{"id":6327,"date":"2026-05-19T08:53:34","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T08:53:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/atum\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:27:46","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:27:46","slug":"atum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/atum\/","title":{"rendered":"Atum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6327\" class=\"elementor elementor-6327 elementor-2994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9c39ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9c39ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b50b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46b50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec779fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec779fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bf506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atum, Egyptian creator god of Heliopolis<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f70063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f70063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum is an Egyptian creator god whose <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was based in Heliopolis and who stands at the beginning of the Ennead there.<\/p><p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Atum is regarded as the creator god of Heliopolis, who emerged from the primeval waters of Nun and brought forth through himself the first two gods, Shu and Tefnut.<\/p><p>His name is usually translated as &#8220;the Complete One&#8221;, &#8220;the Whole One&#8221; or &#8220;the All&#8221;, yet it can also mean &#8220;the Non-Existent One&#8221;, since the verb &#8220;tem&#8221; can express both completion and negation.<\/p><p>This semantic ambivalence captures Atum&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> position: he is that which existed before creation and that which will exist after creation, the beginning and the end of the cosmic cycle.<\/p><p>While Amun-Ra takes over the leading theological position in the Middle and New Kingdoms, Atum retains his cosmogonic function and his peculiar profile as a creator through self-masturbation or self-utterance, one of the oldest and most differentiated concepts in the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e442eee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e442eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3a6f0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear responsibilities: natural forces, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the ancient Nile valley, ca. 3000 BC to 30 BC.\">Egypt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8373406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8373406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92ddae4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92ddae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33831b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33831b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb63f iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9fb63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6328\" alt=\"Atum - gods from the Egyptian tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883c3bc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"883c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66878f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a66878f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a036d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a036d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and Genealogy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f1797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Heliopolitan cosmogony places Atum at the beginning of the Ennead (the group of nine gods). From the primeval waters of Nun, which existed before all time and form, Atum emerges onto the primeval mound (Tatenen), the first fixed point in chaos.<\/p><p>On this mound Atum carries out creation: in the Pyramid Texts (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical or ecclesiastical exclusion; also the binding of a power through a formula.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spell<\/span> 527) he creates Shu and Tefnut through his semen, which he either emits with his hand or receives in the form of the hand-goddess &#8220;Hethemut&#8221;.<\/p><p>In another variant (Pyramid Texts Spell 600) Atum creates the first gods by spitting them out: he sneezed out Shu (air) and spat out Tefnut (moisture). Both versions stand side by side, without Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> having attempted to harmonize them.<\/p><p>From Shu and Tefnut come Geb (earth) and Nut (sky), and from their union come Osiris, Isis, Seth, Nephthys and, in some lists, also Horus the Elder. Atum is thus the genealogical ancestor of almost all the important Egyptian gods.<\/p><p>The Ennead of Heliopolis (the group of nine gods) gathers Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys; it forms the theological framework of Heliopolitan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The sequence of gods is to be read not only genealogically but also cosmically: it unfolds creation from the pure selfhood of Atum, through the elemental forces of nature, to the divine figures that shape the human world.<\/p><p>The self-sufficiency of Atum in the oldest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> is remarkable. Unlike other creator gods, Atum needs no partner and no pre-given matter; he creates the world out of himself.<\/p><p>This idea is developed philosophically in later <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>: the Atum hymns of the New Kingdom describe him as the one who &#8220;made himself&#8221;, who &#8220;came into being out of himself&#8221; (kheper-djesef). This reading shapes the theological speculations of the Late Period and also influences Christian-Gnostic conceptions of the self-generator.<\/p><p>In the combined divine form Atum-Ra, Atum appears as an aspect of the sun god, specifically as the setting evening sun (in contrast to Khepri as the rising and Ra as the midday sun).<\/p><p>This threefold division of the solar cycle, treated at length in the sun litanies of the New Kingdom, makes Atum the god of the end of the cosmic cycle, who at the same time holds within himself the new beginning.<\/p><p>The pharaohs identified themselves with Atum especially in death, because he embodied the transition from the earthly sunset to the otherworldly rebirth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33afe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f33afe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd5bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols, Iconography and Attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum is usually depicted as a man wearing the double crown (pschent), which symbolizes the union of Upper and Lower Egypt. This crown is a royal attribute and underlines Atum&#8217;s function as the primeval king and ancestor of pharaonic dignity.<\/p><p>He can also appear with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> on his head, with the sun disk or with the atef crown. In anthropomorphic form his face is usually beardless and youthful, which stands in contrast to the idea of the &#8220;old&#8221; Atum who embodies the evening sun.<\/p><p>His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> animal is the snake. In the Book of the Dead (Spell 175) Atum declares: &#8220;I will send the world back again into the primeval waters, and only I and Osiris will remain, as two snakes that no human and no god knows&#8221;.<\/p><p>This eschatological vision lets the snake appear as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or a meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the undifferentiated primeval state. Alongside it, the ichneumon (Egyptian mongoose) is a sacred animal of Atum, because it kills the snakes that embody Apophis-like threats.<\/p><p>Atum&#8217;s main cult symbol is the Benben stone in Heliopolis, a pyramid-shaped or conical stone that embodied the primeval mound.<\/p><p>From the Benben came the later pyramid form of the royal tombs and the obelisks; every pyramidion (pyramid tip) is symbolically a Benben stone, embodying the ascent to heaven and the encounter with Atum-Ra. Heliopolis itself was marked in hieroglyphic writing with the sign of the Benben.<\/p><p>Sculptural images of Atum survive from all epochs of Egyptian religion. From the New Kingdom comes a famous quartzite statue of Tutankhamun, in which the youthful king is depicted with the Atum crown; from the Late Period numerous smaller bronze statues with Atum survive.<\/p><p>On the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> walls of the Ramesside period, especially in Karnak and Abydos, Atum is regularly depicted among the rows of gods who crown the king or hand him the sign of life &#8220;ankh&#8221;. In Deir el-Bahari, Hatshepsut equipped the Atum-Ra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> with impressive pictorial programs that legitimize her own creation through Amun-Atum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f518c57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f518c57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f90a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f90a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386b226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386b226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heliopolis (Egyptian Iunu, meaning the &#8220;City of Columns&#8221; or &#8220;City of Pillars&#8221;) was the main cult center of Atum. The city lay about ten kilometers northeast of present-day Cairo and, since the unification of Egypt, was among the theologically most important cities of the land.<\/p><p>Here stood the great Atum-Ra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> with the Benben stone, the sacred Persea tree and the solar barque, which re-enacted the daily appearance and disappearance of the sun.<\/p><p>The Heliopolitan priesthood, with the High Priest at its head (called &#8220;Greatest of Seers&#8221;), was the most learned of Egyptian religion; its theological speculations had an effect on the entire land.<\/p><p>In the daily ritual of the Atum temple, the morning brought the &#8220;awakening&#8221; of the divine image through censing, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The pouring out of a liquid as a drink offering for a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">libation<\/span> and hymn recitation. During the course of the day the daily food <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> were presented; in the evening the divine image was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to a fixed religious sequence of actions.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritually<\/span> laid to rest and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> was sealed.<\/p><p>On special festivals, such as the royal jubilee (Sed festival) and the New Year festival, the image of Atum was taken from the sanctuary and carried in a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> through the temple courts. These processions were public and gave the urban population a share in the otherwise priestly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>.<\/p><p>The most important Atum festival was the festival of &#8220;Wepet-Renpet&#8221;, the New Year, which marked the beginning of the Nile flood. Atum received the first-fruit offerings on the eve of the new year, because as creator he was also the one who renewed the annual cycle.<\/p><p>Inscriptions in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Karnak and in the Ramesside mortuary <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> document these rites in detail. In the &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> of the king from the hand of Atum&#8221; (Papyrus Berlin 3055) the liturgical sequence is rendered in full; it served the pharaoh as a model of his own daily temple ritual.<\/p><p>Outside Heliopolis the Atum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was present in many places, but almost always as an aspect of other principal gods.<\/p><p>In Thebes, Amun-Atum was venerated; in Karnak the entire Ennead, including Atum, was taken into the festival calendar. In Memphis, Ptah-Atum was an important theological connection that combined the concept of Ptah-as-intellect with the concept of Atum-as-self-sufficiency.<\/p><p>The famous &#8220;Memphite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>&#8221; text (on the Shabaka Stone, today in London) articulates the theological reflection that Ptah accomplished through intellect and word all that Atum had accomplished through his semen; a philosophically high-ranking variant of creation theology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049a490 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"049a490\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bb878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57bb878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important Sanctuaries and Temples<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f48b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f48b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Atum-Ra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Heliopolis was one of the largest sacred buildings of Egypt, yet almost nothing of it survives.<\/p><p>The city was abandoned in Roman times and used in the Middle Ages as a quarry for the construction of nearby Cairo; only individual obelisks (Senusret I in Matariya) and remnants of the temple walls have endured.<\/p><p>Strabo (XVII, 1, 27 to 30) describes his visit to Heliopolis in the first century BC and gives a brief account of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>; at that time the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> was already neglected, but still visible.<\/p><p>Important Atum chapels are found in Karnak (in the court of the Temple of Amun), in the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari, in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Ramesses II in Abydos and in the Sed festival <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Amenhotep III in Malqata.<\/p><p>Most of the Ramesside mortuary temples on the west bank of Thebes (Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, the Seti I <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>) have Atum chapels in which the deceased king was united with Atum-Ra.<\/p><p>In Abu Simbel, Atum is among the four principal gods of the great temple (Amun-Ra, Ra-Horakhty, Ptah, as well as Ramesses II himself); Atum appears here as part of the royal apotheosis.<\/p><p>In Deir el-Medina, the village of the royal tomb workers, there are small private shrines at which Atum-Ra received invocations alongside Amun and Ptah.<\/p><p>Atum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> in the Libyan Desert (Bahariya, Kharga, Dakhla) are documented in the Late Period. In the Hibis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of the Kharga Oasis, Atum is prominently represented as part of the theological pictorial programs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a3fcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a3fcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf69d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf69d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythic Narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cfda27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cfda27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of Atum is his self-creation. In the Pyramid Texts (Spell 527 and 600) the story is told in two variants.<\/p><p>In the first, Atum, alone on the primeval mound, emits his semen into his hand, which is personified as the goddess Hethemut or Iusaas; from this seed Shu and Tefnut come into being.<\/p><p>In the second, Atum spits out the two gods, with the Egyptian wordplay between &#8220;spit&#8221; (techech) and Tefnut, and &#8220;sneeze&#8221; (ischesch) and Shu, becoming audible; the gods are thus brought forth from the verbs through onomatopoeia. Both variants stand for the Egyptian idea that creation is a bodily act, not an abstract, mental process.<\/p><p>Another narrative describes Atum&#8217;s search for his lost children Shu and Tefnut. In a mythical primeval time the two gods vanished into the primeval waters of Nun; Atum sent out his eye (the Eye-eye or the Ureh eye) to search for them.<\/p><p>While the eye was away, Atum made himself a new eye. When the old eye returned with the children it had found, it found the new eye in its place and grew furious.<\/p><p>Atum appeased the eye by setting it as a uraeus snake on his forehead; from the tears of the eye the first humans came into being.<\/p><p>This mythical narrative, handed down in several late texts, establishes the connection between the divine eye and the uraeus snake and at the same time explains the origin of the human race.<\/p><p>In the Book of the Dead (Spell 175) there is an eschatological vision: Atum announces that after long ages the created world will return once more into the primeval waters of Nun; only Atum himself and Osiris will remain, in serpent form.<\/p><p>This idea of a cyclical, eschatological return of the world into chaos is significant in the history of religion and stands in structural kinship with the Hindu Pralaya concept and with later apocalyptic ideas.<\/p><p>In the daily solar cycle, Atum takes on the role of the evening sun. With his entry into the underworld the nocturnal journey of the solar barque begins, which traverses the realm of the dead in twelve hourly sections.<\/p><p>This journey is described in detail in the &#8220;Books of Gates&#8221; and in the &#8220;Amduat&#8221; (the &#8220;Book of What Is in the Underworld&#8221;). Atum, as an old man with a staff and a bent back, climbs into the barque and is led through the night to the morning resurrection as Khepri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f432fbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f432fbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c63116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c63116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c52982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c52982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum is, genealogically and theologically, the ancestor of the Heliopolitan pantheon. With Shu and Tefnut he has the father-child relationship; in one variant they appear as his hands, which attain their own existence.<\/p><p>With Ra he forms the double form Atum-Ra, in which the evening sun and the daily sun are theologically brought together. With Khepri and Ra arises the threefold figure of the solar cycle: Khepri (morning sun), Ra (midday sun), Atum (evening sun).<\/p><p>With Amun in Thebes, Atum merges into Amun-Atum, a form that became theologically effective in the Ramesside period.<\/p><p>With Ptah in Memphis there is, in the &#8220;Memphite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>&#8220;, a philosophical relationship: Ptah thinks and speaks that which Atum then creatively carries out; this reading makes Atum the executing aspect of a creation conceived by Ptah.<\/p><p>With Khnum in Esna there is a similar complementarity; Khnum forms the living beings, Atum brings them into existence.<\/p><p>With Osiris, Atum has an eschatological relationship that is articulated in the Book of the Dead: both are imagined as the only remaining gods at the end of the world, in serpent form. This constellation makes Atum the god of the cosmic beginning and end, Osiris the god of the rule over the underworld.<\/p><p>With the king (pharaoh) there is a special relationship: at his coronation the pharaoh is identified with Atum, and at his death he is received as Atum-Ra into the solar cycle. This ritual identification is the core of Egyptian royal theology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa28b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa28b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a347e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a347e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a562a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a562a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Greco-Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>, Atum was usually equated with Helios or Apollo, sometimes also with Saturn, because Atum is &#8220;the Old One&#8221;. Plutarch (&#8220;De Iside et Osiride&#8221; 12 and 73) treats Heliopolitan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and identifies Atum with the Greek &#8220;Geron&#8221;, the Old One.<\/p><p>Hellenistic Hermeticism used Atum concepts in its speculations about the &#8220;autogenes theos&#8221;, the &#8220;self-generated god&#8221;. This reading shapes the &#8220;Corpus Hermeticum&#8221; and, through it, the Christian-Gnostic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>.<\/p><p>With the end of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymous with heathen; belonging to a pre-Christian religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">pagan<\/span> temple cult in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Christian era, the practical Atum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> disappeared. The Coptic tradition, however, preserved some theological concepts, such as the idea of the self-generated god, which becomes visible in Coptic-Christian Christology.<\/p><p>In the Middle Ages, Arab travelers reported on the abandoned temple remains of Heliopolis; most of the obelisks were transported over time to Rome (today the Lateran, Piazza del Popolo) or to Constantinople.<\/p><p>The modern rediscovery of the Atum cult begins with the Napoleonic scholars and with Champollion&#8217;s decipherment of the hieroglyphs. In the nineteenth century, Lepsius documented the Atum pictorial programs; in the twentieth century, James Henry Breasted, Henri Frankfort and Erik Hornung systematically presented the theological depth of the Heliopolitan cosmogony.<\/p><p>In the more recent research of Jan Assmann (&#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theology<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">Piety<\/span>&#8220;, 1984) and James P. Allen (&#8220;Genesis in Egypt&#8221;, 1988), Atum has been treated as the central figure of Egyptian &#8220;pre-creation theology&#8221;.<\/p><p>In modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> and in New Age literature, Atum appears as the archetype of &#8220;self-born consciousness&#8221;, a reading that draws on the Hermetic-Gnostic tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac60ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac60ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religious-Studies Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7006bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7006bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum belongs to the category of creator gods who create through self-generation. This idea is striking in the history of religion: while most polytheistic religions describe creation through battle, union or workshop labor, Egyptian Heliopolitan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> knows the creator who comes into being out of himself.<\/p><p>Comparable are only a few other ideas: the Hindu Praj\u0101pati, the Vedic Hira\u1e47yagarbha (the &#8220;Golden Egg&#8221;) and, in a limited way, the Gnostic Autogenes.<\/p><p>The theological reflection on Atum reached high points especially in the Late Period.<\/p><p>The Esna hymns, the Memphite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and the hymns from the temples of Edfu and Dendera treat the paradoxical aspects of the creator: he is in the primeval waters and yet distinct from them, he is alone and yet father of an Ennead, he is old and eternal at the same time.<\/p><p>This philosophical depth makes the Egyptian discourse on creation one of the most differentiated in ancient religious history and places Egyptian thought on a level with Greek and Indian philosophy.<\/p><p>Henri Frankfort saw in Atum the &#8220;high god&#8221; of Egyptian religion, a reading that was later qualified by Hornung: Atum is not the only or highest god, but a manifestation of the divine principle that appears under many names and forms. Jan Assmann, in &#8220;Egypt.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theology<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">Piety<\/span>&#8221; (1984), analyzed the &#8220;New Solar Theology&#8221; of the New Kingdom, in which Atum, Ra and Khepri are united into three aspects of a single solar being; this reading prepares the way for the monolatrous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span> of the Amarna period under Akhenaten and stands in structural kinship with the later biblical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The belief in a single god.\" tabindex=\"0\">monotheism<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c841e62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c841e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049c634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8498c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Pyramid Texts, Spell 527 (self-creation), Spell 600 (Shu and Tefnut), Spell 587. Coffin Texts and Book of the Dead, especially Spell 17, 78 and 175. Memphite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> (Shabaka Stone, British Museum EA 498), edition by James H. Breasted.<\/p><p>Esna temple inscriptions, edition by Sauneron. &#8220;Book of Gates&#8221; and &#8220;Amduat&#8221; from the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, edition by Hornung.<\/p><p>Strabo, &#8220;Geographica&#8221; XVII, 1, 27 to 30; Plutarch, &#8220;De Iside et Osiride&#8221; 12, 73. Henri Frankfort, &#8220;Kingship and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, &#8220;Der Eine und die Vielen&#8221;, Darmstadt 1971. James P. Allen, &#8220;Genesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts&#8221;, New Haven 1988. Jan Assmann, &#8220;\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theology<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">Piety<\/span> of an Early Civilization&#8221;, Stuttgart 1984.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atum, Egyptian creator god of Heliopolis Atum is an Egyptian creator god whose cult was based in Heliopolis and who stands at the beginning of the Ennead there. In the ancient Egyptian pantheon Atum is regarded as the creator god of Heliopolis, who emerged from the primeval waters of Nun and brought forth through himself [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6328,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atum: Egyptian Creator God of Heliopolis | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atum is the Egyptian creator god of Heliopolis, father of the Ennead and primal ancestor of the pantheon. Creation myth, the Atum-Ra fusion and cult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[47,87,86,27],"class_list":["post-6327","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aegypten","category-egypt","category-gods","category-goetter"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Atum: Egyptian Creator God of Heliopolis | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Atum is the Egyptian creator god of Heliopolis, father of the Ennead and primal ancestor of the pantheon. 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