{"id":6312,"date":"2026-05-19T09:14:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T09:14:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sarasvati\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:27:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:27:17","slug":"sarasvati","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sarasvati\/","title":{"rendered":"Sarasvati"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6312\" class=\"elementor elementor-6312 elementor-3007 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d4b5d6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0d4b5d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-069b78b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"069b78b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d839e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d839e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac27ad8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac27ad8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sarasvati, Hindu goddess of knowledge<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8bf3e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8bf3e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarasvati (Sanskrit Sarasvati) is in Hinduism the goddess of wisdom, speech, the arts and knowledge. She is the consort of Brahma, the creator god. Her name originally refers to the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> river Sarasvati, which is already praised in the Rig Veda as the most important stream of India.<\/p><p>As goddess of education, Sarasvati is the patroness of students, teachers, poets, musicians and scholars. From a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> perspective, she is one of the few Vedic goddesses whose veneration can be traced continuously from the Rig Veda to the present day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c64bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"48c64bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b071b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1b071b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: A personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hindu worlds of gods, asuras and protective beings, from Vedic to Tantric.\">Hinduism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7632070 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7632070\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8eb115b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"8eb115b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8eb115b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8eb115b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__8eb115b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16080ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16080ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1f8648 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d1f8648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_sarasvati-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6313\" alt=\"Sarasvati - Gods from the Hindu tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_sarasvati-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_sarasvati-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_sarasvati-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_sarasvati.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e569fc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1e569fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8141aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8141aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57e7404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57e7404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and Origin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50ce410 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50ce410\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Rig Veda, Sarasvati is at first the river, then the personified <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which an effect upon the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> of this river.<\/p><p>The Sarasvati Sukta (Rig Veda 6.61) praises her as &#8220;the mightiest of the goddesses,&#8221; who &#8220;fills all the rivers,&#8221; as &#8220;strength-giving, of tremendous force.&#8221; In this early layer she is a water <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> whose stream carries the fertility of the Punjab.<\/p><p>In the Atharva Veda and in the Brahmana texts (around 1000 to 700 before Christ) her profile develops as goddess of speech and sacred utterance.<\/p><p>In the Yajur Veda she is called Vagdevi (&#8220;goddess of speech&#8221;). This shift from river goddess to speech goddess is instructive in terms of religious history: the sacred stream becomes the source of the sacred word.<\/p><p>In the Puranas and in the late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, Sarasvati is regarded as the daughter and consort of Brahma. The Bhagavata Purana (Book 3, Chapter 12) recounts that Brahma brought her forth from himself and fell in love with her.<\/p><p>This incestuous genealogy has received much attention in scholarship. In &#8220;Hindu Myths&#8221; (1975), Wendy Doniger interpreted this narrative as a reflex of the archaic idea of a creative self-division, in which the creative principle generates a counterforce out of itself in order to set creation in motion.<\/p><p>From a religious history perspective, the connection of Sarasvati and Brahma was consolidated only from the Gupta period (4th to 6th century after Christ) onward.<\/p><p>In older layers, Sarasvati also appears in connection with Vishnu (in the Padma Purana she is at times his consort) or as an independent goddess. This genealogical fluidity shows the complexity of Hindu goddess <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The religious-historical development of Sarasvati from the river goddess in the Rig Veda to the goddess of speech in the Atharva Veda and in the later tradition is one of the best documented examples of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> transformation in Hinduism.<\/p><p>In Rig Veda 6.61 she is praised as &#8220;the most powerful of the goddesses,&#8221; whose waters &#8220;grant all riches abundantly,&#8221; whose stream &#8220;surpasses all streams in swiftness.&#8221; This early Sarasvati is the concrete water deity of a concrete river that flows through the Punjab.<\/p><p>With the gradual drying up of the historical Sarasvati river (presumably between 2000 and 1500 before Christ), the concrete river goddess lost her empirical referent.<\/p><p>The goddess shifted toward being the creator and protector of sacred speech. In the Yajur Veda she is called Vagdevi, in the Atharva Veda and in the Brahmana texts she is Vac (voice, word) and Bharati (speech).<\/p><p>This semantic shift from water to speech is, in terms of the sociology of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, an interesting finding: the abstract function of education gradually takes the place of the concrete water deity. In &#8220;The Roots of Hinduism&#8221; (2015), Asko Parpola connected this development with the archaeological study of the older Sarasvati river (today Ghaggar-Hakra).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561928d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"561928d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4377e4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4377e4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols and Attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-738685f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"738685f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarasvati is typically depicted with four arms. Two hands hold the vina, a stringed instrument that embodies her musical and acoustic dimension. A third hand holds a book (pustaka), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the sacred scriptures and of knowledge. The fourth hand holds a rosary (akshamala) for meditation or grants a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The bestowal of well-being and protection, often in fixed verbal form.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span>.<\/p><p>Her garment is white, sometimes with golden accents. The white color embodies purity, clarity and the sattvic quality (sattva, in Samkhya Yoga one of the three fundamental qualities of matter, which stands for clarity and truth).<\/p><p>Sarasvati wears little jewelry, in contrast to the richly adorned Lakshmi. This iconographic simplicity reinforces her ascetic and spiritual character.<\/p><p>Her mount is the swan (hamsa) or the peacock. The swan symbolizes the capacity for discernment, since according to Hindu belief it can separate the milk from a milk-water mixture. The peacock stands for the beauty of the arts. Both mounts carry <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> meaning for the teaching of discerning knowledge (viveka).<\/p><p>A further attribute is the lotus, on which she often sits. This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> connects her with the general goddess symbolism of Hinduism, without the lotus being as central to her as it is to Lakshmi. Her seated posture is usually the meditative padmasana or sukhasana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ccc160 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ccc160\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f818168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f818168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-753fdad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"753fdad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarasvati&#8217;s principal festival is Vasant Panchami (also Sri Panchami), which is celebrated in January or February. On this day, pupils are introduced to learning, and books and musical instruments are <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to her.<\/p><p>In Bengal and Bihar, Vasant Panchami is one of the most important festivals of the year. Schools, libraries and music schools hold ceremonies. In South India too, the festival Saraswati Puja is celebrated, often in connection with Navaratri and Vijayadashami in September or October.<\/p><p>The most important Sarasvati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> are the Sharada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> in Maihar (Madhya Pradesh), the Sarada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> in Sringeri (Karnataka), the Saraswati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> in Basar (Andhra Pradesh) and the Saraswati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> in Pushkar (Rajasthan).<\/p><p>Pushkar is also known for the only Brahma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in India, since according to mythical tradition Brahma is venerated only there. Sarasvati is present as his consort.<\/p><p>In the educational context, Sarasvati is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> daily. Indian students often begin their studies with a Sarasvati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred syllable or formula repeatedly spoken in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>. Many schools, colleges and universities in India have statues or images of Sarasvati in their buildings. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred syllable or formula repeatedly spoken in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> &#8220;Saraswati Namastubhyam, varade kamarupini, vidyarambham karishyami, siddhir bhavatu me sada&#8221; is recited before important examinations.<\/p><p>In Sikhism, which arose in the Punjab in the 15th and 16th centuries, Sarasvati is not directly venerated. In Jainism, however, she is recognized as Shrutadevi (goddess of the sacred scriptures), and the Bhattaraka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of the Digambara school and several Shvetambara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> in Rajasthan and Gujarat hold images of Sarasvati.<\/p><p>In Buddhism she is venerated as Yangchenma (in the Tibetan tradition) or Benzaiten (in Japan). This trans-religious presence of Sarasvati is one of the most remarkable phenomena of Indo-Asian religious history.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7b7b5e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7b7b5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f35d202 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f35d202\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important Myths<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72fce7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72fce7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is Sarasvati&#8217;s birth from Brahma. In the Bhagavata Purana (3.12), in the Skanda Purana and in the Brahma Purana it is recounted: Brahma, alone in the primordial time, created a beautiful daughter out of his consciousness and named her Sarasvati (also Shatarupa, &#8220;the hundred-formed&#8221;).<\/p><p>Enchanted by her beauty, he wished to have her as his consort.<\/p><p>Sarasvati tried to escape his gaze by moving in different directions, but Brahma developed a further head for each direction. Thus arose Brahma&#8217;s four-headed form. Finally she married him, and from this union the first creatures of the world came forth. This narrative is one of the most important creation accounts of Hinduism.<\/p><p>A second <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> tells of Sarasvati&#8217;s quarrel with Lakshmi and Ganga. The Brahmavaivarta Purana (Book 2, Chapter 6) recounts that Vishnu had three wives: Lakshmi, Sarasvati and Ganga. One day a quarrel arose between Sarasvati and Ganga. Sarasvati cursed Ganga to become a river. Ganga retaliated.<\/p><p>Vishnu thereupon sent Sarasvati to Brahma (as his consort) and Ganga to Shiva (as the goddess received in his hair). This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> explains the distribution of the three goddesses among the three principal gods of the Hindu Trimurti: Lakshmi with Vishnu, Sarasvati with Brahma, Ganga with Shiva.<\/p><p>A third <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is the bestowal of knowledge upon the gods and humans. In many Puranas it is recounted that the gods went to Sarasvati in order to attain education. The great sages (rishis) too owed their enlightenment to Sarasvati&#8217;s grace.<\/p><p>This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> has no uniform narrative form, but is illustrated in many anecdotes. The Markandeya Purana recounts that the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative with an often historical core and wondrous elements.\" tabindex=\"0\">sage<\/span> Yajnavalkya gained his knowledge of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oldest Indian scriptures (c. 1500 to 500 BCE); Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.\" tabindex=\"0\">Vedas<\/span> through Sarasvati. Other narratives connect Sarasvati with the poet Kalidasa, who through her grace is said to have become a great poet from a simple man.<\/p><p>Brahma&#8217;s four-headed form is mythically explained through Sarasvati. Because Brahma desired his own daughter as his wife, and she sought to escape him by turning in different directions, he developed a head for each direction.<\/p><p>This narrative is handed down in the Bhagavata Purana, in the Matsya Purana and in the Brahma Purana. It is of high importance in terms of religious history, because it links the iconographic peculiarity of Brahma with a mythical prehistory.<\/p><p>The theological discussion of the incest relationship between Brahma and Sarasvati has produced different solutions in the Hindu tradition. Some texts (for example the Brahma Purana) interpret Sarasvati not as his own daughter, but as a manifestation emerging from Brahma&#8217;s consciousness, so that the sexual relationship need not be theologically understood as real incest.<\/p><p>Other texts (Bhagavata Purana, Skanda Purana) retain the literal meaning of daughter and understand the union as a cosmic act of creation beyond earthly rules of morality. This variety of interpretations shows the complexity of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da91816 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"da91816\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9e8ba7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e9e8ba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04e9c6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04e9c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarasvati&#8217;s principal relationship is the one with Brahma. The two belong together, yet Brahma has lost importance in practical Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>. Vishnu and Shiva are the central gods. Sarasvati, by contrast, remains present, because her function (education, art) has survived independently of Brahma&#8217;s fate as creator god.<\/p><p>Together with Lakshmi and Parvati, Sarasvati forms a triadic constellation in which the three most important aspects of life are represented: prosperity, power and knowledge. This triad is often read in the Shakta tradition as three manifestations of the one Great Goddess (Mahadevi). In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious-ritual tradition in Hinduism and Buddhism with a doctrine of energy polarities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tantra<\/span>, the three are summarized as Maha-Lakshmi, Maha-Kali and Maha-Sarasvati.<\/p><p>Sarasvati&#8217;s relationship with the other goddesses is predominantly peaceful, with the exception of the mentioned quarrel with Ganga and Lakshmi. She is often typologized as a sister goddess of the Muses and of the speech goddesses of other traditions. In the Buddhist tradition of Tibet and Japan she is integrated without denying her Hindu origin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7d8197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7d8197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52fc148 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52fc148\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception and Influence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79cfeba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79cfeba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In classical Sanskrit literature, Sarasvati is omnipresent. Every poet invokes her at the beginning of his work. Kalidasa, Banabhatta, Magha, Bharavi, all Sanskrit poets begin their works with a Sarasvati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span>.<\/p><p>This tradition continues into modern Tamil, Hindi, Marathi and Bengali literature. The designation &#8220;Saraswati Putra&#8221; (son of Sarasvati) is regarded as an honorary title for great scholars and poets.<\/p><p>In music, Sarasvati is the patroness of all Indian classical music (Hindustani and Carnatic). Before every concert, a Sarasvati Vandanam (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span>) is often recited. Indian musical instruments are <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> before her. The composer Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775 to 1835) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> numerous compositions to her, above all the famous &#8220;Saraswati Namostute.&#8221;<\/p><p>In the visual art of India and Southeast Asia, Sarasvati has been one of the most frequent depictions of deities from the 1st century before Christ to the present day. The earliest surviving statues stem from the Kushana period (1st to 3rd century after Christ).<\/p><p>In Southeast Asia she was exported by way of Buddhism. In Java, Bali, Cambodia and Thailand there exist historical Sarasvati statues from the 8th to 14th century. On Bali she is still venerated today on Saraswati Day (every 210 days according to the Balinese calendar).<\/p><p>In the West, Sarasvati became known through 19th-century Indology and through the Theosophical Society (Madame Blavatsky, Annie Besant). In the 20th century, the works of Heinrich Zimmer, Stella Kramrisch and Wendy Doniger consolidated her position in comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. In modern intercultural discourse, Sarasvati is regarded as a universal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of feminine wisdom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb8cc20 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb8cc20\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a78d141 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a78d141\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religious Studies Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f36ac9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f36ac9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986), David Kinsley classified Sarasvati as the paradigmatic sattvic goddess (wise, pure, ascetic) in contrast to the rajasic Lakshmi (powerful, prosperity-giving, capable in life) and the tamasic Kali (destructive, liberating, transforming). This classification according to the three gunas of Samkhya Yoga is a useful typological scheme.<\/p><p>From a religious history perspective, Sarasvati&#8217;s continuity from the Rig Veda to the present day is remarkable. She is one of the few goddesses whose name and basic features have remained unchanged for over 3500 years.<\/p><p>In &#8220;Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras&#8221; (1990), Andre Padoux gave a detailed account of the theological development of Sarasvati as goddess of sacred speech. Speech, the Vac, is a central element of creation in the Vedic tradition, and Sarasvati is its personification.<\/p><p>In comparative mythology, Sarasvati has parallels in Athena (Greece), Brigid (Celtic) and in the Muses (Greece). These parallels are typological, not genetic. The specific figure of Sarasvati is an independent product of Indian religious history. In &#8220;A Survey of Hinduism&#8221; (3rd ed. 2007), Klaus Klostermaier provided a balanced account of this independence.<\/p><p>In &#8220;Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras&#8221; (1990), Andre Padoux presented a comprehensive study of the Sarasvati-Vac <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><p>He shows that Sarasvati is not only the personified sacred speech, but also the cosmological fundamental principle of the divine taking shape in language and form. This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> has taken on its own forms in the Pancharatra school of Vaishnavism and in the Shri Vidya tradition of Shaktism.<\/p><p>The transculturality of Sarasvati is remarkable in terms of the sociology of religion. In Buddhism she is venerated as Yangchenma in Tibet, as Benzaiten in Japan, as Bian Cai Tian in China. In Jainism she is Shrutadevi, the goddess of the sacred scriptures.<\/p><p>These trans-religious forms show that the concept of a goddess of education and the arts possesses a strong cultural appeal that works across confessional boundaries. In &#8220;Sarasvati: Riverine Goddess of Knowledge&#8221; (2007), Catherine Ludvik documented this transcultural history in detail.<\/p><p>In comparative mythology, the parallels between Sarasvati and Athena are remarkable. Both are goddesses of education, both female, both connected with symbolic animals (Sarasvati with swan and peacock, Athena with owl). Yet these parallels are typological, not genetic. Indo-European comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> cannot historically prove this connection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebf427 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ebf427\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77178f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77178f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883fada elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"883fada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primary sources: Rig Veda (especially 6.61 and 7.95-96, around 1500 to 1200 BCE), Atharva Veda, Brahmana texts, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavata Purana Book 3, Skanda Purana, Brahmavaivarta Purana, Markandeya Purana. Works: Saraswati Sahasranama, Saraswati Stotra (various authors). English translations: Rig Veda by Stephanie Jamison\/Joel Brereton (2014), Bhagavata Purana by Edwin Bryant (2003), Markandeya Purana by F. Eden Pargiter (1904).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: David Kinsley &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986), Wendy Doniger &#8220;Hindu Myths&#8221; (1975) and &#8220;The Hindus: An Alternative History&#8221; (2009), Andre Padoux &#8220;Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras&#8221; (1990), Heinrich Zimmer &#8220;Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization&#8221; (1946), Klaus Klostermaier &#8220;A Survey of Hinduism&#8221; (3rd ed. 2007), Axel Michaels &#8220;Hinduism Past and Present&#8221; (2nd ed. 2006), Catherine Ludvik &#8220;Sarasvati: Riverine Goddess of Knowledge&#8221; (2007), Gavin Flood &#8220;An Introduction to Hinduism&#8221; (1996).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sarasvati, Hindu goddess of knowledge Sarasvati (Sanskrit Sarasvati) is in Hinduism the goddess of wisdom, speech, the arts and knowledge. She is the consort of Brahma, the creator god. Her name originally refers to the sacred river Sarasvati, which is already praised in the Rig Veda as the most important stream of India. As goddess [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6313,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Sarasvati","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Sarasvati, Goddess of Wisdom and Music | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Sarasvati is the Hindu goddess of wisdom, music and speech, consort of Brahma. 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