{"id":6545,"date":"2026-05-13T20:26:57","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:26:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sarruma-hurrian-mountain-god-and-protector-of-kings\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:31:31","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:31:31","slug":"sarruma-hurrian-mountain-god-and-protector-of-kings","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sarruma-hurrian-mountain-god-and-protector-of-kings\/","title":{"rendered":"Sarruma: Hurrian Mountain God and Protector of Kings"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6545\" class=\"elementor elementor-6545 elementor-2623 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sarruma, Hurrian-Hittite Mountain God and Protector of Kings<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma is a Hurrian mountain god, the son of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a>. He was the personal protective <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the Hittite great king Tudhaliya IV (13th century BCE), who had himself depicted with the god in the famous &#8216;divine embrace&#8217; at Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God of the Hittite tradition.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the Hittite tradition.\">Hittite<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Protective deity.\">Protective deity<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sarruma-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sarruma-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sarruma-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_sarruma-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6546\" alt=\"Sarruma - Gods from the Hittite tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_sarruma-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_sarruma-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_sarruma-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_sarruma.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-sarruma elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-sarruma\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-sarruma\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-sarruma\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-sarruma elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-sarruma\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0160arruma appears in the <strong>Hurrian-Hittite<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> as the son of Te\u0161ub and as a mountain god.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification and Brief Profile<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma (also \u0160arruma, \u0160arrumma) is the son of the Hurrian high gods <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a>.<\/p><p>In <em>Geschichte der hethitischen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religion<\/span><\/em> (1994), Volkert Haas showed that he was originally the city god of Kummanni in Kizzuwatna and rose during the course of the 14th and 13th centuries BCE to become a central protective deity of the Hittite great kings.<\/p><p>Within the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\">Hittite tradition<\/a> he is the most prominent protective deity of the late empire.<\/p><p>His profile in the history of religion is that of a &#8216;divine son&#8217; and personal protective deity: he does not stand at the head of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, but he is close to the great king in a special way.<\/p><p>Tudhaliya IV called himself &#8216;Beloved of Sarruma&#8217; and had himself depicted in Chamber B of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya by Sarruma in a protective gesture of embrace. This iconic visual formula is one of the most important images of protection in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Near Eastern art.<\/p><p>In <em>The Kingdom of the Hittites<\/em> (2005), Trevor Bryce pointed to the political and religious significance of this personal relationship with the god: Sarruma stands for the Hurrianization of Hittite royal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> in the 13th century BCE.<\/p><p>Queen Puduhepa and her son Tudhaliya IV made Hurrianism into a state religion to a degree that was unprecedented in the Hittite empire.<\/p><p>A remarkable feature of Sarruma is his dual function as a mountain <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> and as a personal protective deity of kings.<\/p><p>This combination of natural sanctity and court religion is rare in the religious history of the ancient Near East and makes him one of the theologically most interesting figures of the Hurrian-Hittite pantheon. In the late 13th century BCE his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> reached its peak under Tudhaliya IV.<\/p><p>In the Hieroglyphic Luwian corpus several royal figures bear the theophoric name element &#8216;\u0160arruma&#8217; (e.g. Sarruma-DEUS, Sarruma-son-XY), which documents the vitality of his cult in the 1st millennium BCE.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Sarruma is Hurrian; a plausible etymology connects it with the element <em>\u0161arri-<\/em>, which in several ancient Near Eastern languages means &#8216;king&#8217; (Semitic <em>\u0161arru<\/em>, Akkadian <em>\u0161arru<\/em>). Sarruma would then be &#8216;the royal one&#8217;, &#8216;the one belonging to kingship&#8217;. Volkert Haas and Daniel Schwemer have discussed this etymology as probable.<\/p><p>In cuneiform texts he appears as <em>\u0160ar-ru-ma<\/em>, <em>\u0160ar-ru-um-ma<\/em>; in Hieroglyphic Luwian as &#8216;TUTELARY+ra\/i-ma&#8217; (the logogram TUTELARY refers to his function as a protective deity). In Akkadian he is not readily identified; his Hurrian character remains clearly recognizable.<\/p><p>A second etymology connects the name with a mountain name &#8216;\u0160arruma&#8217; in Kizzuwatna; Sarruma would then originally be a mountain deity and only secondarily a protective deity of kings.<\/p><p>Both etymologies are probably compatible with one another: a mountain god at Mount \u0160arruma, whose name then refers to &#8216;king&#8217;. This dual connotation of &#8216;mountain&#8217; and &#8216;king&#8217; is illuminating for the history of religion and reflects the Old Anatolian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> mountains as divine beings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description and Iconography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma appears in Chamber A of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya in the female row beside his mother <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a>, standing on a leopard. He wears a short kilt, a tall pointed cap and a battle axe.<\/p><p>In Chamber B he appears in a unique scene: he embraces the great king Tudhaliya IV with his right arm, his own face beside the face of the king. The visual formula is known as the &#8216;divine embrace&#8217; and is regarded as a visual incorporation of royal protection.<\/p><p>His sacred animal is the leopard or panther, which he shares with his mother Hebat. In Late Hittite reliefs from Karkami\u0161 and other sites he frequently appears as a striding young god with axe and staff.<\/p><p>On Tudhaliya&#8217;s royal seals his logogram appears together with the royal name, a visual formula of the direct bond to the protective deity.<\/p><p>A distinctive feature is his identification with a sacred mountain. In the Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> mountains were not merely the dwellings of gods but gods themselves; Sarruma was one of these divinely personified mountains in Kizzuwatna.<\/p><p>This mountain-god tradition is described in detail by Piotr Taracha in <em>Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia<\/em> (2009). The identity of mountain and god is an archaic Anatolian concept that was systematically elaborated in Hittite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The iconographic tradition continues in the Late Hittite city-states of Karkami\u0161, Mara\u015f, Malatya and Tabal into the late 8th century BCE. On the reliefs there Sarruma appears as a striding young god with axe and staff, frequently accompanied by the king.<\/p><p>This iconographic continuity beyond the end of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric era in which bronze was the most important metal for tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> is a sign of the persistence of Hurrian-Hittite religion in the Neo-Hittite city-states.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythological Narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma scarcely appears as an acting figure in the great divine epics; he is present in the &#8216;Song of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ullikummi-stone-giant-against-the-gods\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>&#8216;, when his mother Hebat wants to rescue him from the besieged <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Kummiya, but he has no mythological narrative of his own.<\/p><p>This narrative reticence is typical of protective deities: their function lies in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> and in the relationship to the one under protection, not in narrative.<\/p><p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> texts he appears as a son-god and as the recipient of specific <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express thanks, petition or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>. The &#8216;oath formulas of Sarruma&#8217; are preserved in vassal treaties; they connect him with <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a> in a triad.<\/p><p>In the Hurrian festival calendar he is given his own <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> days, on which bread, beer, wine and mutton in particular are offered to him.<\/p><p>Remarkable for the history of religion is his adoption by Tudhaliya IV. The king took Sarruma on as his personal &#8216;favorite god&#8217; and introduced a special court cult, attested in the texts as <em>(L\u00da)SANGA \u0160arruma<\/em> (&#8216;Sarruma priest&#8217;).<\/p><p>Itamar Singer treated this personalization of the divine cult at length in <em>Hittite Prayers<\/em> (2002). The personal god-human relationship of the late imperial period is an important phenomenon in the history of religion, supplementing the abstract imperial religion with immediate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>.<\/p><p>A particular oath formula in the vassal treaties with Tudhaliya IV names Sarruma as the third divine member of a Hurrian triad after Teshub and Hebat. The oath-breaker was to be &#8216;cast into the mountains by Sarruma&#8217;, a drastic formula of punishment that directly invokes his mountain-god function.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Worship<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma&#8217;s principal cult site was Kummanni in Kizzuwatna, presumably identical with the later Comana Cappadociae near \u015ear. In addition there were Sarruma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> in \u1e2aattu\u0161a, in \u0160amu\u1e2ba and at a number of smaller sites. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in \u1e2aattu\u0161a was expanded under Tudhaliya IV.<\/p><p>In the festival calendar he held an important position as a son-god; at the great spring and autumn festivals <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express thanks, petition or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> were presented to him, frequently together with his parents.<\/p><p>Joost Hazenbos examined the priestly organization of his cult in <em>The Organization of the Anatolian Local Cults<\/em> (2003). Tudhaliya IV introduced a new &#8216;Sarruma festival&#8217;, created specifically for the personal veneration of the god and comprising detailed ritual instructions.<\/p><p>A distinctive feature is his status as the protective deity of the king in the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions of the late and post-Hittite period.<\/p><p>In Karkami\u0161 and Mara\u015f he appears as a royal protective deity into the 8th century BCE, an impressive continuity. In <em>Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions<\/em> (2000), David Hawkins systematically documented the Luwian Sarruma tradition.<\/p><p>Tudhaliya IV also built the rock chamber B at Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya specifically as a Sarruma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>. The unusually narrow space with the famous embrace scene was presumably a royal burial and memorial room. Heinrich Otten and Kurt Bittel worked out this architectural and ritual function in several publications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practice of Protection and the Apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma was the protective deity of the king to a special degree. His symbols appear on the royal seals; in the &#8216;divine embraces&#8217; of the reliefs he stands physically for protection. This visual formula is one of the most striking depictions of a protective gesture in ancient Near Eastern art.<\/p><p>For <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> purposes Sarruma figurines were deposited in the foundations of palaces and temples; bronze figures with axe and pointed cap are known in considerable number.<\/p><p>In the Hurrian <em>itkahi<\/em> oath rituals his name was regularly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> together with that of his parents. In <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003), Volkert Haas described the domestic protective practices in detail.<\/p><p>In the private sphere Sarruma was less present; he was primarily a protective deity of kings.<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective his &#8216;court-god&#8217; function is remarkable: he represents the personalization of the god-human relationship at the highest political level. iWell Guard regards him as a historical figure and not as a present-day addressee of protection. Promises of healing or modern spiritual efficacy are not part of this lexicon entry.<\/p><p>On Hittite royal seals of the 13th century BCE his symbols, the mountain and the axe, appear as a personal protective formula of the king. The bullae from the Ni\u015fanta\u015f archive of Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y show this visual formula in numerous variants and attest to the intensive presence of Sarruma in royal self-representation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma&#8217;s position as a &#8216;son-god&#8217; in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> has parallels with the Ugaritic Aliyan-Baal construct, with the Mesopotamian Ninurta tradition and with the Egyptian Horus son-god scheme. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\">Phoenician pantheon<\/a> he corresponds to <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/melqart-city-god-of-tyre\/\">Melqart<\/a> in his function as son-god and city protective deity.<\/p><p>The visual formula of the &#8216;divine embrace&#8217; is also found in Mesopotamia and Egypt; it is a standard form of royal-protection <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> of the Late Bronze Age. Sarruma&#8217;s variant at Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, however, is exceptional for the fidelity of detail in the rock depiction.<\/p><p>In the history of religion Sarruma belongs to the widespread family of young son-gods who came to play an increasing role in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric era after the Bronze Age, characterized by the working of iron.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iron Age<\/span>.<\/p><p>In <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016), Mary Bachvarova pointed to parallels with the Greek Apollo; Apollo too is a son-god and personal protective deity with a strong animal aspect. The structural correspondences, however, are to be interpreted as functional, not genealogical.<\/p><p>In the late Carthaginian religion <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/melqart-city-god-of-tyre\/\">Melqart<\/a>, the &#8216;king of the city&#8217; of Tyre, appears as a figure related in function: a young protective deity of a royal dynasty, with a strong personal character. Sarruma thus stands in a long Mediterranean tradition of royal protective deities reaching from Anatolia by way of Phoenicia to Carthage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception Today and Research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarruma research is part of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya research and of Hurrian-Hittite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>. Important contributions have been made by Kurt Bittel, Volkert Haas, Piotr Taracha and David Hawkins (for the Late Hittite tradition). Hawkins&#8217; <em>Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions<\/em> (2000) is the standard reference for the Luwian Sarruma tradition.<\/p><p>In modern Turkey Sarruma is modestly present as a Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya icon; the &#8216;divine embrace&#8217; is occasionally used as a logo by local cultural institutions. A popular reception is largely absent; a spiritual revival in a neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymous with heathen; belonging to a pre-Christian religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">pagan<\/span> sense is not to be observed.<\/p><p>In religious studies Sarruma is regarded today as a central object of study for Hittite royal-protective-deity <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and for the personal god-human relationship.<\/p><p>Current research focuses on the study of the Late Hittite Sarruma tradition in the Neo-Hittite city-states, on the visual formula of the divine embrace and on the question of how the Hurrianization under Tudhaliya IV is to be explained theologically. iWell Guard accordingly lists him as a historical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> member.<\/p><p>A particular line of research pursues the connection between Sarruma and the later concept of the &#8216;personal god&#8217; in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian texts. The personalization of the god-human relationship in the late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric era in which bronze was the most important metal for tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> is a phenomenon in the history of religion that appears in parallel in several cultural spheres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature and Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Important standard works on Sarruma research are compiled in the following selection. They comprise religious-historical syntheses, archaeological publications on Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya and epigraphic works on the Luwian tradition. David Hawkins&#8217; corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions is the standard reference for the Late Hittite tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ffb4b7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ffb4b7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp280cc5f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp280cc5f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160arruma as Protective Deity of Tudhaliya IV and Relief 81 of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e2458ae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e2458ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21503a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21503a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the best-known individual scenes of Hittite pictorial art shows the god <em>\u0160arruma<\/em> in an unusually close relationship to a specific king.<\/p><p>In a side chamber of the rock sanctuary of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, the so-called Chamber B, stands the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A depiction worked out from a surface in raised, three-dimensional form.\" tabindex=\"0\">relief<\/span> in which a larger depicted god embraces the king <em>Tudhaliya IV<\/em> by placing his arm around the king&#8217;s shoulders and enclosing his hand with his own. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid support.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> identifies the god as \u0160arruma.<\/p><p>This &#8217;embrace scene&#8217; is illuminating for the history of religion, because it makes the relationship between protective deity and ruler physically tangible. \u0160arruma appears here as the personal protective deity of Tudhaliya IV, as it were his divine support, who guides and secures him.<\/p><p>It is one of the few surviving ancient Near Eastern depictions to show such an immediate contact between god and king.<\/p><p>The name of Tudhaliya IV appears several times at Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, and scholarship connects the construction of Chamber B with his reign in the late 13th century BCE. It is debated whether the chamber had a memorial or funerary-cult function for this king. \u0160arruma is thus not merely a member of the Hurrian divine family, but a god who was concretely anchored in the dynastic self-understanding of a particular ruler. The investigation of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya goes back substantially to Kurt Bittel.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c514fed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c514fed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp237c89c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp237c89c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Son of the Weather God: \u0160arruma's Place in the Hurrian Divine Family<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b910df8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b910df8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab5eac0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab5eac0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>\u0160arruma<\/em> is firmly anchored in the Hurrian-Hittite texts as the son of the weather god <em>Te\u0161\u0161ub<\/em> and the goddess <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a>.<\/p><p>This triad of father, mother and son forms a core of the Hurrian-shaped imperial pantheon of the late Hittite period and appears again and again together in offering lists, festival rituals and on the reliefs.<\/p><p>His origin probably lies in the South Anatolian and North Syrian region; an important cult site was the region around the mountain whose name may echo in his own.<\/p><p>In some texts \u0160arruma himself appears as a mountain god, which fits the close connection of deities and specific mountains that is typical of Anatolian religion. His name is often written with the pictogram, and his iconography occasionally shows him standing on a leopard or a mountain, with the conical divine cap.<\/p><p>His rise into the imperial cult is connected, like that of Hebat, with the promotion of Hurrian cults by the Hittite royal house of the 13th century, especially through Queen Puduhepa. It is telling that Tudhaliya IV, whose personal protective deity Sarruma was, himself bore a name referring to a mountain, and that it is debated in scholarship whether the king as a child or heir to the throne even carried a name related to \u0160arruma. \u0160arruma is thus a good example of how a regional <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> could move into the center of an imperial cult through dynastic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>. Important works on Hurrian religion come from Volkert Haas and Gernot Wilhelm.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Volkert Haas: <em>Geschichte der hethitischen Religion<\/em> (Leiden 1994)<\/li><li>Piotr Taracha: <em>Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2009)<\/li><li>Itamar Singer: <em>Hittite Prayers<\/em> (SBL 2002)<\/li><li>Kurt Bittel: <em>Die Hethiter<\/em> (Munich 1976)<\/li><li>David Hawkins: <em>Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions<\/em> (Berlin 2000)<\/li><li>Trevor Bryce: <em>The Kingdom of the Hittites<\/em> (Oxford 2005)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-sarruma e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-sarruma\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-sarruma-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-sarruma-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As a <em>Hittite<\/em> mountain god and son of the weather god Teshub, Sarruma stands in <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span><\/em> for the binding of the king to the world of the gods, visible in the rock reliefs of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Related key terms: Sarruma Hurrian mountain god Tudhaliya protector of kings divine embrace.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-sarruma\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard and Traditions of Protection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard draws on the cultural-historical tradition of wearable protective objects, in the tradition of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\">Hittite<\/a> culture and many other cultures worldwide. 41 layers, solid gold, platinum, silver, made in Germany. 30-day right of return.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personal experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No promise of healing.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sarruma-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-sarruma-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard is <strong>not a medical device<\/strong> and does not replace medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The religious-studies content is cultural-historical classification, not a recommendation for spiritual practice.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sarruma, Hurrian-Hittite Mountain God and Protector of Kings Sarruma is a Hurrian mountain god, the son of Teshub and Hebat. He was the personal protective deity of the Hittite great king Tudhaliya IV (13th century BCE), who had himself depicted with the god in the famous &#8216;divine embrace&#8217; at Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya. GodHittiteProtective deity Table of Contents [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6546,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Sarruma Hurrian mountain god","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Sarruma: Hurrian Mountain God and Protector of Kings","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Sarruma, the son of Teshub and Hebat, is a Hurrian mountain god and personal protective deity of the Hittite great king Tudhaliya IV.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"class_list":["post-6545","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sarruma: Hurrian Mountain God 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