{"id":6277,"date":"2026-05-19T09:50:15","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T09:50:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ninhursag\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:26:51","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:26:51","slug":"ninhursag","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ninhursag\/","title":{"rendered":"Ninhursag"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6277\" class=\"elementor elementor-6277 elementor-3018 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b64a8c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b64a8c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1017cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1017cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b78047d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b78047d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-933a07a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"933a07a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ninhursag, Mesopotamian mother goddess<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9608cf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9608cf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag is the Sumerian mother goddess and lady of the earth, who was venerated as the midwife of the gods and of humankind.<\/p><p>Ninhursag is an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Mesopotamian mother goddess, one of the great creator deities of Sumerian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> and, after Anu, Enlil and Enki, the most important figure of the ancient Sumerian order of the gods.<\/p><p>Her name means &#8220;Lady of the Mountain,&#8221; a reference to her rootedness in the Near Eastern highlands and her connection to stone, birth and life force. In various traditions she appears under further names such as Ninmah, Nintur or Damgalnuna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-141eebc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"141eebc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41c2cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b41c2cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cradle of documented religion: Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (ca. 3500 BCE to 330 BCE).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dba4bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8dba4bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5bac7c elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e5bac7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e5bac7c\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e5bac7c\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e5bac7c\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32726c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32726c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff7e949 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ff7e949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6278\" alt=\"Ninhursag - gods from the Mesopotamian tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc97a5e e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc97a5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbf9b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fbf9b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cff9d29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cff9d29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and Origin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b59d7c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b59d7c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag belongs to the oldest stratum of Mesopotamian religion. As early as the 3rd millennium BCE she is attested in inscriptions of pre-Sargonic Mesopotamia, above all in the city-states of Kish, Adab and Mari.<\/p><p>Her roots probably lie in rural mythic conceptions in which the earth was understood as a birthing power, from which stones, plants and living beings emerge. The connection with the mountains, which were regarded as a source of precious stones, wood and metal, explains her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> &#8220;Lady of the Mountain.&#8221;<\/p><p>In the ancient Sumerian theogony Ninhursag is at times the sister or consort of Enlil, in later texts often the consort of Enki, the god of wisdom and of fresh water.<\/p><p>This shifting family position is, from the perspective of the history of religion, not a contradiction but an expression of the modularity of ancient Mesopotamian myths, in which each <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> is woven as needed into different networks of relationships.<\/p><p>An important testimony to her veneration is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of Tell el-Obeid, near Ur, which was erected in the Early Dynastic period. Inscriptions of Aanepada, a king of Ur, name her as the principal goddess of the complex.<\/p><p>In Lagash too she possessed an important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, and Gudea, the city ruler already mentioned in the Ninurta article, praises his relationship to her in his statue inscriptions.<\/p><p>Her principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is the narrative &#8220;Enki and Ninhursag,&#8221; an ancient Sumerian text that depicts the island of Dilmun (present-day Bahrain) as a pure, paradisiacal land. There Enki and Ninhursag create the first garden and the first living beings.<\/p><p>The narrative belongs to the early documented creation myths of Mesopotamia and develops a theologically rich imagery in which water, earth and seed enter into a living interplay.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c032e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76c032e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a28c4f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a28c4f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols and Attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e44a5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e44a5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag is depicted in visual art as a dignified, seated goddess, often with a horned crown and a long pleated robe.<\/p><p>In some reliefs she bears a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of birth, the omega sign, which is interpreted as a stylized female pelvis or as a birth horn. This sign appears on boundary stones (kudurru) of the Kassite period and on Old Babylonian seal impressions.<\/p><p>A further attribute is the mountain, which co-determines her name. On reliefs she frequently sits on a stylized mountain, which underscores her function as mistress of the highland springs, of the stones and of the metals.<\/p><p>Her significance as lady of the mountains connects her with the borderlands of Mesopotamian civilization, that is, with those regions in which wood, stone and ores were extracted.<\/p><p>Animals assigned to her belong to the fertility-related symbols. Sheep and goats frequently appear in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> inscriptions as sacrificial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> to her, because as goddess of birth she places both humans and animals under her protection.<\/p><p>In ancient Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> she is moreover often accompanied by a small child or an infant, a reference to her function as patroness of midwifery.<\/p><p>A later <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> depicts her with a bowl-shaped necklace, said to relate to the birth weight of children. Such iconographic details have been preserved above all in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A linguistic ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">incantation<\/span> texts for midwifery, which carried her name across the centuries.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f4f0e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f4f0e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc5dd9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc5dd9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-065eb31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"065eb31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main cult of Ninhursag lay in several city-states, with focal points in Adab, Kish, Tell el-Obeid and Lagash. Adab, one of the oldest cult centers, was closely connected with her, and the early kings of Kish prided themselves on having been called by her.<\/p><p>Her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Adab, the exact name of which is uncertain, was a gathering place for birth rites and healing ceremonies.<\/p><p>In Lagash and Girsu, Ninhursag was venerated in the form of Bau, a healing goddess merged with her. The inscriptions of Gudea report magnificent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> and a statue that the city ruler <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> to the goddess.<\/p><p>In the Old Babylonian period she continued to be venerated in several city-states, often under the names Ninmah or Aruru.<\/p><p>Her role in birth rites is attested by numerous incantation texts. Women <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> her during labor, midwives spoke incantations over the belly of the woman giving birth, in which Ninhursag was to open the womb and let the child emerge safely.<\/p><p>Such texts are documented down into the Late Babylonian period and underscore the continuity of her veneration.<\/p><p>In the Neo-Assyrian empire the importance of Ninhursag declined, which was connected with the stronger emphasis on the male imperial gods Ashur and Ninurta. She nevertheless remained present in the healing texts, and her name variants appear in inscriptions down into the late Achaemenid period.<\/p><p>Late continuity of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> is also shown in Dilmun, present-day Bahrain. Archaeological excavations have uncovered extensive temple complexes there in which Ninhursag was venerated in connection with Enki. This connection is explained by the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> &#8220;Enki and Ninhursag,&#8221; which describes Dilmun as a paradisiacal primordial landscape.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c594aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0c594aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d96a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d96a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important Myths<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70981c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70981c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8220;Enki and Ninhursag&#8221; is the central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> and one of the oldest documented creation texts. It begins with the description of Dilmun as pure, untroubled by death and illness.<\/p><p>Enki carries fresh water to the island and makes it fertile. In a series of intersecting generational sequences he begets with Ninhursag and her descendants a series of daughters, which brings the goddess into conflict with him.<\/p><p>Enki then eats eight plants that Ninhursag has raised in the garden, and is thereupon cursed by her and afflicted with eight illnesses in different parts of the body.<\/p><p>Finally she reconciles with Enki and gives birth to a healing deity for each illness. The narrative is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> example for the relationship of creation, guilt and healing.<\/p><p>A second important text is &#8220;Enki and Ninmah,&#8221; in which the two gods form humankind from clay in a kind of creation contest.<\/p><p>Ninmah first forms disabled humans, for whom Enki finds places in the social order, then Enki forms seven monstrous beings whom no one can integrate. The narrative contains a deep ethical reflection on the responsibility of the creator and the limits of order.<\/p><p>A third narrative is found in the &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of Lugalbanda and the Anzu bird,&#8221; in which Ninhursag stands by the hero Lugalbanda and supports him in his task. The goddess appears here as a protecting, advising power, a function she assumes in many Mesopotamian hero narratives.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-292129e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"292129e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d784928 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d784928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cdacde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cdacde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag is one of the four highest Sumerian deities, alongside Anu, Enlil and Enki. In creation texts she appears as an independent power that forms humans and animals together with Enki. With Enki she shares the care for fertility and healing, with Enlil the care for order and justice, with Anu sovereignty over primordial time.<\/p><p>Her daughters, born in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> &#8220;Enki and Ninhursag,&#8221; partly belong to important cult goddesses of further city-states. One of them is Ninkurra, the goddess of stonemasonry, another is Ninimma, the scribe. This genealogy connects Ninhursag with the most varied craft and cultural cults of Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>With Bau and Gula healing functions connect her, with Inanna a relationship of rivalry, because in ancient Sumerian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> Inanna increasingly took over the preeminent position of the goddesses. In Hellenistic-Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fusion of concepts or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span> she does not come into direct contact with Greek goddesses, because her veneration had already subsided beforehand.<\/p><p>With Damgalnuna, the consort of Enki, Ninhursag shared some functions in southern Sumer, which led to the rare but documented identification Damgalnuna-Ninhursag in Eridu texts. Wilfred G. Lambert interpreted this fusion in an essay of 1992 as evidence for the regional plurality of Sumerian divine names.<\/p><p>In the Akkadian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Ninhursag appears as Mami or Mama, the creator of humankind in the Atrahasis epic. On Enki&#8217;s instruction she mixes clay and the blood of the slain god We-ila into seven human pairs. This creation scene is the earliest clay-creation narrative of world literature and has numerous successors in Semitic religions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acebfa4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acebfa4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94b971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b94b971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception and Influence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfab884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfab884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the end of the Mesopotamian high culture the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of Ninhursag faded, yet the healing texts bearing her name were still copied and transmitted in the Late Babylonian and Achaemenid periods.<\/p><p>In the 19th century the goddess was reconstructed through the rediscovery of Sumerian texts, above all through the work of Samuel Noah Kramer, who helped shape Sumerology as a scholarly discipline.<\/p><p>In modern history of religion Ninhursag belongs to the most frequently cited examples of an ancient Near Eastern mother goddess who was discussed as a historical root of later Mediterranean goddesses such as Demeter, Cybele or Isis.<\/p><p>This thesis is today largely treated with reserve, because a direct genealogical line cannot be demonstrated. The typological similarity, however, remains an important theme in the history of religion.<\/p><p>In the feminist reception of the 20th and 21st centuries Ninhursag was received as an example of a powerful, independently acting female <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> from the early high cultures.<\/p><p>She stands in studies on the history of the mother cult alongside Ninlil, Inanna and Tiamat. In popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> she appears under the name &#8220;Sumerian Earth Mother,&#8221; whereby scholarly precision is often lacking in such adaptations.<\/p><p>In modern biblical scholarship the Eve-rib connection has received much attention. Kramer&#8217;s hypothesis that the birth of Ninhursag from Enki&#8217;s rib was a motival model for Eve was discussed by theologians such as Claus Westermann in his Genesis commentary and developed further by John Day.<\/p><p>The exact form of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> remains open, yet the existence of Mesopotamian models for biblical motifs is today a matter of consensus.<\/p><p>Another line of influence leads via the Hellenistic Magna Mater. Already Berossos reports that the Aeginetans identified the Mesopotamian Mami with Rhea. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span> traced the traces of this transmission in &#8220;Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis&#8221; (2003) and postulated an indirect influence on the Cybele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of Phrygia.<\/p><p>The exact steps of transmission are not fully clarified, but a motival continuity from Ninhursag via Mami to the Magna Mater is assumed in scholarship.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd20727 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd20727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-161d541 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"161d541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religious-Studies Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e68d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2e68d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen, in &#8220;The Treasures of Darkness,&#8221; interpreted Ninhursag as an example of a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the earth or the underworld; in ancient religion the gods and spirits of the depths (Hades, the Erinyes, Demeter chthonia).\" tabindex=\"0\">chthonic<\/span> goddess whose activity relates to birth, earth and stone. He sees in her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> an archaic layered model in which the earth is experienced not only as a geographical reality but as a personified power.<\/p><p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro emphasizes the theological autonomy of the goddess and her function as a balancing power to the male creator deities. Walther Sallaberger comprehensively reconstructed the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of Ninhursag in his study of the Ur III calendar and showed that the goddess played a central role at important state festivals.<\/p><p>Stefan Maul and Andrew George edited the healing texts bearing her name. From these texts it emerges that Ninhursag was one of the few Mesopotamian deities whose help could be requested in extremely different situations of life: at birth, in illness, in sowing and in temple construction.<\/p><p>Stephanie Dalley and Wilfred Lambert place her within the literary tradition in which she appears as the indispensable partner of Enki in several creation narratives.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27822d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27822d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f13d646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f13d646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kesh Hymn and Temple Theology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9684e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf9684e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Kesh Temple Hymn is one of the oldest preserved Sumerian texts and is at the same time regarded as one of the first religious texts of world literature.<\/p><p>Fragments reaching back to the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur (21st century BCE) are transmitted through later scribal libraries in Nippur, Sippar and Ur. The text celebrates the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of the city of Kesh and its goddess Ninhursag in 134 lines and eight stanzas, each of which ends with the formula &#8220;Who has ever seen this, who has ever seen this?&#8221; This repetition lends the hymn an almost meditative structure.<\/p><p>The text is traditionally attributed to the priestly poetess Enheduanna, the daughter of Sargon of Akkad, yet the oldest fragments are still older and probably stem from an oral tradition of several centuries.<\/p><p>In terms of content, the hymn emphasizes the function of Ninhursag as midwife of the gods and of the kings.<\/p><p>She is the &#8220;mother of the stones&#8221; and the &#8220;guardian of the lifeline,&#8221; as it says in lines 12 to 17. This dual reference to geology and biology is a constitutive feature of Ninhursag <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and distinguishes her from other mother goddesses of Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>The Kesh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> itself was long unlocated in archaeological research; only since the German excavations at Tell al-Wilayah has an identification with the temple structure found there become plausible.<\/p><p>A detailed edition with translation and commentary was presented by Robert D. Biggs and Jane M. Cohen.<\/p><p>They show that the hymn has stylistic kinship with the 42 temple hymns of Enheduanna, which are known under the collective title &#8220;Sumerian Temple Hymns.&#8221; Section 7 of this collection is dedicated to Ninhursag&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Adab and names her as &#8220;mother of all children,&#8221; which attests to the Mesopotamian spread of the cult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14fb2a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14fb2a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a16307d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a16307d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dilmun Episode and Enki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14ad7c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14ad7c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The long Sumerian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> &#8220;Enki and Ninhursag&#8221; is one of the richest sources for the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> of the two gods. The text, edited by Pascal Attinger in 1984 in &#8220;L Hymne \u00e0 Nungal,&#8221; tells of the paradisiacal land of Dilmun, probably present-day Bahrain. In Dilmun there is no illness, no old age and no death.<\/p><p>Enki, the god of fresh water, feels drawn to the earth goddess Ninhursag. From their union arises a daughter, Ninnisig, from whose further connections with Enki a total of three generations of daughters are begotten. Finally Enki eats eight plants that sprout from the seeds of Ninhursag, and becomes mortally ill.<\/p><p>Ninhursag heals Enki by giving birth to eight healing deities from the diseased parts of Enki&#8217;s body. Each of these goddesses is connected with a specific part of the body, which represents an early form of the medical correspondence between gods and organs.<\/p><p>One of these healing goddesses is Ninti, whose name means &#8220;Lady of the Rib&#8221; or &#8220;Lady of Life.&#8221; This episode was interpreted by Samuel Noah Kramer in &#8220;History Begins at Sumer&#8221; (1956) as a possible model for the biblical Eve narrative, because the wordplay &#8220;rib \/ life&#8221; also resonates in Hebrew.<\/p><p>This connection is today disputed, but accepted as a motival echo.<\/p><p>The Dilmun episode is also significant in the history of religion because it thematizes the idea of a paradisiacal primordial land in which illness and death do not exist.<\/p><p>This conception left traces beyond Mesopotamia in Zoroastrian and biblical paradise traditions, as Thorkild Jacobsen sets out in &#8220;The Treasures of Darkness&#8221; and Jean Bott\u00e9ro in &#8220;La plus vieille religion.&#8221;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22d47b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c22d47b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ef26a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ef26a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Birth, Healing and Royal Theology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d52b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06d52b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ninhursag was venerated as the goddess of birth and of healing. Several Mesopotamian kings called themselves &#8220;son of Ninhursag,&#8221; among them Eannatum of Lagash and Mesannepada of Ur. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An upright inscribed or illustrated stone or wooden slab.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stele<\/span> of the Vultures of Eannatum, dated to ca. 2450 BCE, shows the king in a composite scene in which Ninhursag nourishes him at her breast.<\/p><p>This pictorial formula of divine adoption remained constant over two millennia and still occurs on Neo-Assyrian reliefs.<\/p><p>In the healing arts Ninhursag plays a central role as Belet-ili, the &#8220;Lady of the Gods.&#8221; The Mesopotamian incantation collection of tablet BAM 234 contains prayers to Ninhursag in cases of severe birth complications.<\/p><p>In the Diagnostic Handbooks as well, which were compiled under Esagil-kin-apli in the 11th century BCE, she appears as the goddess responsible for fever and wound diseases. Stefan Maul, in his studies on the healing arts of Mesopotamia, documented in detail the function of Ninhursag as the point of recourse in cases of birthing problems.<\/p><p>Mesopotamian royal theology closely connected the legitimate birth of a ruler with Ninhursag.<\/p><p>Building inscriptions of Naram-Sin of Akkad name him as &#8220;the one to whom Ninhursag gave the breast.&#8221; A statue of Naram-Sin shows him with a crown of bull&#8217;s horns, which in the visual language of the time expresses the divine status of the king.<\/p><p>This claim to divinity was younger than the simple filial relationship to the goddess, but had the same theological foundation. The tabooing of the human-divine connection arises only in the Old Babylonian period, when Hammurabi refers to himself only as installed by Anu and Enlil, no longer as their son.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d6fb32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d6fb32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30ce78a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"30ce78a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beb342f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"beb342f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancient<\/span> sources: &#8220;Enki and Ninhursag,&#8221; &#8220;Enki and Ninmah,&#8221; incantation texts and midwifery texts from Nippur and Sippar, Gudea statue inscriptions, hymns to Aruru and Ninmah, inscriptions from Tell el-Obeid.<\/p><p>Research literature: Thorkild Jacobsen, &#8220;The Treasures of Darkness,&#8221; New Haven 1976. Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8220;La religion babylonienne,&#8221; Paris 1952. Stefan Maul, &#8220;Die Wahrsagekunst im Alten Orient,&#8221; Munich 2013. Walther Sallaberger, &#8220;Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit,&#8221; Berlin 1993. Andrew George, &#8220;The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic,&#8221; Oxford 2003. Wilfred Lambert, &#8220;Babylonian Creation Myths,&#8221; Winona Lake 2013. Stephanie Dalley, &#8220;Myths from Mesopotamia,&#8221; Oxford 1989. Samuel Noah Kramer, &#8220;The Sumerians,&#8221; Chicago 1963.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ninhursag, Mesopotamian mother goddess Ninhursag is the Sumerian mother goddess and lady of the earth, who was venerated as the midwife of the gods and of humankind. Ninhursag is an ancient Mesopotamian mother goddess, one of the great creator deities of Sumerian religion and, after Anu, Enlil and Enki, the most important figure of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6278,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ninhursag","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ninhursag: Sumerian Mother Goddess | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ninhursag is the Sumerian mother goddess, creator of humankind with Enki, lady of the mountains.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86,27,85,59],"class_list":["post-6277","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods","category-goetter","category-mesopotamia","category-mesopotamien"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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