europa y abri\u00f3 as\u00ed el camino hacia la literatura y, finalmente, hacia la cultura popular moderna. El vampiro literario del siglo XIX, desde el relato de John Polidori hasta el <em>Dracula<\/em> de Bram Stoker, ser\u00eda impensable sin ese debate del siglo XVIII.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlaces complementarios<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlaces internos recomendados:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/es\/slawisch\/\">Eslavo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/es\/baba-jaga\/\">Baba Yag\u00e1<\/a>, <a href=\"\/es\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/es\/leshy\/\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"\/es\/kikimora\/\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/es\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/es\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> (precursor)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/es\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a> (muerto viviente germ\u00e1nico)<\/li><li>Moderno: Bram Stoker, literatura vamp\u00edrica<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliograf\u00eda de investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3n de los trabajos centrales sobre el Upyr\/vampiro:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmitida con costumbres, relatos y canciones.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: \u00abThe Vampire in Roumania.\u00bb En: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmitida con costumbres, relatos y canciones.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Wien 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Wien 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Otras obras de referencia en la <a href=\"\/es\/literatur\/\">bibliograf\u00eda<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e1ctica de protecci\u00f3n aqu\u00ed descrita es una clasificaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica de tradiciones hist\u00f3ricas. iWell Guard se inscribe en esta l\u00ednea hist\u00f3rico-cultural de objetos protectores portables y representa una forma contempor\u00e1nea de la misma. <a href=\"\/es\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e1s sobre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr \u2013 Demonio de la tradici\u00f3n eslava | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, muerto viviente eslavo y antecesor del moderno personaje vamp\u00edrico \u2013 rituales funerarios, medidas de protecci\u00f3n e historia de la 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