{"id":6237,"date":"2026-05-19T11:38:45","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:38:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/fuxi\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T06:17:39","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T06:17:39","slug":"fuxi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/fuxi\/","title":{"rendered":"Fuxi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6237\" class=\"elementor elementor-6237 elementor-3045 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7490453 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7490453\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0c978 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d0c978\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c240c6e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c240c6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63f39f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63f39f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fuxi, primordial Chinese emperor and culture bringer<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f711c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f711c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fuxi is regarded as a primordial Chinese emperor and as a culture bringer, credited with the invention of writing, fishing and the eight trigrams. Fuxi (also Fu Hsi, written Fu Xi) is, in Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, the first of the &#8220;Three Sovereigns&#8221; (Sanhuang), the mythical culture heroes of prehistoric times.<\/p><p>He is credited with the invention of the Eight Trigrams (bagua), the writing system, marriage, fishing with nets and music. In terms of the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> he belongs to a mythical prehistory that was fixed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the bindingly recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonically<\/span> in the Han period in order to trace the beginning of Chinese civilization back to concrete, culture-hero figures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c369a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4c369a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61aeaa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"61aeaa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/china\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religion of gods, spirits and folk belief: Daoist, Buddhist, Confucian.\">China<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7a12d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a7a12d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b74146e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"b74146e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__b74146e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__b74146e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__b74146e\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3462830 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3462830\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d66a0 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"66d66a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_fuxi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6238\" alt=\"Fuxi - gods from the Chinese tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_fuxi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_fuxi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_fuxi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_fuxi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04b78c2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"04b78c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7870769 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7870769\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9eb673 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d9eb673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Three Sovereigns<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85d8c8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85d8c8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The conception of the &#8220;Three Sovereigns&#8221; arose in the late Zhou and above all in the Han period, and it was filled out in various ways.<\/p><p>In the widely circulated version of the &#8220;Shiji&#8221; (Sima Qian, early first century BCE), Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi form the three mythical forefathers. In other versions Fuxi, N\u00fcwa and Shennong appear as the trio.<\/p><p>The list is not fixed; it reflects the attempts of Han-period scholars to construct a coherent prehistory of the empire. Anne Birrell (&#8220;Chinese Mythology. An Introduction&#8221;, Baltimore 1993) emphasizes that these constructions are to be understood less as historical than as legitimizing: they create a mythical origin of civilization that can personify cultural achievements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c4f8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91c4f8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6d69e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6d69e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythological Life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d86b4bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d86b4bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to the traditional account, Fuxi was born on the bank of the River Lei; his mother Huaxu stepped into the footprint of a giant, whereupon she became pregnant. This birth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the lives of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> is a typical mythological <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> for the extraordinary origin of a culture hero.<\/p><p>In the older <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> Fuxi is depicted as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being that unites the features of various living creatures.\" tabindex=\"0\">hybrid being<\/span>, with a human upper body and a serpent&#8217;s or dragon&#8217;s body, in Han-period <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> mostly shown together with N\u00fcwa as an intertwined serpent-bodied pair.<\/p><p>The tomb reliefs of Wu Liang Ci in Shandong and numerous other Han-period finds present this constellation as the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the authoritatively recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonical<\/span> image of cosmic order.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ebc59a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ebc59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0649e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0649e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Eight Trigrams<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-358ee11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"358ee11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fuxi&#8217;s most important invention is, according to the traditional <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, the system of the Eight Trigrams (bagua). These eight signs, each made up of three unbroken or broken lines, are the basic unit of the Yijing (&#8220;Book of Changes&#8221;), one of the oldest and most influential texts of Chinese philosophy.<\/p><p>In the &#8220;Xici Zhuan&#8221;, the oldest surviving commentary on the Yijing (approximately fourth to third century BCE), the invention of the trigrams is attributed to Fuxi.<\/p><p>He is said to have derived them from the observation of nature: the patterns on the back of a turtle that rose from the River Lo are said to have inspired him.<\/p><p>In terms of the history of religion, this narrative belongs to the context of the so-called &#8220;Luoshu&#8221; and the &#8220;Hetu&#8221;, two mythical diagrams that are regarded as primordial sources of cosmic order. Hellmut Wilhelm, in &#8220;Sinn des I Ging&#8221; (D\u00fcsseldorf 1972), systematically presented the mythological background of the Yijing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-600a594 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"600a594\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e230761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e230761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marriage and Genealogy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c1a9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63c1a9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fuxi is regarded, according to the traditional <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, as the founder of marriage and thus of ordered family formation. This function is closely tied to his relationship with N\u00fcwa. In the widespread versions they are siblings who, after a cosmic catastrophe, survived as the only human beings and re-engendered humankind through a sibling marriage.<\/p><p>This narrative is preserved in several southwestern Chinese ethnic traditions, above all among the Miao, Yi and Zhuang, in independent versions, which points to a very old, pre-Han stratum of the motif.<\/p><p>Mark Lewis, in &#8220;The Flood Myths of Early China&#8221; (Albany 2006), analyzed the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> in connection with the flood tradition of early Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54b3ab1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54b3ab1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dbf765 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1dbf765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Cultural Achievements<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bca136d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bca136d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besides the trigrams and marriage, further civilizational inventions are attributed to Fuxi. The invention of fishing with nets, of writing in an early form (various versions name knotted cords or pictographic signs), the observation of the seasons and the composition of the first music are assigned to him.<\/p><p>This list is not identical in all sources; it grows and shrinks according to tradition.<\/p><p>What does appear consistently, however, is the conception of Fuxi as a transitional figure between animal primeval time and human civilization. Sarah Allan, in &#8220;The Heir and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative, often with a historical core and marvelous features.\" tabindex=\"0\">Legend<\/span>&#8221; (San Francisco 1981), showed how the culture-hero figures of early Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> form a systematic program for explaining the beginning of civilization.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1364d98 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1364d98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f14432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f14432\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geographical Localization<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-553a72e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"553a72e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fuxi&#8217;s mythological homeland is traditionally located in Chen (today Huaiyang in Henan Province). There stands a mausoleum (Taihao Fuxi Ling) which in its present form dates from the Tang and Song periods but was erected upon older predecessor buildings.<\/p><p>It is one of the most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> sites of central China; the annual spring festival on the third day of the third lunar month draws tens of thousands of visitors.<\/p><p>The archaeological stratum of the site reaches back into the Neolithic Yangshao culture, which fuels the supposition that the Fuxi tradition builds upon very old prehistoric <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> forms whose concrete content can, however, no longer be reconstructed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29cbe2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29cbe2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46459da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"46459da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Connections in the History of Religion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20b2904 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20b2904\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An important research question concerns the relationship of Fuxi to comparable culture heroes of other East Asian traditions. Structural parallels are found, for instance, with the Korean Dangun and the Japanese Jinmu.<\/p><p>These parallels are less evidence of a direct <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span>; rather they point to a common narrative type of the &#8220;founder of civilization&#8221;, which was independently constructed in several advanced cultures of East Asia.<\/p><p>Edward Schafer and Mark Lewis have, in several studies, examined the typological comparability of the culture-hero traditions without assuming a direct genealogical connection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24be3f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"24be3f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2856563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2856563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fuxi in Daoism and in the Yijing Commentary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-760a0ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"760a0ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religious-philosophical tradition oriented toward the Dao, the Way.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> of the Han period and the following centuries, Fuxi is classified not as a pure culture-hero figure but as a cosmic teacher. The school of &#8220;Inner Light&#8221; (Neidan) sees in the construction of the trigrams an instruction for inner <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A pre-modern combination of natural philosophy and symbolic science; working with material transformation as inner transformation.\" tabindex=\"0\">alchemy<\/span> and for self-perfection.<\/p><p>This reading is a later appropriation, but it shows how the Fuxi tradition could be integrated into the Daoist discourse of self-cultivation. Stephen Bokenkamp (&#8220;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221;, Berkeley 1997) has edited and commented on individual texts of this line.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70ee0a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70ee0a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bd95a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5bd95a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aadb4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0aadb4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Confucian thought Fuxi takes first place in the sequence of mythical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative with an often historical core and wondrous elements.\" tabindex=\"0\">sage<\/span> rulers, whose regular mention in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> texts constitutes an important element of political theory.<\/p><p>Mengzi and Xunzi cite him alike, though with differing emphasis. In the Han period, above all under Emperor Wu, the Three Sovereigns sequence became part of the state&#8217;s self-description.<\/p><p>The later tradition retained this constellation, without Fuxi still unfolding a living religious significance in the sense of a cult figure. Today the cultural-historical and iconographic memory of Fuxi predominates; a living practice is associated above all with the mausoleum in Huaiyang and with the Yijing tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7466d4f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7466d4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f3871e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f3871e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification in Religious Studies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a09c21a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a09c21a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Chinese tradition Fuxi stands for an independent category in the phenomenology of religion: the culture hero as a counter-figure to the actual god. Unlike the Jade Emperor, who heads a bureaucratically organized divine hierarchy, Fuxi is not a cultically venerated <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> in the narrower sense.<\/p><p>He is a mythical ancestor whose significance lies in the invention of cultural structures. This differentiation between god figures and culture-hero figures is important for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>; it shows that Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> knows no homogeneous class of gods but rather different functional figures, each with its own religious status.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6c473f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e6c473f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82bb76e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"82bb76e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-512a0fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"512a0fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Primary sources: Yijing (&#8220;Book of Changes&#8221;), with the Xici Zhuan as the oldest commentary; Shiji, Sima Qian, early first century BCE; Shanhaijing; Han-period tomb reliefs of Wu Liang Ci, Shandong; local genealogies of the Taihao mausoleum in Huaiyang.<\/p><p>Secondary literature: Anne Birrell, &#8220;Chinese Mythology. An Introduction&#8221;, Baltimore 1993; Mark Lewis, &#8220;The Flood Myths of Early China&#8221;, Albany 2006; Sarah Allan, &#8220;The Heir and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative, often with a historical core and marvelous features.\" tabindex=\"0\">Legend<\/span>&#8220;, San Francisco 1981; Hellmut Wilhelm, &#8220;Sinn des I Ging&#8221;, D\u00fcsseldorf 1972; Edward Schafer, &#8220;Pacing the Void&#8221;, Berkeley 1977; Stephen Bokenkamp, &#8220;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221;, Berkeley 1997.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-003028e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"003028e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59dd830 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59dd830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Eight Trigrams in Detail<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25ab05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25ab05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The eight trigrams (bagua), whose invention is attributed to Fuxi, are a system of three lines each, which are either unbroken (Yang) or broken (Yin).<\/p><p>They yield eight possible combinations: Qian (three unbroken, Heaven), Kun (three broken, Earth), Zhen (Thunder), Xun (Wind), Kan (Water), Li (Fire), Gen (Mountain), Dui (Lake). These eight trigrams can be combined with one another into sixty-four hexagrams, which make up the system of the Yijing.<\/p><p>In the later Yijing commentaries a distinction was made between the &#8220;Fuxi arrangement&#8221; of the trigrams (sequence according to the &#8220;Earlier Heaven&#8221;, xian tian) and the &#8220;King Wen arrangement&#8221; (sequence according to the &#8220;Later Heaven&#8221;, hou tian).<\/p><p>The first is regarded as the original cosmic order, the second as the arrangement effective in the human world. Hellmut Wilhelm, in &#8220;Sinn des I Ging&#8221;, set out the history of these two arrangements and their philosophical implications in detail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e573c9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e573c9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0feb700 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0feb700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Luoshu Diagram<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb2f50a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb2f50a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the invention of the trigrams by Fuxi, the traditional <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> connects the appearance of the &#8220;Luoshu&#8221;.<\/p><p>It is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> square that, according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, mostly about the lives of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span>, appeared on the shell of a turtle that rose from the River Lo. The arrangement of the numbers from one to nine in a 3&#215;3 square yields the sum fifteen in all rows, columns and diagonals.<\/p><p>This diagram is one of the oldest documented magic squares in the world and was later taken up in numerous cultural contexts.<\/p><p>In China it has a particular cosmological significance, since it is read as a basic image of the distribution of cosmic energies (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Chinese conception, the working life force that flows through everything.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span>) in space. It is the foundation of later feng shui practice and of bagua-based cosmic geography.<\/p><p>Sarah Allan, in &#8220;The Shape of the Turtle&#8221;, examined the religious-historical background of the Luoshu and pointed to the possible connection with the image of the world as a turtle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfea716 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfea716\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a3deaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a3deaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fuxi and the Calendrical Order<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43708fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43708fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In some sources Fuxi is credited with the invention of the calendar. He is said to have systematized the observation of the heavenly bodies, ordered the phases of the moon and introduced the twelve &#8220;animal stations&#8221; (corresponding to the later Chinese zodiac signs).<\/p><p>These attributions are ahistorical, but they reflect the later tendency to trace all fundamental achievements of Chinese civilization back to the mythical culture heroes.<\/p><p>In the concrete historical sense, the Chinese calendar system arose over several centuries from the Shang period onward and was comprehensively reformed for the first time in the Han period. The attribution to Fuxi is a retrospective construction intended to support the cultural identity of the Han period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddb5396 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ddb5396\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a05a89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a05a89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fuxi as Patron of Diviners<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ef2eb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ef2eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">popular belief<\/span> Fuxi is the patron of diviners and of Yijing interpreters. Whoever works professionally with the Book of Changes traditionally makes an incense <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> before each consultation at an image of Fuxi. In the Yijing shrines that exist in numerous Chinese cities, Fuxi is often the central pictorial figure.<\/p><p>The divinatory practice itself is multilayered in terms of the history of religion.<\/p><p>It encompasses not only the casting of yarrow stalks or coins to determine a hexagram but also the interpretation of dreams, the reading of facial features and the calculation of astrological constellations. In all these areas Fuxi is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as the mythical forefather.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0efb770 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0efb770\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-526101b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"526101b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Trigrams in the Hexagram System<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2409a35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2409a35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The eight trigrams (bagua), attributed to Fuxi, are the foundation of the Yijing system. They are combined into 64 hexagrams by placing two trigrams one above the other.<\/p><p>This doubling is attributed in the older tradition to King Wen of Zhou (twelfth century BCE), while the assignments of meaning to the individual hexagrams are said to derive from his son, the Duke of Zhou.<\/p><p>The &#8220;Ten Wings&#8221; (shi yi), philosophical commentaries, are attributed to Confucius but are historically more likely to be assigned to the late Zhou and early Han period.<\/p><p>Richard Wilhelm (&#8220;Das Buch der Wandlungen&#8221;, Jena 1924) produced the now classic German translation with an extensive commentary. The research of Edward Shaughnessy and Richard Smith has philologically clarified the layering of the Yijing&#8217;s composition and classified the traditional authorial attribution as legendary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80091e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"80091e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f10fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f10fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Mawangdui Finds and Alternative Hexagram Sequences<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-305c35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"305c35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Among the Mawangdui tomb finds (Hunan, 168 BCE), a silk version of the Yijing was discovered which exhibits a different hexagram sequence from the version canonical today.<\/p><p>In the Mawangdui sequence the book begins with the hexagram Qian (the Creative), as in the canonical version, but the following arrangement diverges. This proves that the Yijing tradition in the early Han period knew several parallel sequences.<\/p><p>Edward Shaughnessy (&#8220;I Ching: The Classic of Changes&#8221;, New York 1996) translated the Mawangdui version and compared it with the canonical one.<\/p><p>The Mawangdui finds have considerably changed Yijing research in recent decades and shown that the standardization of the text took place only after the early Han period, through the school around the Han Confucian Tian He.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8da77f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8da77f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15a0b7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15a0b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Hetu and the Luoshu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9527ca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9527ca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The two mathematical-mystical diagrams &#8220;Hetu&#8221; (Map from the Yellow River) and &#8220;Luoshu&#8221; (Writing from the Luo River) are regarded in the later tradition as visualizations of cosmological order that were revealed to Fuxi.<\/p><p>The Hetu shows the numbers 1 to 10 in an arrangement linked with the five phases of transformation. The Luoshu shows the numbers 1 to 9 in a magic-square arrangement.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> reports that a dragon horse rose from the river and carried the Hetu on its back, and that a divine turtle displayed the Luoshu on its shell. These diagrams are only indirectly attested in their early form; their standardized form goes back to the Song dynasty.<\/p><p>Liu Mu (eleventh century) and Zhu Xi (1130 to 1200) integrated the diagrams into Neo-Confucian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span>. The research of Joseph Needham (&#8220;Science and Civilisation in China&#8221;, volume 3, Cambridge 1959) examined these diagrams in the context of early Chinese mathematics and numerology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8434e2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8434e2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41f21a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b41f21a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fuxi and the Invention of Writing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-429b4ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"429b4ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A separate mythical tradition attributes to Fuxi the invention of knotted-cord writing (jie sheng), a pre-graphic notation technique in which knots in cords served to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">record<\/span> data. The great Yijing commentary (Xici zhuan) mentions this knotted-cord writing and attests that Fuxi created it before his successors replaced it with line signs.<\/p><p>This tradition stands in tension with the competing attribution of the invention of writing to Cangjie, the secret scribe of the Yellow Emperor (Huang Di).<\/p><p>The two traditions are historically complementary: Fuxi stands for proto-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> notation, Cangjie for graphic completion. Mark Edward Lewis (&#8220;Writing and Authority in Early China&#8221;, Albany 1999) interpreted the writing-invention myths as symbolizations of different phases of early Chinese bureaucratization.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09dfd04 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"09dfd04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da87a66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da87a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fuxi and the Twelve Zodiac Signs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14153ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14153ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The later astronomical tradition attributes to Fuxi the introduction of the twelvefold zodiac (shengxiao). This attribution is not attested in the oldest texts and belongs to the popular thickening of myth that ascribed ever more civilizational achievements to him.<\/p><p>The twelve animals (Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig) have been attested in literature since the Han period and are used in astrological calendars to this day.<\/p><p>Wolfgang Behr and Hans van Ess have researched the etymology and cultural history of the shengxiao system. The origin most likely lies in Central Asian steppe traditions and is likely to have traveled to China along the Eurasian axis.<\/p><p>The attribution to Fuxi is a secondary cultural connection meant to underline the universality of his work as a culture founder.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295ee25 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"295ee25\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c5803 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"20c5803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Tianshui Tomb Chambers as Archaeological Evidence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5063455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5063455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fuxi&#8217;s mythical region of birth is identified with Tianshui in Gansu.<\/p><p>Here stands the famous Maijishan temple complex (Mountain of the Wheat Stack) and the Fuxi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, which goes back to the fifth century CE. Archaeological finds from the region, above all from the Dadiwan culture (approximately 5800 to 5400 BCE), show efforts to tie mythical genesis to concrete prehistoric sites.<\/p><p>The state Fuxi rites in Tianshui were entered into the Chinese register of intangible cultural heritage in 2006. The annual sacrificial festivities in Tianshui, which take place each year on the 13th day of the first lunar month, draw hundreds of thousands of believers and tourists.<\/p><p>The cultural-political revaluation of the Fuxi cult since the 1990s is part of a broader rediscovery of pre-Confucian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> as a national identity resource and was documented by John Lagerwey and Vincent Goossaert in several studies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364d7f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"364d7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abfa35e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"abfa35e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c0ac58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c0ac58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Did Fuxi exist historically?<\/strong> No, Fuxi is a mythical figure. In Chinese cultural history he represents the transition from prehistoric wildness to human civilization. A historical person behind the figure cannot be demonstrated.<\/p><p><strong>What are the Eight Trigrams?<\/strong> A system of eight combinations of unbroken and broken lines that forms the foundation of the Yijing (&#8220;Book of Changes&#8221;). They represent eight fundamental cosmic forces or aspects of the world.<\/p><p><strong>What are the &#8220;Three Sovereigns&#8221;?<\/strong> A triad of mythical culture heroes which in the classical sequence comprises Fuxi, Shennong, Huangdi. In an alternative sequence, Fuxi, N\u00fcwa and Shennong appear as the trio.<\/p><p><strong>Where is Fuxi venerated today?<\/strong> The main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> is the Taihao Fuxi mausoleum in Huaiyang (Henan). In addition there are smaller <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> in many Chinese cities, above all in those where Yijing <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for practices used to explore a divine will.\" tabindex=\"0\">divination<\/span> traditions are alive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fuxi, primordial Chinese emperor and culture bringer Fuxi is regarded as a primordial Chinese emperor and as a culture bringer, credited with the invention of writing, fishing and the eight trigrams. Fuxi (also Fu Hsi, written Fu Xi) is, in Chinese mythology, the first of the &#8220;Three Sovereigns&#8221; (Sanhuang), the mythical culture heroes of prehistoric [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6238,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Fuxi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Fuxi: Primordial Emperor of China | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Fuxi is the first of China's Three Sovereigns, inventor of writing, fishing and the bagua trigram system. 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