{"id":6540,"date":"2026-05-13T20:27:09","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:27:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/astarte-phoenician-goddess\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:31:31","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:31:31","slug":"astarte-phoenician-goddess","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/astarte-phoenician-goddess\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarte: Phoenician Goddess"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6540\" class=\"elementor elementor-6540 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Phoenician Goddess of Love, War, and Kingship<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (Phoenician <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) is the most important female <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the Phoenician <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> and appears in the city-states of Sidon, Tyre, Byblos, Kition, and throughout the Phoenician Mediterranean world. She is the goddess of love, war, kingship, and fertility.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Goddess of the Phoenician tradition.\">Goddess<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the Phoenician tradition.\">Phoenician<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"High deity.\">High Deity<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6541\" alt=\"Astarte Phoenix - Gods from the Phoenician tradition, historical illustration\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification and Brief Profile<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (Akkadian Ishtar, Ugaritic \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) is the Phoenician form of one of the oldest female deities of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Near East. Sabatino Moscati demonstrated in <em>The Phoenicians<\/em> (1966) that Astarte held a central position in nearly every Phoenician city-state, frequently as the consort of the local chief god.<\/p><p>In Sidon she is the consort of Eshmun; in Tyre she appears alongside <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/melqart-city-god-of-tyre\/\">Melqart<\/a>; in Byblos alongside Baalat. Within the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\">Phoenician tradition<\/a> she is by far the most important goddess.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet presented the most comprehensive monograph on this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> in <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>She shows that Astarte had a very broad functional profile: goddess of love and sexuality, goddess of war, protector of royalty, patron of seafarers, healing goddess, and in certain contexts a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the earth or the underworld; in ancient religion the gods and spirits of the depths (Hades, the Erinyes, Demeter chthonia).\" tabindex=\"0\">chthonic<\/span>-underworld function as well. This multifunctionality is characteristic of ancient Near Eastern goddesses of the \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/Ishtar family.<\/p><p>From the perspective of the history of religions, Astarte belongs to the West Semitic goddess type that developed from the Old Syrian-Amorite A\u1e6ftart <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>. During the first millennium BCE she was identified with the Greek Aphrodite; the Cypriot Aphrodite tradition derives directly from Phoenician Astarte, as Herodotus already noted.<\/p><p>An important city-specific form is the &#8220;Astarte of Lebanon,&#8221; mentioned in several inscriptions; she was probably identical with the Astarte of Beirut. An &#8220;Astarte of the Sea&#8221; is also attested in Tyre. This variety of hypostases is typical of Phoenician <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> and makes Astarte the most extensively differentiated goddess of the pantheon.<\/p><p>Astarte&#8217;s position in the Phoenician <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> is comparable to that of the Hittite <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/arinna-sun-goddess-of-arinna\/\">Sun Goddess of Arinna<\/a> or to <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a> as the supreme female state goddess.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name \u02bf\u0161trt (Astarte) is West Semitic and belongs to the root <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, which also underlies \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) and Ishtar (Mesopotamia). The etymology has not been definitively established; one plausible interpretation connects the root with the word for &#8220;star&#8221; and understands Astarte as &#8220;the Star Goddess,&#8221; likely with reference to the morning star (Venus).<\/p><p>In Phoenician inscriptions she appears as <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, and likewise in Punic texts. An important Hellenistic form is <em>Ashtart<\/em> with Aramaic vowel shift.<\/p><p>In Akkadian she is identified with Ishtar; in the Hellenistic world with Aphrodite or Hera (depending on the functional emphasis); in Egypt she appears from the New Kingdom onward as an independently imported <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> under the name Astarte, retaining her West Semitic character there as well.<\/p><p>The Greek Aphrodite Urania corresponds directly to the Phoenician Astarte; Herodotus traces her veneration from Phoenicia via Cyprus to Greece. This line of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> makes Astarte one of the most historically influential goddesses in the Mediterranean world.<\/p><p>In certain texts she is also designated &#8220;Heaven Lady&#8221; or &#8220;Queen of Heaven,&#8221; a title that also appears in the biblical book of Jeremiah (Jer 7:18; 44:17, 19) where it is commented on critically.<\/p><p>This &#8220;Queen of Heaven&#8221; tradition has been examined in the history of religions by Saby Cave and represents an important link between Canaanite and biblical religious history.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description and Iconography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte appears in Phoenician <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> in several image types: as a nude standing goddess (the posture of the &#8220;Astarte plaque&#8221;), as a throned queen with a polos crown, as a war goddess with spear and shield, as a rider on a lion, or as a celestial queen within a frame of stars. This visual variety reflects her multifunctionality.<\/p><p>Her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> animal is the lion or lioness; in Sidon and Carthage she frequently appears enthroned or riding on a lion.<\/p><p>The dove is also associated with her, especially in Cypriot and broader Mediterranean contexts; the doves of Aphrodite are a direct legacy of Phoenician Astarte. A further animal association is the serpent, representing her chthonic dimension.<\/p><p>In the western Mediterranean colonies, especially in Tartessos (Spain), Astarte was venerated with particular intensity; the famous bronze figure &#8220;Astarte of El Carambolo&#8221; from the seventh century BCE shows her as a throned goddess with a Phoenician dedicatory <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid support.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span>.<\/p><p>Astarte figurines have also been found in Seville, Cadiz, and other sites, documenting the intense presence of her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>.<\/p><p>In Kition (Cyprus) a large Astarte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> was excavated, one of the largest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric epoch following the Bronze Age, marked by ironworking.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iron Age<\/span> Mediterranean world. Excavations conducted by Vassos Karageorghis and more recently by Maria Iacovou have substantially broadened our understanding of Phoenician cult practice on Cyprus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythological Narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Ugaritic texts (KTU 1.92 and others) Astarte appears as a hunting goddess and companion of <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal<\/a>; in the Baal Cycle, however, she plays a lesser role than her sister <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anat-phoenician-war-goddess\/\">Anat<\/a>.<\/p><p>In Phoenician mythological fragments, above all in Philo of Byblos (as cited by Eusebius), she appears as a queen who travels to Tyre on a bull and there assumes the royal throne.<\/p><p>Philo reports that Astarte &#8220;found a bull&#8217;s head&#8221; and placed it on her own head, thereby confirming her divinity. This narrative recalls the Egyptian Hathor tradition and the Mesopotamian Inanna-Anu story. Albert Baumgarten edited this material critically in <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>In Hellenistic texts Astarte is connected with the Europa narrative: Europa, daughter of King Agenor of Tyre, was abducted to Crete by Zeus in the form of a bull.<\/p><p>This connection is striking from a history-of-religions perspective: Astarte is both the mother of Europa and her divine background. The Europa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The body of divine narratives transmitted by a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> is thus a Helleno-Phoenician synthesis.<\/p><p>From the Carthaginian period, a connection between Astarte and the heroic figure of Dido is attested; Queen Dido, founder of Carthage, is interpreted in some Roman sources as a &#8220;priestly incarnation&#8221; of Astarte. This identification is illuminating from a history-of-religions standpoint.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte&#8217;s most important cult centers were Sidon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Astarte, built by Eshmunazar II), Tyre, Byblos (with Baalat), Kition (Cyprus, where a large Astarte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> dominated the island), Carthage, and the Mediterranean colonies. Maria Eugenia Aubet documented the Mediterranean spread in <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> included burnt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>, libations, and the so-called &#8220;sacred dance festival&#8221; mentioned in several Phoenician sources.<\/p><p>The <em>qedeshim<\/em> and <em>qedeshot<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> men and women, played a particular role whose precise function remains debated in scholarship; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet, and Stephanie Budin have argued against the older interpretation as &#8220;temple prostitution,&#8221; though the question has not been conclusively resolved.<\/p><p>In the Hellenistic period Astarte was identified with Aphrodite; the famous Aphrodite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> at Paphos on Cyprus is, from a history-of-religions perspective, the direct continuation of Phoenician Astarte veneration. The Phoenician Astarte tradition was also carried forward under the Greek name at Corinth, at Eryx (Sicily), and at numerous other Mediterranean sites.<\/p><p>In Carthage, Astarte was gradually displaced by <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tanit-chief-goddess-of-carthage\/\">Tanit<\/a> without disappearing entirely; in the Tophet inscriptions both goddesses occasionally appear side by side. This rivalry between two female high goddesses is one of the most distinctive features of Punic religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective Practice and the Apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte was the protective goddess of royal families, pregnant women, seafarers, and warriors. In Sidon she appears on royal seals as the patron of the royal house; the famous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid medium.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> of King Eshmunazar II (fifth century BCE) names her alongside Eshmun as the supreme protective goddess.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off harm: said of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaic<\/span> Astarte figurines were placed in houses; the so-called &#8220;Astarte plaques,&#8221; small terracotta reliefs of a nude woman, are known from thousands of examples at Phoenician sites.<\/p><p>They probably served purposes of protection, invocations of fertility, and household guardianship. The function of these plaques is debated in scholarship; their frequency is in any case evidence for the intensity of domestic Astarte veneration.<\/p><p>In Phoenician travel rituals, Astarte was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as patron of seafaring; captains and merchants brought her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> offerings before and after voyages.<\/p><p>This &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span> of travel&#8221; is of interest to the history of religions because it directly frames the international mobility of the Phoenician world in religious terms. The iWell Guard records Astarte as a figure of historical and religious-studies significance, without any current claims of healing or efficacy.<\/p><p>Phoenician <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> seals of the seventh and sixth centuries BCE frequently display Astarte motifs: the nude standing goddess, Astarte on a lion, Astarte with a lotus flower. These small-format seals were worn as personal protective <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> and were very widely distributed in the Phoenician world.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte belongs to the large West Semitic-Mesopotamian goddess family \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/Ishtar. She is closely related to Ugaritic \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu, Mesopotamian Ishtar, Middle Aramaic Atargatis (with its own line of development), Hurrian Shaushka, and Hittite Ishtar of Shamuha. In Akkadian, the multifunctionality of Ishtar of Uruk is particularly well documented.<\/p><p>Astarte is equivalent in the history of religions to the Greek Aphrodite; Cypriot Aphrodite is the direct successor of Phoenician Astarte. Greek Hera, Athena, and in certain aspects Artemis also carry Astarte heritage. In Carthage she increasingly merges with <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tanit-chief-goddess-of-carthage\/\">Tanit<\/a>, who develops her own distinct function.<\/p><p>In the Hebrew material Astarte appears as Ashtoreth, loaded with polemical negative connotation (1 Kings 11:5; 2 Kings 23:13). This polemic is directed against Canaanite religion in its Phoenician form.<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective, Astarte represents for ancient Israel a competing deity from the same Canaanite tradition; the biblical anti-Ashtoreth stance is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> response to a real religious proximity. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\">Hittite<\/a> parallels are found in Shaushka of Shamuha.<\/p><p>The identification Astarte equals Aphrodite is not arbitrary in the history of religions; Pausanias and other <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> authors attest the derivation of Greek Aphrodite from Phoenician models. The studies by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span> in <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> and by Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge are the standard references on this question.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modern Reception and Research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte research today is at a high level. Corinne Bonnet&#8217;s monograph <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) is the standard reference; Stephanie Budin&#8217;s <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) treats the Aphrodite connection critically.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati and Maria Eugenia Aubet are authorities on the Mediterranean spread. The edition of Phoenician inscriptions by Charles Krahmalkov and Wolfgang Rollig provides the primary texts.<\/p><p>In popular reception, Astarte is known above all through her identification with Aphrodite and through the biblical polemic.<\/p><p>A spiritual revival in the neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymous with heathen; belonging to a pre-Christian religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">pagan<\/span> sense, especially in feminist and neopagan circles since the 1980s, has received Astarte as a &#8220;mother goddess&#8221;; this modern reception is problematic from a history-of-religions perspective, as it simplifies the historical profile considerably.<\/p><p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> Astarte is now regarded as one of the most important objects of study in West Semitic religion. Current research focuses on the differentiation of local Astarte hypostases (Astarte of Sidon, Tyre, Byblos, Kition), on the connection with the Aphrodite tradition, and on the question of the <em>qedeshot<\/em> in the Astarte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>.<\/p><p>The iWell Guard records Astarte as a central member of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> and not as a present-day recipient of protective invocations.<\/p><p>Recent archaeological finds from Phoenician sites in Spain (Seville, Cadiz) and Morocco (Lixus) substantially broaden our picture of her western veneration. Research by Maria Belen Deamos and Manuela Marin has published important new evidence in recent years.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature and Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The following selection brings together the most important standard works in Astarte research. It includes monographs, inscription editions, and history-of-religions syntheses.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet&#8217;s <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> is the first point of entry; Budin&#8217;s Aphrodite study covers the Greek line; Aubet covers the Mediterranean spread. Krahmalkov&#8217;s grammar of Phoenician-Punic provides the linguistic-historical material; Moscati&#8217;s classic synthesis supplies the cultural-historical framework.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte in the Eshmunazar Sarcophagus and the Royal Inscriptions of Sidon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the most important epigraphic sources for Astarte is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid medium.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> on the sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II of Sidon, dated to the early fifth century BCE.<\/p><p>The sarcophagus itself is of Egyptian origin and was discovered in 1855; it is today housed in the Louvre. The Phoenician <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid medium.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> is among the longest surviving texts in this language.<\/p><p>In it, the royal house reports having built a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> for Astarte. Named is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of <em>Astarte Shem Baal<\/em>, Astarte, Name of Baal, a phrase that stands close to the Tanit pene Baal of Punic inscriptions and expresses a theological connection between goddess and god.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid medium.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> also names the god Eshmun, thereby revealing the religious program of the Sidonian royal dynasty.<\/p><p>A second central source is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid medium.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> of King Bodashtart, also from Sidon, which likewise speaks of building activity for Astarte and Eshmun. From these texts it emerges that Astarte was the chief goddess of Sidon and that the city cult was closely linked to the legitimation of the royal house.<\/p><p>The Phoenician royal inscriptions are so valuable precisely because, unlike the mythological texts from Ugarit, they come directly from the Phoenician heartland and from actual cult practice.<\/p><p>They show Astarte not as a narrative figure but as the recipient of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, dedications, and royal veneration. Editions of these texts can be found in the standard collections of Phoenician inscriptions, such as those of Herbert Donner and Wolfgang Rollig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Aphrodite, and the Greek Translation of the Goddess<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Greeks, who were in contact with the Phoenicians throughout the Mediterranean world, equated Astarte with their own goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite. This equation is more than a simple translation.<\/p><p>Herodotus reports a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of the celestial Aphrodite at Ascalon and calls it the oldest of all sanctuaries of that goddess, from which even the one on Cyprus descended. He thereby explicitly locates the origin of Aphrodite in the Syrian-Phoenician sphere.<\/p><p>Cyprus plays a key role in this story. The island was settled early by Phoenicians, especially the city of Kition, and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of the Cypriot goddess whom the Greeks venerated as Aphrodite bears clear traces of Astarte.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> at Paphos on Cyprus venerated its divine image in the form of a conical stone, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditionally transmitted action regularly repeated within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">practice<\/span> that corresponds more to Near Eastern than to Greek cultic understanding.<\/p><p>Scholarship debates how far Aphrodite is an originally Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> at all, or whether she emerged substantially from the adoption of the Phoenician Astarte. Walter Burkert, in his work on Oriental influence on Greek religion, strongly emphasized this connection. Other scholars see a mixture of an Indo-European dawn goddess and Near Eastern elements.<\/p><p>What is certain is that Astarte and Aphrodite were treated for centuries as two names for a goddess felt to be related. For Astarte, this means that her history of influence extends far beyond the Phoenician cities and continues in Greek and later Roman religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte and Ashtoreth in the Hebrew Bible<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte appears in the Hebrew Bible under the form <em>Ashtoreth<\/em>, plural <em>Ashtarot<\/em>.<\/p><p>The vocalization of this name is regarded by scholars as a deliberate distortion: the Masoretic scholars are thought to have replaced the original vowels with those of the Hebrew word for shame, a procedure also suspected in the case of other foreign deities.<\/p><p>The biblical texts name Ashtoreth in several passages. In the First Book of Kings she is described as the goddess of the Sidonians, whose <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> King Solomon had permitted.<\/p><p>She frequently stands in the plural alongside the Baalim, the Baal figures, as the embodiment of the foreign cults against which the biblical authors polemicize. The Book of Judges and the books of Samuel use the formulation that the people had served the Baals and the Ashtarots.<\/p><p>These attestations are important from a history-of-religions perspective for two reasons. First, they confirm from an external standpoint that Astarte was indeed the chief goddess of Sidon, which the Phoenician royal inscriptions attest from within.<\/p><p>Second, they show that the Astarte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was also widespread among the population of the Israelite and Judean sphere; otherwise the prophetic polemic would have had no target.<\/p><p>The Bible is here a hostile but precisely for that reason informative source. It does not transmit the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the beliefs of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> of Astarte&#8217;s worshippers, but does provide indirect evidence that their <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was vigorous enough to be perceived as religious competition over centuries.<\/p><p>The question of how Ashtoreth relates to the Asherah also mentioned in the Bible continues to be debated in scholarship.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selected)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rome 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Myth<\/span> of Sacred Prostitution in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiquity<\/span><\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Phoenician <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A narrative tradition about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, Astarte unites love, war, and kingship; her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> extends from Sidon and Tyre to Carthage and later shaped Hellenistic identifications with Aphrodite and Hera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Related key terms: Astarte Phoenician goddess love war Ishtar Aphrodite Sidon Tyre.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard and Protective Traditions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard draws on the cultural-historical tradition of wearable protective objects, in the tradition of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\">Phoenician<\/a> and many other cultures worldwide. 41 levels, real gold, platinum, silver, crafted in Germany. 30-day return policy.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Learn More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Learn More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Individual experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No healing claims.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard is <strong>not a medical device<\/strong> and does not replace medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The religious-studies content provides cultural-historical context and is not a recommendation for spiritual practice.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Astarte, Phoenician Goddess of Love, War, and Kingship Astarte (Phoenician \u02bf\u0161trt) is the most important female deity of the Phoenician pantheon and appears in the city-states of Sidon, Tyre, Byblos, Kition, and throughout the Phoenician Mediterranean world. She is the goddess of love, war, kingship, and fertility. GoddessPhoenicianHigh Deity Table of Contents Classification and Brief [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6541,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Astarte Phoenician goddess","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Astarte: Phoenician Goddess, Myth, Cult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Astarte is the most important female deity of the Phoenician pantheon, associated with love, war, and kingship.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"class_list":["post-6540","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Astarte: Phoenician 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