{"id":6212,"date":"2026-05-19T11:29:58","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/k%e1%b9%a3itigarbha\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:25:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:25:59","slug":"k%e1%b9%a3itigarbha","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/k%e1%b9%a3itigarbha\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u1e63itigarbha"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6212\" class=\"elementor elementor-6212 elementor-3038 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e868ac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e868ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe78d0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe78d0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a4c167 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a4c167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e09f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e09f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u1e63itigarbha, Bodhisattva of the Hells<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54a838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54a838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u1e63itigarbha (Sanskrit &#8220;Womb of the Earth&#8221;) is a central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Mahayana Buddhism, an enlightened being who postpones their liberation for the sake of teaching other beings.\" tabindex=\"0\">bodhisattva<\/span> figure in Mah\u0101y\u0101na and East Asian Buddhism. He is known for his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious promise made to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">vow<\/span> not to accept full Buddhahood until all beings are freed from the hell realms.<\/p><p>In China he is called Dizang, in Japan Jiz\u014d, in Korea Jijang Bosal. His particular connection to the deceased, to the journey through the intermediate worlds, and to the protection of children makes him one of the most popular bodhisattva figures of East Asia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44f4a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a44f4a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1765563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1765563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains, natural forces, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices, and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/buddhism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhist tradition with bodhisattvas, protective deities, hungry ghosts, and hell wardens.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3325e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3325e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd16e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"90cd16e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0b2456 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0b2456\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4716c iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c4716c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6213\" alt=\"K\u1e63itigarbha - gods from the Buddhist tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0214908 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0214908\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b1329 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0b1329\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc79855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc79855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanskrit Sources and S\u016btras<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f19d17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f19d17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important source is the K\u1e63itigarbha-Bodhisattva-P\u016brvapra\u1e47idh\u0101na-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span>, in short the Dizang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span>. It survives only in a Chinese translation of the 7th century; its Indian original is lost or never existed.<\/p><p>Robert Buswell and Donald Lopez (&#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014) assess the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> as a composition that probably arose in Central Asia or China and brings together older bodhisattva motifs into a new teaching.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> describes several earlier existences of K\u1e63itigarbha in which, as a woman or as a brahmin, he repeatedly took the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious promise made to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">vow<\/span> of redeeming the hells.<\/p><p>The central verse reads, in essence: &#8220;As long as the hells are not empty, I will not become a Buddha; as long as not all beings are redeemed, I will not enter Nirv\u0101\u1e47a.&#8221;<\/p><p>A second, less extensive work is the Da\u015bacakra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> of K\u1e63itigarbha. It treats the ten wheels that the bodhisattva turns in order to halt the moral decline of the later ages. Both texts are <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the canonically recognized body of scripture of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonically<\/span> anchored in the East Asian Tripi\u1e6daka collections.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe85b6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe85b6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0183d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac0183d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Function within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d06f78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d06f78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Chinese Mah\u0101y\u0101na, Dizang is counted among the four great bodhisattvas, alongside Avalokite\u015bvara (Guanyin), Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012b (Wenshu), and Samantabhadra (Puxian). Each of these four is assigned to a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> mountain in China, Dizang to Jiuhua Shan in Anhui.<\/p><p>This four-mountain <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> is attested from the 9th century onward and structures the Chinese Buddhist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> landscape to this day.<\/p><p>Functionally, K\u1e63itigarbha shares with Avalokite\u015bvara the role of the bodhisattva of compassion, with a specialization in the realms beyond human life. While Avalokite\u015bvara protects beings in this world, K\u1e63itigarbha acts in the other five of the six realms of existence, above all in the hell realms (naraka) and among the hungry ghosts (preta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a88e1a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a88e1a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2848bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2848bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f7b92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5f7b92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u1e63itigarbha is usually depicted as a monk, which distinguishes him from most other bodhisattvas, who wear royal ornaments.<\/p><p>He carries the khakkhara, a monk&#8217;s staff with jingling rings, which is meant both to break open the gates of hell and to scare off the insects clinging to him, so that the monk harms no living creature.<\/p><p>In his left hand he holds a cint\u0101ma\u1e47i, the wish-fulfilling jewel that brings light into the dark realms. His head is shaved like that of a fully ordained monk.<\/p><p>The Japanese Jiz\u014d <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> has adopted and at the same time simplified this basic structure; small stone statues at the roadside are a characteristic form of popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> that derives from the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the authoritatively recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonical<\/span> model.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2620dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2620dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2e2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb2e2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan and the Kim Legend<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e17f5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e17f5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mount Jiuhua in Anhui province has been the principal center of Dizang veneration since the 8th century. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> links the mountain with a Korean prince named Kim Gyo-gak (Chinese Jin Qiaojue), who came to China as a monk around 720 and led an ascetic life on the mountain.<\/p><p>He is said to have died at the age of 99; his body was found undecayed after three years, which in Buddhist understanding was taken as a sign of his enlightenment. He was venerated as an incarnation of K\u1e63itigarbha.<\/p><p>The historical person is difficult to grasp from a source-critical standpoint, but the archaeological and literary material points to a real core. Hans Steininger (&#8220;Buddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas&#8221;, Wiesbaden 1976) has reconstructed in detail the emergence of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> on Jiuhua Shan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a107da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a107da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-125645b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"125645b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiz\u014d in Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38ebe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38ebe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Japan, Jiz\u014d has undergone a development of its own that has made him, far beyond the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> canonical framework, the popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of children, of travelers, of pregnant women, and of the dying.<\/p><p>The Mizuko-Jiz\u014d veneration that is especially well known today refers to &#8220;water children&#8221; (mizuko), that is, children who have died through stillbirth, miscarriage, or abortion. It is a modern development of the 20th century, above all after 1948, when abortion was legalized in Japan.<\/p><p>William LaFleur, in &#8220;Liquid Life. Abortion and Buddhism in Japan&#8221; (Princeton 1992), has shown that this form has no canonical root but is a contemporary complex of grief work, commercial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>, and Buddhist symbolism.<\/p><p>In contrast stand the old Jiz\u014d statues at crossroads, in mountain passes, and in cemeteries, which have been widespread in Japan since the 12th century and are intended to protect travelers and the deceased alike.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f37fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93f37fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd22f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cd22f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Ten Kings of Hell<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-442474d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"442474d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Chinese popular religious tradition, K\u1e63itigarbha is closely connected with the system of the ten kings of hell (shidian yanjun). These stand for the ten intermediate tribunals through which the soul passes after death. K\u1e63itigarbha is not himself a judge; he is the agency that brings compassion and help in each of these realms.<\/p><p>The &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> of the Ten Kings&#8221; (Shiwang jing), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Standing outside the recognized canon.\" tabindex=\"0\">apocryphal<\/span> from the 9th century, describes this constellation. Stephen Teiser, in &#8220;The Scripture of the Ten Kings&#8221; (Honolulu 1994), has traced the development of this world of ideas from the fusion of Buddhist, Daoist, and Confucian elements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5afb81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5afb81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae3159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ae3159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liturgy and Ritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abac0ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abac0ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The K\u1e63itigarbha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span> comprises the recitation of the Dizang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span>, above all in the period following a death. The forty-nine-day intermediate-state phase (Chinese zhongyin), which according to Buddhist teaching is available to the soul up to rebirth, is regarded as the phase in which Dizang acts most directly.<\/p><p>Family members recite the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span>, offer incense, and transfer the merit thus generated (punya) to the deceased. The twelve memorial days of the year on which Dizang is especially venerated are fixed in the Chinese lunar calendar; his principal festival falls on the 30th day of the 7th lunar month.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38727b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38727b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3434ad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3434ad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Placement in the History of Religion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ca3ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ca3ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Buswell, in &#8220;The Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea&#8221; (Princeton 1989), has shown how the K\u1e63itigarbha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> became a mediating element between Buddhist doctrine and Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veneration of a family's deceased as continuing protective powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestor worship<\/span>. Buddhism could establish itself permanently in China only because it gave answers to the question of the whereabouts of the dead.<\/p><p>Dizang connects the Buddhist teaching of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, the law of cause and effect of action: every deed acts back upon subsequent existences.\" tabindex=\"0\">karma<\/span> and rebirth with the Chinese need for protection and intercession for the ancestors. In this mediating function lies one of the main reasons for his extraordinary popularity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c335c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c335c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd98313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd98313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae558d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae558d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Primary sources: K\u1e63itigarbha-Bodhisattva-P\u016brvapra\u1e47idh\u0101na-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> (Dizang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span>); Da\u015bacakra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> of K\u1e63itigarbha; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> of the Ten Kings (Shiwang jing).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: Stephen Teiser, &#8220;The Scripture of the Ten Kings&#8221;, Honolulu 1994; William LaFleur, &#8220;Liquid Life. Abortion and Buddhism in Japan&#8221;, Princeton 1992; Robert Buswell, &#8220;The Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea&#8221;, Princeton 1989; Hans Steininger, &#8220;Buddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas&#8221;, Wiesbaden 1976; Robert Buswell and Donald Lopez, &#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8220;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3d36b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd3d36b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f3cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13f3cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan as a Pilgrimage Center<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb5fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcb5fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jiuhua Shan in Anhui province consists of nine peaks lying close to one another, whose shape is said to have recalled a lotus. More than seventy active monasteries and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> are distributed across the mountain today; the oldest date back to the 8th century.<\/p><p>The main monastery, Huacheng Si, was founded in 401 as a purely <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religious-philosophical tradition oriented toward the Dao, the Way.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoist<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> and was converted into a Buddhist monastery around 781. The annual pilgrimage season reaches its peak in the seventh lunar month (corresponding to the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ghost<\/span> Festival), in which more than a million <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> visit the mountain.<\/p><p>A particular feature is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down action repeated regularly within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">custom<\/span> of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> incense for various deceased at the different temples of the ascent. A complete pilgrimage route includes stations for parents, grandparents, other relatives, and for the &#8220;hungry ghosts&#8221; without a family, for whom otherwise no one offers the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> foods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3b676 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de3b676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b530d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85b530d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mummified Bodies as Relics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8258b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8258b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A remarkable feature of the Jiuhua cult are the mummified bodies of high-ranking monks, who are venerated as &#8220;flesh bodies of the Buddha&#8221; (rou shen pusa). The body of the Korean prince Kim Gyo-gak, who according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> lived on the mountain, is regarded as the first such relic body.<\/p><p>Up into the 20th century, several dozen such mummified monks were identified in the Jiuhua mountains; some dated from the Tang period, others from the Ming and Qing periods, and even a few from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<\/p><p>This practice is exceptional in terms of religious ethnography; it connects Buddhist rebirth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> with Chinese conceptions of the immortal body, which derive rather from <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religious-philosophical tradition oriented toward the Dao, the Way.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>. Bernard Faure has examined this practice in several studies on the history of Chinese Buddhism and analyzed its syncretisms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22bf0c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22bf0c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436cae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"436cae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiz\u014d Practice in Modern Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3aef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b3aef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Japan, Jiz\u014d has acquired a particularly broad anchoring in everyday culture. The small stone statues that stand at roadsides, cemeteries, and around temples are regularly fitted by local residents with red bibs, caps, or toys.<\/p><p>This adornment is a sign of care by the community. In urban Tokyo there are temple grounds on which several hundred Mizuko-Jiz\u014d statues are set up. These are tended by grieving parents for unborn or early-deceased children, often over many years.<\/p><p>William LaFleur and Helen Hardacre have independently of one another examined the economic and social aspects of this practice. They see in it both important grief work and a partly commercialized <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> economy, in which the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> earn considerably from the statue purchases and the annual memorial rituals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe866f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fe866f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3356a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3356a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u1e63itigarbha and the Ghost Festival<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b7018 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b7018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Ghost Festival on the 15th day of the 7th lunar month (in Taiwan and on the mainland today mostly in August) is one of the most important Chinese festival seasons and stands in close relation to the K\u1e63itigarbha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>.<\/p><p>Throughout the entire seventh lunar month the gates between the worlds are regarded as open, and the deceased and the hungry ghosts can enter the world of the living.<\/p><p>Families set up offering tables with food, incense, and paper money, intended for the ancestors and for the homeless ghosts. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temples<\/span> hold special liturgies during this time, in which the Dizang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> is recited in order to free beings from the hells.<\/p><p>The connection between the Ghost Festival and the Dizang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> is documented since the Tang period; the rites culminate in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span> &#8220;Yulanpen Hui&#8221; (Ullambana assembly), whose textual basis is the Ullambana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f51568 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f51568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7325a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7325a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun S\u016btra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b77a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b77a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alongside the well-known <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> on the original <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious promise made to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">vows<\/span> of the bodhisattva K\u1e63itigarbha (Dizang pusa benyuan jing), the &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u016btra<\/span> of the Ten Wheels of the Bodhisattva K\u1e63itigarbha&#8221; (Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun jing, Taish\u014d 411) is a central doctrinal work.<\/p><p>It was translated by Xuanzang in the year 651 CE. It contains the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> justification for Dizang&#8217;s position in the Mah\u0101y\u0101na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> and emphasizes his function as the &#8220;Purifier of the Ten Activities&#8221;.<\/p><p>The research of Zhiru Ng (&#8220;The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva&#8221;, Honolulu 2007) shows that this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> reflects the older Indian layer of K\u1e63itigarbha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, while the Benyuan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> represents a Chinese further development, probably composed in the Sui or early Tang period and not unambiguously traceable to an Indian original.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2531f9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2531f9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a4e916 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a4e916\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Six Paths of Rebirth and K\u1e63itigarbha's Responsibility<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7355a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7355a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the East Asian tradition, K\u1e63itigarbha is the bodhisattva who, between Buddha \u015a\u0101kyamuni and the future appearance of Maitreya, assumes responsibility for all six paths of rebirth (gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, hell beings). This responsibility is conferred upon him in the parivarta scene of the Benyuan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> by Buddha \u015a\u0101kyamuni.<\/p><p>The liturgical consequence is that K\u1e63itigarbha is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as a mediator between the realms of existence.<\/p><p>In temple halls he is therefore frequently depicted grouped with the &#8220;Ten Kings of the Underworld&#8221; (Shi Wang), a constellation that was standardized in China in the 9th century and continues to have effect through Japan and Korea into present-day funerary practice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7b191 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db7b191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead0df8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ead0df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Roku-Jiz\u014d Statues in Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4247ee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4247ee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>At Japanese cemeteries and crossroads one finds groups of six Jiz\u014d statues (Roku-Jiz\u014d), each assigned to one of the six paths of rebirth. This practice goes back to the Heian period (9th to 12th century) and was popularized by the Tendai school.<\/p><p>Hank Glassman (&#8220;The Face of Jizo&#8221;, Honolulu 2012) has examined the development of the Roku-Jiz\u014d statues as a phenomenon of the sociology of religion and shown that the apparently uniform practice exhibits considerable regional variation.<\/p><p>The statues bear different attributes: khakkhara staff (for awakening the hell beings), wish-fulfilling jewel (cint\u0101ma\u1e47i), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a doctrinal text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u016btra<\/span> scroll, lotus bud. In Kyoto, the Roku-Jiz\u014d stations on the city&#8217;s edge are to this day the destination of pilgrimage rituals that frame the annual festival Roku-Jiz\u014d-Meguri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb8a91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fb8a91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb04ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb04ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mizuko Kuy\u014d and the Mourning-Ritual Industry<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a53cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a53cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Mizuko Kuy\u014d practice (memorial rites for fetuses and infants who died early) developed in Japan, above all after 1948, in the context of the legalization of abortion, into a fixed component of temple liturgy.<\/p><p>Jiz\u014d is regarded as the patron of the unredeemed deceased, especially of children who could not yet attain karmic maturity of their own.<\/p><p>William LaFleur (&#8220;Liquid Life&#8221;, Princeton 1992) has presented the religious-ethical discourse around Mizuko Kuy\u014d as the most significant contribution of modern Japanese religious practice to bioethics.<\/p><p>The commercial dimension is considerable: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> such as Hase-dera in Kamakura house thousands of small Jiz\u014d statues donated by parents. Criticism of the commercialization is conducted within the Buddhist associations themselves, without the practice having thereby declined substantially.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b92766 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b92766\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2068be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2068be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u1e63itigarbha in Vajray\u0101na<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ac0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8ac0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Tibetan Buddhism, K\u1e63itigarbha (Sa Nyingpo) appears less prominently than in East Asia. He belongs to the group of the eight great bodhisattvas (rgyal sras chen po brgyad), yet is only rarely venerated as a central object of practice.<\/p><p>The Tibetan tradition knows no veneration of its own comparable to that of T\u0101r\u0101. In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A circular diagram that depicts the cosmos in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/span> constellations, for instance in the Garbhadh\u0101tu and Vajradh\u0101tu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A circular diagram that depicts the cosmos in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/span>, K\u1e63itigarbha has a fixed place in the western sector.<\/p><p>Yael Bentor (&#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual act by which an object, place or person is handed over to the religious sphere.\" tabindex=\"0\">Consecration<\/span> of Images and Stupas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism&#8221;, Leiden 1996) has systematically evaluated the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A circular diagram that depicts the cosmos in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/span> position of K\u1e63itigarbha in the later Tibetan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96aa37a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96aa37a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254f540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"254f540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Jiuhua School and Its Liturgical Tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d99b4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d99b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mount Jiuhua in Anhui has been the principal Chinese center of the K\u1e63itigarbha cult since the late Tang period. The liturgical tradition has developed a chant form of its own, called &#8220;Jiuhua Yinyue&#8221;, which combines Buddhist hymns of praise with local folk melodies. UNESCO recognized this tradition in 2008 as intangible cultural heritage of China.<\/p><p>The monasteries on the mountain maintain a sound-recording collection of the liturgies of their own, which has been systematically rebuilt since the 1980s. The monastery town today comprises over eighty <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> and hermitages.<\/p><p>The central pilgrimage time is the 30th day of the seventh lunar month, the birthday of K\u1e63itigarbha, on which the Anhui region receives hundreds of thousands of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f161d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f161d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f87a44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f87a44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba2ceb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba2ceb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>What distinguishes K\u1e63itigarbha from Avalokite\u015bvara?<\/strong> Both are bodhisattvas of compassion, but they have different emphases. Avalokite\u015bvara helps the living beings in this world, K\u1e63itigarbha the beings in the hells and ghost realms. Avalokite\u015bvara is usually depicted in royal ornaments, K\u1e63itigarbha as a monk with a shaved head.<\/p><p><strong>Why is K\u1e63itigarbha associated with children in Japan?<\/strong> The connection with children, above all with deceased unborn children (mizuko), is a Japanese development that is attestable from the 12th century onward and was strongly expanded in the 20th century.<\/p><p>It has no canonical basis in the early s\u016btras but is a culturally specific shaping of the Buddhist protective function.<\/p><p><strong>What is K\u1e63itigarbha&#8217;s most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>?<\/strong> Jiuhua Shan in the Chinese province of Anhui is the principal sanctuary. It is one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism.<\/p><p><strong>Which <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred syllable or formula repeatedly spoken in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> is assigned to K\u1e63itigarbha?<\/strong> The standard <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred syllable or formula repeatedly spoken in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> reads &#8220;om ha ha ha vismaye svaha&#8221;; it is recited above all in retreat practice and in the rituals for the deceased.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>K\u1e63itigarbha, Bodhisattva of the Hells K\u1e63itigarbha (Sanskrit &#8220;Womb of the Earth&#8221;) is a central bodhisattva figure in Mah\u0101y\u0101na and East Asian Buddhism. He is known for his vow not to accept full Buddhahood until all beings are freed from the hell realms. In China he is called Dizang, in Japan Jiz\u014d, in Korea Jijang Bosal. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6213,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"K\u1e63itigarbha","_yoast_wpseo_title":"K\u1e63itigarbha: Bodhisattva of the Hells | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"K\u1e63itigarbha (Jap. Jiz\u014d) is the bodhisattva who does not leave hell until all beings are freed. Protector of deceased children, myth.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[111,48,86,27],"class_list":["post-6212","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-buddhism","category-buddhismus","category-gods","category-goetter"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>K\u1e63itigarbha: Bodhisattva of the Hells | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"K\u1e63itigarbha (Jap. Jiz\u014d) is the bodhisattva who does not leave hell until all beings are freed. 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