{"id":6302,"date":"2026-05-19T09:20:17","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T09:20:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/diana\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:27:02","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:27:02","slug":"diana","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/diana\/","title":{"rendered":"Diana"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6302\" class=\"elementor elementor-6302 elementor-3012 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0938905 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0938905\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-407655f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"407655f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f581a00 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f581a00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-410379c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"410379c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt and the moon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0d7a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d0d7a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diana is the Roman goddess of the hunt, the moon and the wild forests. She protects women in childbirth, animals in the woodland and travellers on unpaved paths.<\/p><p>Her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> lay in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred stand of trees that served as a place of worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">grove<\/span> of Nemi by Lake Albano, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> that was regarded as the federal sanctuary of the Latin cities even before the Roman state had formed.<\/p><p>Later Diana was largely identified with the Greek Artemis and, in this fusion, was considered the sister of Apollo and the daughter of Jupiter and Latona.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1826bdf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1826bdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2061a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c2061a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: a personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clearly defined responsibilities such as the forces of nature, fate, war or fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/rome\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Roman religion from the monarchy to late antiquity, syncretic with Greek and Etruscan layers.\">Rome<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3b89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2c3b89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-494d901 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"494d901\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__494d901\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__494d901\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__494d901\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-779a289 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"779a289\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e24f3d iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e24f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_diana-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6303\" alt=\"Diana, gods from the Roman tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_diana-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_diana-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_diana-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_diana.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-266f5f8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"266f5f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a940ad5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a940ad5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6b107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf6b107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and origin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b6e2e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b6e2e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Diana is traced in linguistic history to an Indo-European root meaning &#8220;shining&#8221; or &#8220;heavenly bright&#8221;. This accounts for the close connection to the moon and to daylight. In the oldest Italic layer, Diana was a goddess of wild nature, of springs and of female maturity.<\/p><p>Only through the religious reform under Servius Tullius was she taken into the urban <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, when a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Diana was built on the Aventine that was at the same time meant to serve as the federal sanctuary of the Latin cities.<\/p><p>This political function was a deliberate gesture by which Rome asserted precedence over the other Latin communities.<\/p><p>The oldest Roman cult centre, however, lay at Nemi, a volcanic crater lake in the Alban Hills. Here the Latins venerated Diana Nemorensis, the mistress of the grove.<\/p><p>Cato already reports on the importance of this sanctuary, and Strabo describes the unusual priestly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> in which the officiating priest, the Rex Nemorensis, could be challenged by a runaway slave and replaced in single combat.<\/p><p>This archaic practice preserved traces of older <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual transition through which someone is admitted into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span> rites and later fascinated the study of religious history, in particular James George <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"James George Frazer (1854-1941); British anthropologist; main work The Golden Bough (1890-1915).\" tabindex=\"0\">Frazer<\/span>, who opened his work &#8220;The Golden Bough&#8221; with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred stand of trees that served as a place of worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">grove<\/span> of Nemi. The question of whether the Rex Nemorensis actually existed or was a literary construct still occupies scholarship today.<\/p><p>Virgil repeatedly names Diana as the patroness of rural <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>. In the &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; Ovid devotes to her the famous episode of Actaeon, who catches sight of the bathing goddess and is turned into a stag as punishment.<\/p><p>Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> mostly adopted such tales in close dependence on Greek models, yet linked them more strongly to cultic realities from Latium. Catullus dedicates to her a hymn of his own, Carmen 34, which describes the goddess as a bringer of light and a protectress of young girls.<\/p><p>In Italic popular religion, Diana long remained present as the mistress of animals and of the uncultivated landscapes. Inscriptions from the hinterland of Latium show her as a spring <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, as a protectress of herds and as a helper in childbirth.<\/p><p>These rural components remained tied to the public Aventine cult and, in the literary tradition, were often pushed into the background in favour of the Hellenistically coloured images of Artemis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c9f8e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c9f8e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-182ea83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"182ea83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols and attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66eb4df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66eb4df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bow and arrows are Diana&#8217;s central identifying sign and point to her role as a huntress. In the pictorial tradition she is usually depicted with a high-girt garment and sandals, often walking alongside a dog or a stag.<\/p><p>The moon, visible as a crescent above the forehead or in the hair, marks her at the same time as a goddess of light. The combined symbolism of hunting weapon and moon sign appears on numerous coins of the late Republic and the imperial period.<\/p><p>A further attribute is the torch. It stands out especially where Diana appears as the goddess of nocturnal illumination and of the paths through dark forests. In the Nemi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> carried torches around the lake, whose water was regarded as a mirror of the moon.<\/p><p>The combination of moonlight and torchlight shaped the later iconographic tradition into the Renaissance, in which Diana almost always appears as a figure who walks by night, accompanied by a glow of light.<\/p><p>Diana is frequently accompanied by dogs, stags, deer and, more rarely, bears. These animals mark her dominion over the forest. In Aventine reliefs, snakes appear alongside them, indicating her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the earth or the underworld; in ancient religion the gods and spirits of the depths (Hades, the Erinyes, Demeter chthonia).\" tabindex=\"0\">chthonic<\/span> side and the connection to healing springs.<\/p><p>For women who asked for help in childbirth, the wreath of wild olive branch was also a common <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> gift. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">Consecrated<\/span> terracotta figures of pregnant women, found in large numbers at Nemi and at other <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span>, likewise belong to the material traces of her cult of childbirth.<\/p><p>In the provinces she was frequently syncretised with the local nature goddess, for example as Diana Abnoba in the Black Forest, Diana Arduinna in the Ardennes or Diana Nemetona in the Danube region.<\/p><p>These local forms often carry their own attributes, such as pine branches, spring bowls or regional wild animals. The provincial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of the contents of images and their meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> shows impressively the ability of Roman religion to bring local nature cults together under a single overarching deity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2962d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2962d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd612d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd612d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and worship<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db40542 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db40542\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of Nemi was the most influential rural <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of the goddess. Thousands of terracotta votive gifts recovered by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies past cultures on the basis of material finds.\" tabindex=\"0\">archaeology<\/span> show women with children, pregnant figurines and animals.<\/p><p>These finds prove that, alongside her role as a goddess of the hunt, Diana was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> above all as a helper in childbirth and child-rearing. The archaeological campaigns since the nineteenth century have opened up the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> as a rural <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> centre of pan-Italic importance, with extensive buildings, hall complexes and temple precincts.<\/p><p>In Rome itself the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> stood on the Aventine. According to Livy it was founded under Servius Tullius and was regarded as a gathering place for the plebeians and the slaves. In front of this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> the most important festival was celebrated on 13 August, the Servatorius or dies natalis.<\/p><p>On this day slaves could not be forced to work, and a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> of lights moved from Rome to Nemi, lasting the whole night. This linking of the urban and rural cult by a processional road of lights is an unusual festival form, particularly striking within Roman religion.<\/p><p>In Capua and at other Italic places, Diana Tifatina was venerated, with her own <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred stand of trees that served as a place of worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">grove<\/span> and spring. In the provinces, above all in Gaul and Germania, she frequently appears in local syncretisms. In Britain, Spain and on the North African coast she is attested epigraphically as a huntress and nature goddess.<\/p><p>At Ephesus stood the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of Diana Ephesia, who was regarded as identical with the great oriental mother goddess and who plays a prominent role in the apostolic account of the New Testament.<\/p><p>In popular religion, too, Diana long remained alive. The Council of Ancyra in the fourth century and later synods forbade women who claimed to ride &#8220;by night with Diana&#8221;.<\/p><p>This passage is an important piece of evidence for the persistence of Dianic ideas beyond the end of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymous with heathen; belonging to a pre-Christian religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">pagan<\/span> cults and stands at the origin of later notions of witchcraft.<\/p><p>In the so-called <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The collection of sacred scriptures recognised as binding by a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> Episcopi of the ninth century, the nocturnal ride with Diana is condemned as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A disparaging term for ideas regarded as religiously unfounded.\" tabindex=\"0\">superstition<\/span>, which shows how tenacious the popular religious veneration was.<\/p><p>The Vestals, who served Vesta, brought <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> into Diana&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on Diana&#8217;s feast days. This cultic interweaving of Vesta and Diana reflects the close kinship between purity, virginity and the goddess of light.<\/p><p>Juno too was invoked together with Diana on Diana&#8217;s feast days in Lavinium and Tusculum, which underscores the function of both goddesses as helpers in childbirth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67e249f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67e249f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9d3f49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9d3f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important myths<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-007d6ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"007d6ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The tale of Actaeon is the best-known episode of Dianic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the transmitted tales of the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. In the &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; Ovid describes how the young hunter Actaeon, on his way, comes upon the bathing Diana by chance. Outraged at the violation of her purity, she turns him into a stag, which is torn apart by his own dogs.<\/p><p>The tale contains an old taboo of the divine, the prohibition of the unauthorised gaze, and in the Middle Ages it was allegorised in Christian terms as a warning against unchaste curiosity. Titian and later painters captured the moment of transformation in famous pictures that vividly condense the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> threshold.<\/p><p>A second episode concerns Iphigenia. According to a tradition reported by Servius, Diana saved the daughter of Agamemnon at the last second from the sacrificial death at Aulis and carried her off to Tauris, where she became her priestess.<\/p><p>In the Roman reading, the tale is linked to the Nemi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, since the human <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express thanks, request, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span> typical of Tauris is ended by Diana herself and the goddess develops into the guardian of a just, measured sacrificial practice.<\/p><p>Euripides&#8217; treatment of this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted tale about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> in &#8220;Iphigenia in Tauris&#8221; was frequently performed in Roman times and shaped the understanding of Diana as a goddess who rescues people rather than <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> them.<\/p><p>A third tale reports the stag of Diana on the Aventine. According to Livy, a Roman farmer from Sabine country raised a particularly large stag, of which an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A place or institution at which a divine response is sought.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> said that the people to whom the animal was sacrificed would gain dominion over Italy.<\/p><p>The Sabine brought the stag to the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on the Aventine, but was outwitted by a Roman ruse into letting the animal be sacrificed. By this Rome obtained the prophesied supremacy. The tale joins the rural <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the stag with the political significance of Diana as the patroness of Rome.<\/p><p>A fourth mythic memory attaches to Hippolytus. The youthful son of Theseus, who venerated only Diana and despised Venus, was killed by a bull <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is ascribed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> and was revived by Diana through Aesculapius and carried off to Aricia in the Nemi valley.<\/p><p>There he is said to have been active as a hero under the name Virbius. The tale links the Aventine cult with the Nemi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred stand of trees that served as a place of worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">grove<\/span> and presents Diana as a goddess who carries her followers beyond death.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b5d49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5b5d49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75ed841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75ed841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-853128a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"853128a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diana was understood early on as the sister of Apollo, in exact parallel to Artemis and Apollo in the Greek system. Both are regarded as children of Jupiter and Latona. Apollo embodies the radiant day and solar side, Diana the lunar and nocturnal side.<\/p><p>At cult sites such as Delos and in Roman syncretisms, the two siblings frequently appear together. Augustan religious policy deliberately made use of this sibling pair, since Augustus himself regarded himself as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Apollo.<\/p><p>With Trivia, the goddess of crossroads, Diana is closely merged. In this function she becomes a chthonic goddess of the night, of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> and of thresholds. Catullus, Virgil and Horace use the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> Trivia as a poetic variant.<\/p><p>The series Diana, Luna, Hecate, Trivia often folds into a single multiform figure that was popular in the imperial period. Instructive here too is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of Augustus in Horace&#8217;s &#8220;Carmen Saeculare&#8221;, which gathers the triad of goddesses under the name Diana.<\/p><p>In relation to Venus, Diana appears as the defender of chastity. Both goddesses are invoked in contrast to one another in questions of love and marriage.<\/p><p>With Juno, Diana shares the aspect of assistance in childbirth, which is why both were asked for protection together at deliveries. These aspects show that Diana was not isolated within the Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, but was situated within a network of female functions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c92c8a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c92c8a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bb7509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3bb7509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception and influence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b9961 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52b9961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Renaissance rediscovered Diana as the embodiment of grace and remoteness from civilisation. Titian painted her repeatedly, most famously in &#8220;Diana and Actaeon&#8221; and &#8220;Diana and Callisto&#8221;, both now in Edinburgh.<\/p><p>In the sixteenth century she became the favourite goddess of French court culture, above all under Henry II and Diane de Poitiers, who deliberately placed herself within a Dianic role model. The Ch\u00e2teau of Anet became a Dianic refuge with numerous pictorial programmes, including the famous statue Diane chasseresse, which today stands in the Louvre.<\/p><p>In the Baroque period Diana appears in the French court opera, for example with Lully, and in the paintings of Domenichino and Rubens.<\/p><p>In the eighteenth century she takes up less iconographic but more landscape-painterly space, because interest in wild groves and moonlit scenes grows. The Romanticism of the nineteenth century deepens this image and makes Diana a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic image<\/span> of untamed, pre-civilisational nature.<\/p><p>In the history of religion of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Diana became a key figure. Frazer opened his work &#8220;The Golden Bough&#8221; with the question of the priest of Nemi and from it developed a comprehensive theory of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> kingships.<\/p><p>Margaret Murray and her successors made Diana the eponymous goddess of an alleged European underground religion, a construct that scholarship today regards as historically untenable, but which has deeply shaped modern neopagan currents.<\/p><p>Stregheria, an Italo-American witchcraft movement of the twentieth century, invokes Diana as the supreme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> and proves the enduring appeal of the ancient figure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f43230f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f43230f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47197b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47197b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religious-studies classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd211dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd211dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Schilling describes Diana as an Italic goddess with two focal points, the rural grove cult and the state and urban function on the Aventine. The two poles are separate in social history but connected to one another in cult.<\/p><p>Kurt Latte interprets the old Diana as a Latin chief goddess and sees in the Nemi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> a place of federal oath-taking for the Latin cities before Roman hegemony.<\/p><p>Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price emphasise the social component. The Aventine <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> was a gathering place for plebeians and slaves; the rural <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> appealed to women, herdsmen and travellers.<\/p><p>The goddess thus reflects strata outside the senatorial core, which explains her long vitality in popular religion. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke stresses the intermediate character of Diana, who joined urban and rural, Hellenistic and Italic, public and private elements with one another.<\/p><p>The continuity in religious history into the Middle Ages is broadly attested. In &#8220;Storia notturna&#8221;, Carlo Ginzburg traced the traces of Dianic ideas in the folk-magical practices of northern Italy and showed that the witchcraft notions of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch roughly from the 15th to the 18th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">early modern period<\/span> arose from a network of such traditions.<\/p><p>Norman Cohn too, in &#8220;Europe&#8217;s Inner <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Demons<\/span>&#8220;, analyses how ecclesiastical diabolisation overlaid these rural ideas.<\/p><p>The archaeological research of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has opened up the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> at Nemi, Aricia and the Aventine through large excavations. The finds, in particular inscriptions and votive gifts, document a continuity over centuries and show that the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The whole of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was carried on into the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a72358d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a72358d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-261e25e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"261e25e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and further reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e3b7c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e3b7c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to AD 600.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancient<\/span> sources: Virgil &#8220;Aeneid&#8221;, Ovid &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; and &#8220;Fasti&#8221;, Livy &#8220;Ab urbe condita&#8221;, Catullus &#8220;Carmina&#8221; 34, Horace &#8220;Carmen Saeculare&#8221;, Strabo &#8220;Geographica&#8221;, the Servius commentary, Pausanias &#8220;Periegesis&#8221;, Pliny &#8220;Naturalis historia&#8221;.<\/p><p>Scholarly literature: James George Frazer, &#8220;The Golden Bough&#8221;, London 1890 to 1915. Robert Schilling, &#8220;Rites, cultes, dieux de Rome&#8221;, Paris 1979. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, &#8220;Religions of Rome&#8221;, Cambridge 1998. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, &#8220;Die Religion der R\u00f6mer&#8221;, Munich 2001. Carlo Ginzburg, &#8220;Storia notturna&#8221;, Turin 1989. Christopher Smith, &#8220;The Roman Clan&#8221;, Cambridge 2006. Kurt Latte, &#8220;R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte&#8221;, Munich 1960.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt and the moon Diana is the Roman goddess of the hunt, the moon and the wild forests. She protects women in childbirth, animals in the woodland and travellers on unpaved paths. Her ancient main cult lay in the grove of Nemi by Lake Albano, a sanctuary that was regarded [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6303,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Diana","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Diana is the Roman goddess of the hunt, the moon, wild animals and childbirth. Sister of Apollo, the Nemi sanctuary, the Trivia aspect: myth and cult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86,27,61,108],"class_list":["post-6302","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods","category-goetter","category-rom","category-rome"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Diana is the Roman goddess of the hunt, the moon, wild animals and childbirth. 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