{"id":6317,"date":"2026-05-19T08:53:42","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T08:53:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/khepri\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:27:46","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:27:46","slug":"khepri","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/khepri\/","title":{"rendered":"Khepri"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6317\" class=\"elementor elementor-6317 elementor-2996 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c481f32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c481f32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbbdb97 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fbbdb97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670ce9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"670ce9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50e80eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50e80eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khepri, Egyptian scarab god of the morning sun<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3401775 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3401775\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khepri is an Egyptian scarab god who embodies the rising morning sun and the daily renewal of life. In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, Khepri is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> sun god who embodies the first rising of the sun in the morning.<\/p><p>His name derives from the verb &#8220;kheper,&#8221; which means &#8220;to become, to come into being, to transform,&#8221; and which stands at the center of the Egyptian idea of the cosmic process of becoming.<\/p><p>Khepri is &#8220;the becoming one&#8221; par excellence: the one who comes into being from himself, who is reborn each day on the eastern horizon, who transforms by his own power.<\/p><p>His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> animal is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span>, that dung-rolling beetle of the species Scarabaeus sacer, whose life cycle inspired the Egyptians to draw an impressive cosmic analogy.<\/p><p>Within the solar cycle, Khepri together with Ra (the midday sun) and Atum (the evening sun) forms the threefold figure of the sun&#8217;s course, a reading that was theologically elaborated above all in the New Kingdom and in the Late Period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76e2f44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"76e2f44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82c74f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"82c74f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the ancient Nile valley, ca. 3000 BC to 30 BC.\">Egypt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-214e0d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"214e0d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e533229 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e533229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e533229\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e533229\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d3502 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4d3502\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49a9443 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"49a9443\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khepri-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6318\" alt=\"Khepri, gods from the Egyptian tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khepri-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khepri-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khepri-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khepri.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a530da5 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a530da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c73e302 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c73e302\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98a610d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98a610d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and Genealogy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29f8bfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29f8bfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khepri is a god without a clear genealogy. Unlike the Olympian gods of Greece, whose family tree is recounted in meticulous detail, Khepri belongs to the category of self-existing, unbegotten gods.<\/p><p>In the Pyramid Texts (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical or ecclesiastical exclusion; also the binding of a power through a formula.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spell<\/span> 587) he is called the one &#8220;who came into being by his own power,&#8221; who has neither father nor mother.<\/p><p>This unusual genealogical position links him to Atum, with whom he is identified in many <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> constellations. The earliest evidence shows Khepri already in the Old Kingdom, and his significance grows continuously in the Middle and New Kingdoms.<\/p><p>In Heliopolitan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, Khepri is a manifestation of Atum-Ra, that is, the same god in his morning form of appearance. Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> understood the relationship of the three sun gods (Khepri, Ra, Atum) not as kinship in the genealogical sense, but as three aspects of the same cosmic being.<\/p><p>In Egyptian kingship, Khepri appears especially in the coronation theologies as the protective god of royal birth; his name is moreover used in numerous royal birth names, such as Men-kheper-Ra (Thutmose III), Neb-kheper-Ra (Tutankhamun), Aa-kheper-Ra (Thutmose II), in which the element &#8220;kheper&#8221; carries a central theological meaning.<\/p><p>One particular mythic narrative is the nightly solar voyage. After Atum, as the aged sun, descends into the underworld in the evening, he traverses the twelve hours of the night in the solar barque.<\/p><p>In the twelfth hour of the night, shortly before morning, the aged Atum transforms into the youthful Khepri, who breaks forth from the shell of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> and is reborn as the rising morning sun.<\/p><p>This transformation is described in detail in the &#8220;Books of Gates&#8221; and in the &#8220;Book of That Which Is in the Underworld&#8221; (Amduat) and forms the theological heart of Egyptian solar theology.<\/p><p>In the later <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, numerous family connections are attributed to Khepri, depending on the local <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. In some texts his consort is the &#8220;Mehet-Weret&#8221; cow, the personification of the primeval waters in their celestial aspect.<\/p><p>No children of his own are recorded; the creation of humankind is attributed in Heliopolitan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> to Atum, not to Khepri. Khepri is thus less a family god than a cosmic function that gains an independent dignity in Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffce528 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffce528\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08eade2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08eade2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols, Iconography and Attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebfdd3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebfdd3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khepri is depicted in two ways: on the one hand as a complete <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span>, on the other as a man with a scarab head.<\/p><p>The latter depiction is one of the strangest in all of Egyptian pictorial art, because it takes an insect as a substitute for the head, which looks anatomically unusual; yet the theological clarity achieved with the scarab-headed depiction gained a firm standing in the Egyptian pictorial tradition.<\/p><p>On the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> walls of the New Kingdom and the Late Period, Khepri is regularly depicted in the human, scarab-headed form within the assemblies of the gods.<\/p><p>His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> animal is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span>, the dung beetle of the species Scarabaeus sacer.<\/p><p>The Egyptians observed that the beetle forms a ball of dung, rolls it before itself and buries it in a cavity in which it lays its eggs; the young beetles seem to emerge of their own accord from the buried ball.<\/p><p>This behavior became a cosmic analogy: just as the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> rolls the ball before itself, so Khepri rolls the solar disk across the sky; just as the young beetles seem to break forth from the ball, so all living beings arise from the creative principle of becoming.<\/p><p>Aelian (De natura animalium X, 15) combined these observations with astonishment at Egyptian religiosity.<\/p><p>Scarab <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> are among the most common finds of Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The science that studies past cultures on the basis of material finds.\" tabindex=\"0\">archaeology<\/span>. Countless examples survive from all epochs, from the Middle Kingdom to the Roman period, in sizes ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters.<\/p><p>On the flat underside they bear inscriptions: royal names, formulas of the gods, protective spells, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> signs. They were worn as amulets, used as seals, placed within the mummy wrappings and given to graves as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>.<\/p><p>The famous &#8220;heart scarab,&#8221; a larger <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> placed on the breast of the deceased, bore Spell 30B of the Book of the Dead, which was meant to protect the heart at the judgment of the dead. The example of the heart scarab shows the close connection between Khepri symbolism and ideas of the afterlife.<\/p><p>At Karnak stands the famous &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> of Amenhotep III,&#8221; a granite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> about 1.9 meters long, set up by the &#8220;Sacred Lake.&#8221; It is the largest surviving <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> sculpture in Egyptian art and is regarded as a model example of Khepri&#8217;s theological dignity.<\/p><p>The reliefs of the mortuary <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> often show Khepri in the solar barque, sometimes with raised arms, sometimes rolling the solar disk before himself.<\/p><p>In the ceiling depictions of the Ramesside royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, the nightly solar voyage is visualized with particular attention to detail; there Khepri appears as the youthful <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> who emerges in the last hour of the night from the transformation of Atum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e82af0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e82af0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c576af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c576af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b19dea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b19dea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khepri had no independent main temple in the sense of the great temple complexes for Amun, Ra or Ptah.<\/p><p>His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was integrated into the general solar temples, above all in the great <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Heliopolis, in the sun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> of the pyramid fields (Abu Ghurab with the sun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Nyuserre, Fifth Dynasty) and in the mortuary temples of the pharaohs.<\/p><p>The ritual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of Khepri took place at dawn, when the sun priests &#8220;awakened&#8221; the statues of the gods and began the daily offerings. The solar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic acts with religious or cultural significance.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> of Karnak, of which numerous papyri survive (especially the Berlin Papyrus 3055), begins with an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of Khepri as the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> of the eastern horizon.<\/p><p>Khepri held a special position in the so-called &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>&#8221; of the Late Period. At Heliopolis, Karnak and on numerous other temple grounds, scarabs were kept, tended and mummified after death.<\/p><p>At Saqqara and Tuna el-Gebel, cemeteries for mummified scarabs have been archaeologically documented; they form a counterpart to the crocodile, falcon and ibis cemeteries of other animal cults. However, these were not living scarabs kept in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, but dried beetle bodies offered as amulets or <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> gifts.<\/p><p>In the daily solar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic acts with religious or cultural significance.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> of the temple, Khepri hymns were sung that celebrated the morning emergence of the sun from the nocturnal primeval waters.<\/p><p>A particularly impressive hymn is the &#8220;Hymn to the Rising Sun God,&#8221; preserved in Papyrus Boulaq 17 (Thebes, 18th Dynasty), in which Khepri is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as &#8220;the one who came into being from himself&#8221; and &#8220;before whom nothing was.&#8221; The theological depth of these hymns shows that Khepri was not merely a god of natural phenomena, but the bearer of a high-ranking cosmological conception.<\/p><p>In the royal burial, Khepri played a role of his own. On the sarcophagus lids and in the royal tombs of the Valley of the Kings, Khepri is omnipresent as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of resurrection.<\/p><p>The heart-scarab <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic acts with religious or cultural significance.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> (Book of the Dead, Spell 30B) connected the deceased with Khepri: &#8220;My heart is my mother, my heart is my mother, my heart is my becoming on earth&#8221;; the verse plays on the meaning of &#8220;kheper&#8221; (to become) and places the heart of the dead under Khepri&#8217;s protection.<\/p><p>In the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts, Khepri frequently appears in spells that address the ascent of the deceased to the sky and his transformation into a star form.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8876a17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8876a17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e1d5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d4e1d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important Sanctuaries and Temples<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9ff46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d9ff46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since Khepri had no main temples of his own, his veneration is bound to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites that were <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to other principal gods. At Heliopolis, Khepri played an important role in the Atum-Ra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, yet an independent Khepri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> is not attested.<\/p><p>In the great sun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Nyuserre at Abu Ghurab (5th Dynasty), the theological program is oriented toward the solar cycle with particular attention to Khepri; the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> lies in ruins today, yet the architecture can be reconstructed: a large platform with an obelisk-like Benben stone at its center, before which stood an alabaster <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An elevated place or table for offerings and religious acts.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> altars for the solar voyage.<\/p><p>At Karnak, Khepri is prominent in several places. The granite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> of Amenhotep III by the Sacred Lake, already mentioned, is the most famous Khepri sculpture of all. On the walls of the hypostyle hall and in the side chapels, Khepri is regularly depicted in the theological pictorial programs.<\/p><p>At Luxor and in the mortuary temples of the western Theban necropolis (Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Seti I), Khepri has a firm place in the solar picture series.<\/p><p>In the Valley of the Kings, the royal tombs are decorated with the &#8220;Amduat&#8221; and with the &#8220;Books of Gates,&#8221; in which Khepri appears centrally.<\/p><p>Particularly impressive is the tomb of Seti I (KV 17), in which the nightly solar voyage is depicted with all its phases of transformation; in the twelfth hour of the night, Khepri appears as the youthful <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> who pushes the solar disk up toward the morning horizon.<\/p><p>Similar pictorial programs are found in the tombs of Ramesses II, Ramesses IV and Seti II.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">Scarab<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> in the strict sense did not exist, but Khepri cult niches are attested in numerous smaller sanctuaries.<\/p><p>At Bubastis (Tell Basta) in the Delta there was a Khepri chapel beside the Bastet <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>; at Mendes (Tell el-Rub&#8217;a) a Khepri veneration linked with the sacred ram of Mendes; at Edfu a Khepri series in the main program of the temple walls.<\/p><p>In the Hibis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of the Kharga oasis, the theological pictorial script shows Khepri as part of the cosmic assembly of the gods. In the Ptolemaic-Roman Late Period, the Khepri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> continued to be cultivated in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Esna and in the smaller temples of Tod and Hermonthis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ec22f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ec22f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d0871 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91d0871\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythic Narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40ee894 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40ee894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The central Khepri narrative is the daily solar voyage. In the evening the old sun Atum descends into the nocturnal underworld. During the twelve hours of the night the solar barque traverses the twelve gates or chambers of the underworld; there it encounters Apophis, the serpent of chaos, who is defeated each day.<\/p><p>In the twelfth hour of the night, shortly before morning, the old sun is bathed in the primeval waters of Nun, from which a transformation into the youthful Khepri proceeds. From this &#8220;rebirth&#8221; the sun enters the morning sky as a new young god.<\/p><p>In the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts, the deceased king or the deceased person is identified with Khepri. The dead one passes through the twelve hours of the night parallel to the sun and is reborn together with it in the morning.<\/p><p>This identification is one of the oldest models of resurrection <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and shapes the Egyptian conception of the afterlife into the Late Period. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, evil-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> given to the deceased on the breast was the material guarantee of this identification.<\/p><p>A further narrative connects Khepri with self-generation. In a theological reflection treated in detail in the Hibis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> and in the Esna hymns, Khepri declares: &#8220;I am the one who came into being from himself.<\/p><p>I was in the primeval waters, I arose out of myself, I spoke my name, and through this name I came into being.&#8221; This statement is significant in the history of religion, because it expresses the idea of creative speech (the &#8220;word&#8221;) in a form that is structurally related to the Greek concept of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Heraclitus the cosmic principle of reason; in Philo and in the Gospel of John the creative essence of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">Logos<\/span>.<\/p><p>The self-pronouncement of the divine name as an act of creation is one of the intellectual high points of Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of the Eye of the Sun, Khepri is also assigned a secondary role. The Eye of Ra (or Atum) had withdrawn into the Nubian desert; Thoth was sent to bring it back.<\/p><p>On its return the Eye found that it had been replaced by a new eye, and grew angry; through a theological fusion it was placed as the uraeus serpent on the forehead of the sun god.<\/p><p>In this episode Khepri is the morning aspect of the sun god, who protects the Eye and accomplishes the daily journey with it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35f4edd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35f4edd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-418e495 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"418e495\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-043df99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"043df99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khepri is connected with Ra and Atum through the concept of solar transformation. These three are not three different gods, but three aspects of the same sun at the different times of day. Khepri is the rising morning sun, Ra the midday sun on high, Atum the setting evening sun.<\/p><p>This &#8220;solar triad&#8221; is unique in its clarity within the history of religion; it makes the cosmic function of the sun&#8217;s course the chief theological matter and places the multiplicity of aspects above the unity of the sun god.<\/p><p>With Atum there is a particularly close relationship, because both share the concept of self-production. Khepri is, as it were, the youthful Atum, who is reborn from the nocturnal primeval waters.<\/p><p>This doubling is explicitly treated in the theological hymns; Khepri and Atum stand at the beginning and at the end of the sun&#8217;s course, and both are linked with one another through the concept of &#8220;kheper&#8221; (becoming).<\/p><p>With the kings of Egyptian kingship, Khepri has a special relationship. The royal name is frequently provided with the element &#8220;kheper,&#8221; which makes the king the bearer of the cosmic principle of becoming.<\/p><p>At the coronation, the new pharaoh is connected with Khepri; at his death he enters the solar cycle and is joined with Khepri for the morning rebirth.<\/p><p>With Thoth, the god of writing and of knowledge, Khepri has a theological connection through the concept of creative speech; Thoth is the one who &#8220;speaks&#8221; the names of the gods, Khepri the one who comes into being through &#8220;speaking his name.&#8221;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436b07b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"436b07b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3626cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3626cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81b518d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"81b518d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Greco-Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>, Khepri was regarded as the Egyptian sun god par excellence; the identification with Helios and Apollo was common.<\/p><p>Plutarch (&#8220;De Iside et Osiride&#8221; 10, 73 and 74) treats Khepri at length and gives a theological interpretation of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> symbol: the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> is said to have only the male sex, for which reason it is an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract thought.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> of self-birth.<\/p><p>This reading was widespread in ancient natural history and shaped the symbolism of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> amulets in late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>. Egyptian scarabs were traded widely across the Mediterranean region; in Phoenician, Etruscan and Greek graves they are attested as imported goods.<\/p><p>In the Hermetic writings of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>, Khepri is treated under the name &#8220;Kheper&#8221; or &#8220;Chnoubis&#8221; as an aspect of cosmic consciousness. The magical papyri (Papyri Graecae Magicae) contain numerous invocations of Khepri, which were mostly used for purposes of protection and healing.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> was not adopted into Christian-Coptic symbolism, but it remained present in ancient natural history (Pliny, Aelian) as a remarkable animal peculiarity.<\/p><p>The modern rediscovery of Khepri begins with Champollion&#8217;s publications on the solar hymns.<\/p><p>In the nineteenth century, Heinrich Brugsch and Adolf Erman treated solar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>; in the twentieth century, Erik Hornung (&#8220;Conceptions of God,&#8221; &#8220;Das Buch der Anbetung des Re&#8221;), Jan Assmann (&#8220;Sonnenhymnen in thebanischen Gr\u00e4bern,&#8221; &#8220;Re und Amun&#8221;) and James P. Allen (&#8220;Genesis in Egypt&#8221;) systematically presented the theological depth of Egyptian solar religion and thereby also of Khepri.<\/p><p>In modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> and popular culture, Khepri symbolism is present in jewelry and in the general &#8220;Egyptian&#8221; aesthetic; the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, evil-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> has become a standard element of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteric<\/span> symbolism, often without the theological depth of the original Khepri concept being taken into account.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614f88c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"614f88c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba02b0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ba02b0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religious-Studies Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d76259e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d76259e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khepri belongs to the &#8220;gods of becoming,&#8221; who embody a cosmic process of transformation. In the history of religion his position is remarkable: while most creator gods accomplish creation in a single initial act, Khepri represents the ongoing creation that renews itself each day.<\/p><p>This idea of a &#8220;continuous creation&#8221; (creatio continua) is a topos of its own in the history of religion, found in the Vedic idea of \u1e5ata, in the Greek doctrine of Physis and (with a different accent) in the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> of sustaining creation.<\/p><p>In the comparative religious context, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian emblem of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> symbolism is unique. The animal, which in many cultures was held in low regard as a dung beetle, gains a cosmic dignity in Egypt through the observation of its behavior: the rolling of the ball, the apparent self-generation of the young beetles.<\/p><p>This attention to a supposedly lowly creature, to which the Egyptians ascribed a theologically high-ranking meaning, is the expression of a religious gaze that can see the sacred in all cosmic phenomena.<\/p><p>Jan Assmann, in &#8220;\u00c4gypten,&#8221; described this peculiarity of Egyptian religion as &#8220;cosmotheistic&#8221;: the sacred is visible in the world itself and in its natural phenomena.<\/p><p>Erik Hornung, in &#8220;Conceptions of God,&#8221; identified the &#8220;identification&#8221; of the deceased with Khepri as one of the central models of Egyptian resurrection <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. This reading prepares the way for the Christian idea of resurrection, without a direct influence having to be assumed; the structural kinship is nonetheless recognizable.<\/p><p>James P. Allen, in &#8220;Genesis in Egypt,&#8221; presented the theological connection of Khepri and Atum as a model of an Egyptian &#8220;creation eschatology,&#8221; in which the beginning and the end of the sun&#8217;s course correspond to one another.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a2b5e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a2b5e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db69241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"db69241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04c5624 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04c5624\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pyramid Texts, especially Spell 587 and 600. Coffin Texts and Book of the Dead, especially Spell 17 and 30B (heart scarab). &#8220;Amduat&#8221; and &#8220;Books of Gates&#8221; from the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, edition by Hornung. Solar hymns, especially Papyrus Boulaq 17 (Thebes, 18th Dynasty), edition by Adolf Erman.<\/p><p>Plutarch, &#8220;De Iside et Osiride&#8221; 10, 73 and 74. Aelian, &#8220;De natura animalium&#8221; X, 15. Henri Frankfort, &#8220;Kingship and the Gods,&#8221; Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, &#8220;Der Eine und die Vielen,&#8221; Darmstadt 1971. Erik Hornung, &#8220;Das Buch der Anbetung des Re im Westen,&#8221; Geneva 1975. Jan Assmann, &#8220;Sonnenhymnen in thebanischen Gr\u00e4bern,&#8221; Mainz 1983. James P. Allen, &#8220;Genesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts,&#8221; New Haven 1988.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Khepri, Egyptian scarab god of the morning sun Khepri is an Egyptian scarab god who embodies the rising morning sun and the daily renewal of life. In the ancient Egyptian pantheon, Khepri is the scarab sun god who embodies the first rising of the sun in the morning. His name derives from the verb &#8220;kheper,&#8221; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6318,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khepri scarab god","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khepri: Scarab God and Morning Sun | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khepri is the Egyptian scarab god, the embodiment of the rising sun and of rebirth. 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