{"id":6227,"date":"2026-05-19T11:38:34","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:38:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/guan-yin\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:25:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:25:57","slug":"guan-yin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/guan-yin\/","title":{"rendered":"Guan Yin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6227\" class=\"elementor elementor-6227 elementor-3042 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07972b6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"07972b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf354d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cf354d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6c9728 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6c9728\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60b84c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60b84c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yin, Chinese goddess of compassion<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10131e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a10131e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yin is the Chinese goddess of compassion, to whom those seeking help in distress, illness and danger turn. Guan Yin (Chinese Guanyin, fully Guanshiyin Pusa, &#8220;she who perceives the weeping of the world&#8221;) is the most prominent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Mahayana Buddhism, an enlightened being who postpones their liberation for the sake of teaching other beings.\" tabindex=\"0\">bodhisattva<\/span> figure in Chinese Buddhism and in popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>.<\/p><p>In the history of religion she goes back to the Indian bodhisattva Avalokite\u015bvara, but in China she developed into an independent, predominantly female-connoted figure of compassion. From the perspective of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>, Guan Yin is the best-known case of a gender transformation of a Buddhist salvific figure in a new cultural context.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-291a2dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"291a2dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ce1b63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0ce1b63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/china\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religion of gods, spirits and the people: Daoist, Buddhist, Confucian.\">China<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08bc1aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08bc1aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b8fccf elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"4b8fccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4b8fccf\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4b8fccf\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__4b8fccf\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d5381a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d5381a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-022ef63 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"022ef63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_guan-yin-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6228\" alt=\"Guan Yin - gods from the Chinese tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_guan-yin-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_guan-yin-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_guan-yin-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_guan-yin.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7d15f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bb7d15f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c98d8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0c98d8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da11d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da11d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avalokite\u015bvara and the Indian Background<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254272a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"254272a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Avalokite\u015bvara (&#8220;the lord who looks down with compassion&#8221;) first appears in the Indian Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras of the first to third centuries of our era. Chapter 24 of the Lotus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> (Saddharmapu\u1e47\u1e0dar\u012bka) is devoted to this bodhisattva and describes his manifold manifestations, with which he meets beings in the most varied situations of distress.<\/p><p>The chapter was transmitted early in China as an independent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> under the title &#8220;Guanyin Jing&#8221; and remains to this day one of the most frequently recited <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the authoritatively recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonical<\/span> scriptures of Chinese Buddhism.<\/p><p>Another central work is the K\u0101ra\u1e47\u1e0davy\u016bha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> (around the fourth century), which systematically unfolds the cosmic significance of Avalokite\u015bvara. In India, Avalokite\u015bvara is always unambiguously male, depicted with a moustache and male attributes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-024d270 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"024d270\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aa8b56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7aa8b56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transmission to China<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e01515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e01515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The first Chinese translation of the Lotus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> by Dharmarak\u1e63a in the year 286 of our era introduces the bodhisattva as Guangshiyin. The subsequent, more influential translation by Kum\u0101raj\u012bva (406) establishes the form Guanshiyin, which was later shortened to Guanyin because of the taboo name of Emperor Tang Taizong (Li Shimin).<\/p><p>In the first centuries of Chinese reception, Guanyin is still unambiguously male; early depictions from the caves of Yungang (fifth century) and Longmen (fifth to seventh century) show a male or at least gender-neutral bodhisattva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9418642 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9418642\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f1809 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f1809\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Gender Transformation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a564a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a564a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From the ninth to tenth century onward an iconographic shift begins, in which Guanyin increasingly takes on female features. By the Song period (960 to 1279) the female depiction has become dominant.<\/p><p>In her foundational study &#8220;Kuan-yin. The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara&#8221; (New York 2001), Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc has shown that this transformation was not a single event but a long-term process in which several factors interacted.<\/p><p>First, Chinese perception identified compassion more strongly with a female base figure. Second, Chinese hagiographies emerged that recounted a female background for Guanyin, above all the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> of Princess Miaoshan. Third, concrete female bearers of a Guanyin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, such as the &#8220;Madonnas with the fish basket&#8221;, played an important role.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a58e2f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8a58e2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ca49a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ca49a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Miaoshan Legend<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01146c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01146c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most influential hagiographic narrative is that of Princess Miaoshan, which was set down in writing in several versions in the eleventh to twelfth century.<\/p><p>According to this account, Miaoshan was the youngest daughter of a king who refused to marry and chose the religious life instead. Her father persecuted her, she was finally shut away in a monastery from which she escaped after several attempts on her life.<\/p><p>When her father later became gravely ill, she sacrificed her eyes and hands to him as medicine, whereupon through divine intervention she received a thousand eyes and a thousand arms.<\/p><p>This narrative links the iconographic form of the &#8220;Thousand-Armed Guanyin&#8221; with a Chinese family ethic. In &#8220;The Legend of Miao-shan&#8221; (London 1978), Glen Dudbridge examined in detail the textual history and the religious implications of this narrative.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414d0f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"414d0f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7a3d75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7a3d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconographic Forms<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5af98ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5af98ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guanyin developed numerous manifestations in the Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>. The &#8220;Water-Jug Guanyin&#8221; (Yangliu Guanyin) holds a willow branch and a vase of pure water, which she sprinkles for purification.<\/p><p>The &#8220;White-Robed Guanyin&#8221; (Baiyi Guanyin) wears a long white robe that symbolizes purity and her connection with clouds and mist. The &#8220;Thousand-Armed&#8221; (Qianshou Qianyan Guanyin) is the iconically densest form.<\/p><p>The &#8220;Child-Bringing Guanyin&#8221; (Songzi Guanyin) shows her with a child in her arms and is the patron saint of women who wish to have children.<\/p><p>The &#8220;Guanyin with the Fish Basket&#8221; (Yulan Guanyin) goes back to a popular-religion <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> of a young woman of superhuman beauty who, as she was dying, finally revealed herself as a manifestation of Guanyin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b202603 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b202603\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e3ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"455e3ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Island of Putuo Shan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-929e19f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"929e19f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> place of pilgrimage in the veneration of Guanyin is the island of Putuo Shan off the coast of Zhejiang province.<\/p><p>It is one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism and is traditionally regarded as the earthly manifestation of the island of Potalaka, which is described in the Avata\u1e43saka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> as the dwelling place of Avalokite\u015bvara.<\/p><p>The tradition of pilgrimage to Putuo is documented from the tenth century onward; the main part of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> architecture visible today dates from the Ming and Qing periods. In a separate study (&#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pilgrims<\/span> and Sacred Sites in China&#8221;, Berkeley 1992), Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc documented the Putuo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> in terms of the ethnography of religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02c0c58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"02c0c58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cb8631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cb8631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spread Across East Asia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd08f51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd08f51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From China the female form of Guanyin spread to Korea (Gwaneum), Japan (Kannon), Vietnam (Quan Am) and into the Chinese diaspora worldwide.<\/p><p>In Japan the gender connotation is less unambiguously female; many depictions of Kannon are androgynous. In the Therav\u0101da Buddhism of Southeast Asia, Guanyin is absent, since the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of the bodhisattva is generally less pronounced there.<\/p><p>The figure found a particular reception in Chinese Christianity: the Jesuit mission of the late Ming and early Qing periods had images of the Madonna painted in the visual language of the white-robed Guanyin, which led to an independent cross-cultural pictorial tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aad52c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aad52c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85cd696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85cd696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yin and Mary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ee8e60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ee8e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The typological parallel between Guanyin and the Catholic Mary has been discussed repeatedly in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without commitment to any faith.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>. Both are female figures of compassion who act as intercessors for the concerns of the faithful; both are depicted with white robes and children.<\/p><p>The parallel is not historically grounded, since Guan Yin developed before any substantial Christian mission in China.<\/p><p>It does, however, point to a comparable function in the psychology of religion of a female-connoted figure of compassion in two strongly patriarchal religious traditions. In &#8220;Marienbilder und Guanyin-Bilder. Eine vergleichende Ikonographie&#8221; (W\u00fcrzburg 1995), Jochen Kandel systematically evaluated the pictorial material.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa3d2de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fa3d2de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-268520e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"268520e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification in Religious Studies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d332e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d332e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The veneration of Guanyin is the most prominent example of the cultural translation of an Indian salvific figure into an East Asian context. It shows that Buddhist teaching figures are not static but can undergo profound transformations in their encounter with new cultures.<\/p><p>Avalokite\u015bvara becomes Chenrezig in Tibet (male or neutral in gender), Guanyin in China (female), Kannon in Japan (often androgynous).<\/p><p>This difference is not merely iconographic but touches the understanding of what a bodhisattva figure is. Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc describes this plurality as the &#8220;polymorphism&#8221; of the bodhisattva concept, in which the essential function, comprehensive compassion, finds expression in context-specific forms in each case.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1ede61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1ede61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b118ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b118ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f4043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15f4043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Primary sources: Lotus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> (Saddharmapu\u1e47\u1e0dar\u012bka), chapter 24; K\u0101ra\u1e47\u1e0davy\u016bha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span>; &#8220;Guanyin Jing&#8221; as an independent Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>; Miaoshan hagiographies (eleventh to twelfth century).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc, &#8220;Kuan-yin. The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara&#8221;, New York 2001; Glen Dudbridge, &#8220;The Legend of Miao-shan&#8221;, London 1978; Anne Birrell, &#8220;Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythology<\/span>. An Introduction&#8221;, Baltimore 1993; Edward Schafer, &#8220;The Divine Woman&#8221;, San Francisco 1973; Jochen Kandel, &#8220;Marienbilder und Guanyin-Bilder&#8221;, W\u00fcrzburg 1995; Robert Buswell and Donald Lopez, &#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-494e7f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"494e7f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c33f66e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c33f66e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Putuo Shan and the Pilgrimage Tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-424b175 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"424b175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The island of Putuo Shan off the coast of Zhejiang is not only the most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of Guan Yin, but also one of the historically most illuminating pilgrimage destinations in China.<\/p><p>The identification of the island with the mythical Potalaka, the dwelling place of Avalokite\u015bvara in the Avata\u1e43saka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span>, was officially made in the ninth century.<\/p><p>A well-known narrative reports that the Japanese monk Egaku wanted to bring a statue of Guanyin from a mainland <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> to Japan, but the ship ran aground off Putuo in a storm.<\/p><p>Egaku understood this as a sign that the statue wished to remain there, and founded a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on this spot. This narrative is legendary, but it reflects the close historical exchange between Chinese and Japanese centres of Buddhism.<\/p><p>Today about twelve hundred monks and nuns live on Putuo; pilgrimage traffic has multiplied since China&#8217;s economic opening from 1978 onward. Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc documented the pilgrimage practice in &#8220;Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-651e65d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"651e65d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2396d83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2396d83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Thousand-Armed Guan Yin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab14fa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab14fa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The iconographic form of the Qianshou Qianyan Guanyin (&#8220;a thousand arms, a thousand eyes&#8221;) is one of the best-known manifestations.<\/p><p>It is, however, not thousand-armed in the literal sense, but in most depictions has forty large main arms with additional arms depicted symbolically around them. Each hand bears its own attribute, from the lotus blossom and the sword to the small image of the Buddha.<\/p><p>Small eyes are drawn into the palms of the hands, symbolizing alert compassion in all directions. The historical-religious root of this form lies in the Sahasrabhuja-Avalokite\u015bvara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span>, which was translated from Sanskrit in the Tang period.<\/p><p>The canonical vita links the thousand arms with the Miaoshan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span>, in which the princess, after losing her eyes and hands, received these multiple limbs with divine help.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f10adc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f10adc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3da0048 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3da0048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yin and Chinese Popular Religion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99c9526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99c9526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yin is the only Buddhist figure who has attained a fully autonomous position in Chinese popular religion. She is venerated not only in Buddhist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> but also in popular-religion shrines, on family altars and in non-Buddhist contexts. In the Chinese diaspora she is often the only Buddhist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> present in a home.<\/p><p>The &#8220;Child-Bringing Guan Yin&#8221; (Songzi Guan Yin) is venerated especially by women who wish to have children, with <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> of red thread, children&#8217;s clothing and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> gifts.<\/p><p>This popular practice has no direct canonical background; it is an adaptation of the general function of compassion to the concrete realities of life. Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc and Anne Birrell have independently emphasized that the popular-religious appropriation of Guan Yin was the actual engine of her spread.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8593dee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8593dee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cd69a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1cd69a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yin in Music and Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ed2926 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ed2926\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The literary treatment of Guan Yin is extensive. The popular-religion song &#8220;Guan Yin Gege&#8221; (&#8220;In Praise of Guan Yin&#8221;) is widespread in the Chinese-speaking world.<\/p><p>In modern Chinese-language pop music there are numerous songs that invoke Guan Yin directly, without the singers classifying themselves as religious. In modern Taiwanese cinema, Guan Yin is present as a protective figure in numerous family dramas.<\/p><p>A well-known example is Ang Lee&#8217;s film &#8220;Eat Drink Man Woman&#8221; (1994), in which an image of Guan Yin in the family&#8217;s apartment forms a central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> for the connection between the generations.<\/p><p>This cultural presence is important in the sociology of religion: beyond narrow religious practice, Guan Yin has become a generally Chinese cultural <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154ee1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8154ee1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98cc5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d98cc5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chapter 25 of the Lotus S\u016btra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd2a06b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd2a06b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The &#8220;Universal Gate chapter&#8221; (Avalokitesvara-Samantamukha-Parivarta, Chinese Pumen Pin) is chapter 25 of the Saddharmapu\u1e47\u1e0dar\u012bka (Lotus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span>). It was translated into Chinese in the third century by Dharmarak\u1e63a and again in the fifth century by Kum\u0101raj\u012bva. Kum\u0101raj\u012bva&#8217;s version became the standard liturgy.<\/p><p>The chapter describes 33 manifestations of the bodhisattva and sets out that Avalokite\u015bvara appears in whatever form is needed for the salvation of beings, including female forms.<\/p><p>The number 33 is significant in the history of religion; it corresponds to the 33 devas of the Indian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> and became, in East Asia, both in Japan (33 Avalokite\u015bvara pilgrimage routes) and in Korea and China, a structuring element of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span>.<\/p><p>The chapter is recited independently in Chinese monasteries and is regarded as the most-read single scripture of Chinese Buddhism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6896f87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6896f87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d098dee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d098dee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Thousand-Armed Form (Qianshou Guanyin)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d770c1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d770c1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The eleven-headed and thousand-armed manifestation of Guanyin is elaborated in the &#8220;N\u012blaka\u1e47\u1e6dha Dh\u0101ra\u1e47\u012b <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span>&#8221; (Chinese Qianshou jing, translated in the seventh to eighth century).<\/p><p>This form, in Sanskrit Sahasrabhuja-Avalokite\u015bvara, combines the notion of unlimited readiness to help with the iconographic visualization of a thousand symbolic hands. Each hand bears an attribute: wheel, lotus, wish-fulfilling jewel, vajra, sword, pot, mirror, bow, bowl, crown.<\/p><p>The Tibetan tradition knows the parallel form Chenrezig (sPyan ras gzigs), which is regarded as the spiritual root of the Dalai Lama incarnation.<\/p><p>In Japan the form Senju Kannon became the central principal deity of several monasteries, such as Sanjusangen-do in Kyoto, where 1001 life-sized Senju statues from the thirteenth century are preserved. John Holt (&#8220;Buddha in the Crown&#8221;, New York 1991) analyzed the phenomenological function of this many-armed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0895e0a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0895e0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e741a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e741a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Putuoshan Pilgrimage Tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7346128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7346128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mount Putuo (Putuoshan) in the East China Sea off the coast of Zhejiang has been the central pilgrimage destination of Guanyin veneration since the Tang period.<\/p><p>The identification of the mountain with the Indian Potalaka, the dwelling place of Avalokite\u015bvara according to the Avata\u1e43saka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span>, goes back to the Japanese monk Egaku in the year 916. Egaku is said to have tried to bring a Guanyin statue from Wutaishan to Japan, but to have been stranded by storms at Putuoshan and to have interpreted this as a sign to erect the statue there.<\/p><p>This founding legend is significant in the sociology of religion; it connects East Asian Guanyin veneration with a transnational pilgrimage geography.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc (&#8220;Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteshvara&#8221;, New York 2001) identified the Putuoshan tradition as the most important node of Chinese Mariology and documented in detail its continuous development from the Song to the Qing period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d80de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d80de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-753ece5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"753ece5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guanyin in Popular Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-804f58f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"804f58f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guanyin appears as an acting figure in several major works of Chinese literature. In the &#8220;Xiyou Ji&#8221; (Journey to the West, sixteenth century) she is the initiating <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> who sends the monk Xuanzang on the westward journey and provides him with the monkey Sun Wukong and the other companions.<\/p><p>In the &#8220;Fengshen Yanyi&#8221; (Investiture of the Gods, sixteenth century) she intervenes in the conflict between the Shang and Zhou dynasties.<\/p><p>In &#8220;Honglou Meng&#8221; (Dream of the Red Chamber, eighteenth century) she is mentioned as a background figure. Her literary presence reinforced popular-religious veneration and led to a standard iconography.<\/p><p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">folk belief<\/span> one asks Guanyin in specific situations of life: when wishing for children, in childbirth, in illness and at peril at sea. The &#8220;Dragon King&#8217;s daughter&#8221; (Long-n\u00fc) and the &#8220;young Golden Youth&#8221; (Shancai), who flank her in East Asian iconography, are figures from the Lotus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> and the Ga\u1e47\u1e0davy\u016bha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a46f8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a46f8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8de483e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8de483e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Guanyin of the South Sea and the Protection of Seafaring<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a1e8cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a1e8cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A particular regional form is the &#8220;Guanyin of the South Sea&#8221; (Nanhai Guanyin), who is venerated as the protective deity of seafarers. This form is strongly widespread in the coastal regions of Fujian and Guangdong as well as among the Chinese diaspora communities of Southeast Asia.<\/p><p>There she competes and cooperates with Mazu, the goddess of the sea, who carries a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of her own, but who can likewise be interpreted as a manifestation of Guanyin.<\/p><p>The standard liturgical hymn &#8220;Nanhai Guanyin Tongzi&#8221; is recited on many ships before departure.<\/p><p>Patricia Ebrey (&#8220;The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period&#8221;, Berkeley 1993) gave particular consideration to the women-specific aspect of the Nanhai Guanyin cult, because many seafarers&#8217; wives <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> Guanyin as a protective deity for their absent men.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f53a04e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f53a04e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-464f7b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"464f7b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Phenomenology-of-Religion Question of the Gender Transformation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a7c86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a7c86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The transformation of Avalokite\u015bvara from a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> conceived as male in India to the female-venerated Guanyin in China is a central field of inquiry in comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without commitment to any faith.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fcn-fang Y\u00fc identifies several factors: the resonance with female Daoist deities such as Xi Wangmu and Mazu, the compatibility with Confucian ideals of female virtue, the explicit mention of female manifestations contained in chapter 25 of the Lotus S\u016btra, as well as the Miao-shan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span>, which provides a female hagiography.<\/p><p>This process of transformation did not take place abruptly but over several centuries, from the eighth to the thirteenth century. In northern China male Guanyin depictions remained in use longer; in southern China the female form prevailed earlier.<\/p><p>Barbara Reed documented this regional variability in her study &#8220;The Gender Symbolism of Kuan-yin Bodhisattva&#8221; (1992). The tension between the Indian source and Chinese practice makes Guanyin a key case in the history of religion for inculturation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86c6a93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"86c6a93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-811178a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"811178a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d0b36c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d0b36c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Is Guan Yin male or female?<\/strong> Originally (in India as Avalokite\u015bvara) male. In the Chinese transformation from the ninth to tenth century onward she became the female bodhisattva. Both forms of depiction have been transmitted in parallel in East Asia.<\/p><p><strong>What is the Miaoshan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span>?<\/strong> A Chinese hagiography that arose in the eleventh to twelfth century, depicting Guan Yin as the former Princess Miaoshan, who <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> her eyes and hands to her father and thereby becomes the thousand-armed bodhisattva.<\/p><p><strong>Where is the most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of Guan Yin?<\/strong> The island of Putuo Shan off the coast of Zhejiang, one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism.<\/p><p><strong>What relationship does Guan Yin have with the Virgin Mary?<\/strong> There is no direct historical connection, since Guan Yin developed before the Christian mission in China. Structural parallels between the two female figures of compassion are interesting from the perspective of the phenomenology of religion, but cannot be traced back to borrowing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Guan Yin, Chinese goddess of compassion Guan Yin is the Chinese goddess of compassion, to whom those seeking help in distress, illness and danger turn. Guan Yin (Chinese Guanyin, fully Guanshiyin Pusa, &#8220;she who perceives the weeping of the world&#8221;) is the most prominent bodhisattva figure in Chinese Buddhism and in popular religion. In the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6228,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Guan Yin","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Guan Yin: Chinese Goddess of Compassion | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Guan Yin is China's most popular goddess: bodhisattva of compassion, protector of women and children. 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