{"id":6267,"date":"2026-05-19T09:50:24","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T09:50:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gula\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T06:17:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T06:17:52","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6267\" class=\"elementor elementor-6267 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, Babylonian goddess of the healing arts<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula is the Babylonian goddess of the healing arts and is depicted as the Lady of Dogs, whose animal is regarded as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of recovery. Gula is the most important healing goddess of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>.<\/p><p>She was venerated above all in the Old Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian periods and was considered the patroness of the healing arts, of physicians, and of midwives.<\/p><p>Her attribute is the dog, an animal that in ancient Mesopotamian thought was associated both with healing and with the threshold between life and death. Her most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> stood in Isin, Nippur, and Babylon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices, and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cradle of documented religion: Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (ca. 3500 BCE to 330 BCE).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6268\" alt=\"Gula - Gods from the Mesopotamian tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and Origin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula is the later and larger form of several older healing goddesses, above all of Ninisina, Bau, and Ninkarrak, who were venerated in the Old Sumerian city-states of Isin, Lagash, and Sippar. Ninisina, the &#8220;Lady of Isin,&#8221; is the most important predecessor.<\/p><p>As early as the royal inscriptions of the Isin dynasty around 2000 BCE, she appears as the supreme healing goddess and city goddess. In the Old Babylonian period, her functions and characteristics merged into the unified figure of Gula.<\/p><p>Her name Gula means &#8220;the Great&#8221; in Akkadian. Inscriptions call her azugallu, meaning &#8220;great physician.&#8221; She is the daughter of Anu, the sky god, or in other traditions the daughter of Enlil.<\/p><p>Her consort is Ninurta, the god of war and the plow, with whom she is joined as a complementary pair: he stands for warlike conquest, she for healing restoration.<\/p><p>Her most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> lay in Isin, a city in southern Mesopotamia, and in Nippur, the central religious city. In Babylon, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> E-galmah was erected for her in the Old Babylonian period. In Sippar she was at home in the form of Ninkarrak. This geographical distribution shows the supraregional importance of the goddess.<\/p><p>A well-known hymn to Gula, the &#8220;Bullussa-rabi Hymn,&#8221; dates from the Middle Babylonian period and offers a comprehensive self-presentation of the goddess. She describes herself as physician, nurse, midwife, and at the same time as a just judge.<\/p><p>The hymn is important for the history of religion because it summarizes the central functions of the goddess in a form of high literary quality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols and Attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula&#8217;s most important attribute is the dog. On kudurru boundary stones and reliefs, a dog sits beside her throne or at her feet.<\/p><p>In ancient Mesopotamian thought the dog connected healing and death: its saliva was considered to have healing power, which is attested archaeologically by dog bones in sanctuaries and by healing texts that pronounce incantation formulas over the dog&#8217;s saliva.<\/p><p>At the same time, dogs were companions of the underworld <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> and could be conceived of as escorts of the dead.<\/p><p>A further attribute is the lancet or the medical staff. In some images she holds an instrument reminiscent of surgical tools. On seal impressions she frequently appears before a sick person, toward whom she turns in a healing manner.<\/p><p>On many kudurru stones the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the seated dog appears alongside other astral or cosmic signs. In this way Gula was an integral component of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> geography of the boundary stones.<\/p><p>The dog symbolism remained the binding sign that made her unmistakable. Archaeological finds from Isin have confirmed the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> significance of the dog in her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, since dog bones in a particular arrangement were found there.<\/p><p>Temple reliefs sometimes show Gula with a star or crescent moon as a reference to the astral dimension of her veneration. The connection between healing, astral interpretation, and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">incantation<\/span> was close in ancient Mesopotamian thought, and Gula as a healing goddess also stood within the astral body of knowledge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main cult of Gula lay in Isin, in southern Mesopotamia. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> E-gal-mah was a gathering place for physicians, midwives, and patients. Clay <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> in the form of diseased body parts, comparable to the votive gifts in southern Italian healing cults, have been found there in large numbers.<\/p><p>They give a direct insight into practice: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> to her models of diseased eyes, limbs, or abdominal parts in the hope of healing.<\/p><p>In Nippur her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> was the E-mah, in which the college of physicians assembled. A Neo-Assyrian common word for physician, asu, derives from her function.<\/p><p>In Sippar she was venerated under the name Ninkarrak, in Babylon in the E-galmah. In Borsippa, the sister city of Babylon, she was integrated as a companion goddess of Nabu, the god of writing.<\/p><p>Her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was especially popular among women and physicians. Incantation texts from the Old Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian periods invoke her at births, in cases of fever, snakebite, and psychological disorders.<\/p><p>The incantation collections of the royal library of Ashurbanipal contain numerous texts in which Gula is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> together with Marduk, Ea, and Shamash as a healing deity.<\/p><p>The incantation practice at the patient&#8217;s sickbed often comprised several stages. First the asipu, the incantation priest, invoked Gula in formulaic manner.<\/p><p>Then followed concrete instructions, often with herbal mixtures or ritual actions such as stroking with a woolen thread, which was then burned in order to symbolically destroy the illness. This practice, often in connection with the dog as a ritual animal, is documented in hundreds of clay tablets.<\/p><p>In the Neo-Assyrian period, the state veneration of Gula increased. Ashurbanipal had her texts copied and incorporated into his library. Royal women too presented her with personal votive offerings, which underscores the connection of the goddess with birth and motherhood.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important Myths<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula appears in the narrative texts less than Inanna or Marduk. Her most important text is the &#8220;Bullussa-rabi Hymn,&#8221; a long self-presentation of the goddess in 200 lines.<\/p><p>In it she calls herself daughter of Anu, consort of Ninurta, physician of the great gods, midwife of the peoples, and just protector of the weak. The hymn is noteworthy for the history of religion because it completes the theological consolidation of the many healing goddesses under Gula&#8217;s name.<\/p><p>In the Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, Gula does not appear directly, yet in later versions she is named together with Ninurta after his victory and takes part in the triumphal feast. This connection integrates her into the cosmic heroic epic and gives her a narrative link to the Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>.<\/p><p>A small narrative tells of Gula&#8217;s dog, which one day became ill. The goddess herself had to help it and in doing so used several of her healing herbs.<\/p><p>From this pain, it is said, grew her ability to heal, because she first experienced suffering on her own animal. This narrative, preserved in some fragments, gives the goddess an empathetic character that distinguishes her from purely juridical and punishing deities.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula is married to Ninurta, who is the god of war and the plow. The two form a complementary pair in which warlike upheaval and healing restoration are interwoven. With Damu, a younger healing god and her son, she has a close familial relationship. Damu is often interpreted as Gula&#8217;s successor in the healing function.<\/p><p>With Ninisina, Bau, and Ninkarrak she is cultically merged, which shows the theological consolidation process of the Old Babylonian period.<\/p><p>With Marduk, the imperial god of Babylon, she stands in a relationship of cultic cooperation: in the medical incantations both are often invoked together, because Marduk took on an increasingly central role in Babylonian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and came to overlap healing functions as well.<\/p><p>In the wider <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, Gula has relationships with Shamash, the sun god and god of law, as well as with Ea, the god of wisdom. The connection with Ea is especially close, because he is regarded as the cosmic teacher of the healing arts and Gula functions as his earthly counterpart.<\/p><p>In the theological list An, Gula is equated with Ninkarrak, a healing goddess of Akkad, who is named in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal formula intended to inflict misfortune on a person or thing.\" tabindex=\"0\">curse<\/span> formulas of the Hammurabi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An upright stone or wooden slab bearing inscriptions or images.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> as the addressee of medical punishments.<\/p><p>Her consort is Pabilsag, a god of war and healing, who in Late Babylonian astronomy is identified with the constellation Sagittarius. This combination of healing goddess and warrior is a constellation typical of Mesopotamia, in which protection and aggression are united in the same divine couple.<\/p><p>An interesting special case is the identification Gula-Ishtar in some Late Babylonian hymns, which seek to grasp the two goddesses as aspects of a single female power.<\/p><p>This merging is contested and is regarded as a special case of late theological speculation, which under the influence of the increasing Marduk monolatry also sought to unify the principal female goddesses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception and Influence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> ended with the decline of Babylonian high culture in the Seleucid period. Yet her healing texts continued to be copied and preserved in the libraries of the Hellenistic world. Sumerological studies of the 19th and 20th centuries reconstructed her as a central figure in the history of Mesopotamian medicine.<\/p><p>In modern history of medicine, Gula is honored as one of the earliest documented protective goddesses of the healing arts. The reliefs from Isin are reproduced in many textbooks on the history of medicine.<\/p><p>In the religious history of the dog, she appears as an important documentary figure for the dual function of the dog as a healing and death companion.<\/p><p>In popular culture, Gula appears rarely today, yet in texts on ancient Near Eastern medicine and in studies on the history of obstetrics she is a central reference figure.<\/p><p>The connection between her dog symbolism and later healing gods with a dog (such as Asclepius with snake and dog in the Greek world) is discussed in comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>.<\/p><p>In Hellenistic Mesopotamia, Gula was identified with Hecate, the Greek goddess of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> and of dogs. This identification is epigraphically attested in Seleucid-period inscriptions from Uruk, above all on a bilingual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An upright stone or wooden slab bearing inscriptions or images.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> of the 3rd century BCE.<\/p><p>The commonality lies in the dog attribute and in the nocturnal healing function. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span> sketched in &#8220;Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis&#8221; the religious-historical line from Gula through Hecate to the later Diana.<\/p><p>In the history of medicine, Gula is regarded as the earliest healing goddess named by name who patronizes a profession of her own. Her veneration is the root of the later Asclepius-Hippocrates complex, which Vivian Nutton set out in detail in &#8220;Ancient Medicine&#8221; (2004).<\/p><p>Present-day medical-historical research sees the Gula <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> as an important element of the prehistory of Greek healing arts, with concrete traces in pharmacology and diagnostics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religious-Studies Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen places Gula in the circle of the great female protective deities, whose function in the Old Babylonian period concentrated on healing and birth. He sees in her merging with Ninisina a typical consolidation process in which several city goddesses flowed together into a single figure valid throughout the empire.<\/p><p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro emphasizes the social function of her cult. Gula was the patroness of an entire professional group, the asu and asipu, that is, the medical-ritual specialists. The connection of this professional group with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> was an important structural component of ancient Mesopotamian society.<\/p><p>Stefan Maul has documented in his studies on <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for practices used to explore a divine will.\" tabindex=\"0\">divination<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> the close interlocking of the Gula <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> and incantation practice. Walther Sallaberger and Andrew George have reconstructed the temple cult in Isin and Nippur archaeologically and textually.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert critically edited and commented on the &#8220;Bullussa-rabi Hymn.&#8221; Research sees in Gula one of the most important keys to understanding ancient Mesopotamian medicine and religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula Hymn of Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most significant literary text on the goddess is the great Gula Hymn of Bullussa-rabi, a scribe known by name from the Middle Babylonian period, probably from the 12th century BCE. The text, comprising 200 lines, is transmitted in several copies; the most important tablets come from the libraries of Assur, Nineveh, and Babylon.<\/p><p>The hymn was first edited in 1967 by Wilfred G. Lambert in Orientalia 36, with extensive commentary and translation. The text is composed in the style of a self-predication, in which Gula speaks in the first person about her qualities, powers, and healing functions.<\/p><p>Bullussa-rabi presents the goddess in an encyclopedic enumeration of her names and functions. She is Belet-ili, the mistress of the gods, Nintinugga, Bauu, and Ninisinna, who were venerated in various cities of Sumer.<\/p><p>This concatenation of regional goddesses under one dominant name is an example of Mesopotamian syncretistic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, in which local cults were united under one principal name. The hymn is especially important for the history of religion because it transmits the theological integration of numerous healing goddesses into a single Gula figure.<\/p><p>In terms of content, the hymn describes Gula&#8217;s activity as a physician. She is &#8220;the great physician who turns lament into joy,&#8221; she &#8220;calms the wound by binding it,&#8221; she &#8220;lets the dead return to life.&#8221; The last phrase is hyperbolic, but it shows the extent of the healing power attributed to her.<\/p><p>A particular passage is the enumeration of healing herbs, whose precise botanical identification poses difficulties for modern research. Stefan Maul commented on this pharmacopoeia in his studies on Babylonian healing arts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin and Temple Archaeology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main center of the Gula cult was Isin, a city on the lower Euphrates, whose <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of the goddess bore the name E-gal-mah, the &#8220;great exalted palace.&#8221; The city experienced its heyday in the 20th and 19th centuries BCE under the Isin dynasty, whose kings called themselves chosen &#8220;from the house of Ninisinna&#8221; (that is, Gula).<\/p><p>The building inscriptions of Lipit-Ishtar and Enlil-bani document extensive endowments, including temple renovations, statue consecrations, and the furnishing of healing rooms.<\/p><p>The German excavation of Isin under Barthel Hrouda between 1973 and 1989 largely uncovered the E-gal-mah. In the temple courtyard a well was found, into which dog figures were thrown as votive offerings after healing.<\/p><p>The excavators recovered several hundred terracotta dogs that had been placed in the water over the centuries. This unusual category of source confirms the dog symbolism of the goddess mentioned in the hymn and gives insight into the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiosity as lived in everyday life, often alongside official doctrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">popular piety<\/span> of those seeking healing.<\/p><p>A second large <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> stood in Nippur and a third in Babylon, where Gula became the centrally important healing goddess in state theology during the Late Babylonian period. The temple inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar II name her as the one who granted the recovery of the king after a serious illness.<\/p><p>In the city of Assur in Assyria too there was an E-gal-mah, which was renovated by Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal. This supraregional presence makes Gula one of the principal gods of all Mesopotamia, comparable in influence with Ishtar or Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Dog as Attribute and Votive Practice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The dog is the most important attribute of Gula, which is singular in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> of Mesopotamia. Other gods have bulls, lions, or dragons, but only Gula has the dog as an animal companion.<\/p><p>On most kudurru reliefs of the Middle Babylonian period, above all on the kudurru of Meli-Shipak (12th century BCE), she appears enthroned with a seated dog at her feet. This pictorial tradition is also attested on the glazed bricks of Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon.<\/p><p>For the history of religion, the dog symbolism is multilayered. Dogs in Mesopotamia are on the one hand impure and feared, on the other hand guardians of the threshold. In the healing arts, the dog is presumably the gnostic healing animal, whose saliva and wound-licking were considered to heal wounds in popular medicine.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten has pointed out in her studies on Babylonian religion the ambivalence of the dog, which was understood as pure and impure at the same time. Karen Radner too has investigated in several essays the interplay of healing ritual and dog veneration.<\/p><p>Votive practice included, besides the clay dogs, models of diseased body parts. In temple excavations, clay replicas of hands, feet, eyes, and genitals were found, which patients had offered as petitionary gifts.<\/p><p>This practice has direct parallels in later Greek Asclepius temples, above all in Epidaurus, where clay limbs were left behind by those who had been healed. A direct religious-historical continuity is discussed but cannot be clearly demonstrated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancient<\/span> sources: &#8220;Bullussa-rabi Hymn&#8221; to Gula, medical and incantation texts from the Old Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian periods, inscriptions from Isin, Nippur, and Sippar, hymns to Ninisina and Ninkarrak, the Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> in its later versions.<\/p><p>Research literature: Thorkild Jacobsen, &#8220;The Treasures of Darkness,&#8221; New Haven 1976. Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8220;Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods,&#8221; Chicago 1992. Stefan Maul, &#8220;Die Wahrsagekunst im Alten Orient,&#8221; Munich 2013. Walther Sallaberger, &#8220;Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit,&#8221; Berlin 1993. Andrew George, &#8220;The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic,&#8221; Oxford 2003. Wilfred Lambert, &#8220;Babylonian Creation Myths,&#8221; Winona Lake 2013. Markham Geller, &#8220;Ancient Babylonian Medicine,&#8221; Oxford 2010.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gula, Babylonian goddess of the healing arts Gula is the Babylonian goddess of the healing arts and is depicted as the Lady of Dogs, whose animal is regarded as a symbol of recovery. Gula is the most important healing goddess of the ancient Mesopotamian religion. She was venerated above all in the Old Babylonian and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6268,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula: Babylonian Goddess of Healing | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula is the Babylonian goddess of the healing arts, medicine, and revival. Her animal is the dog: myth, symbols, and the temple Esabad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86,27,85,59],"class_list":["post-6267","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods","category-goetter","category-mesopotamia","category-mesopotamien"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula: Babylonian Goddess of Healing | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula is the Babylonian goddess of the healing arts, medicine, and revival. 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