{"id":6157,"date":"2026-05-19T11:18:44","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:18:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/inari-okami\/"},"modified":"2026-07-09T18:01:33","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T18:01:33","slug":"inari","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/inari\/","title":{"rendered":"Inari \u014ckami"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6157\" class=\"elementor elementor-6157 elementor-3027 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a6ff1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"16a6ff1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7178015 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7178015\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2decdbd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2decdbd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac823b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac823b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inari \u014ckami, Japanese deity of rice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc710b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc710b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inari \u014ckami is the Japanese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of rice and at the same time a god of success, to whom both farmers and merchants make <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> for prosperity. Inari \u014ckami, Inari for short, is in Japanese Shint\u014d the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of rice, fertility, economic prosperity, smithcraft and foxes (kitsune).<\/p><p>With over 30,000 shrines <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> to him in Japan, Inari ranks among the most widespread <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> of all; roughly every third Shint\u014d <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> in the country is an Inari branch.<\/p><p>The veneration combines <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> agrarian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, medieval craft traditions and a modern business <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span> in which Inari is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as a protective god of companies and traders.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">Inari \u014ckami is regarded as the fox god of Japan: the foxes are his messengers and guardians.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d67b364 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d67b364\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5554fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5554fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/japan\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japanese Shinto kami and Buddhist-yokai worlds.\">Japan<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-256e4de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"256e4de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19dcaf1 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"19dcaf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__19dcaf1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__19dcaf1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__19dcaf1\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a6ccfc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a6ccfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ead435 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6ead435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_inari-okami-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6158\" alt=\"Inari Okami - gods from the Japanese tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_inari-okami-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_inari-okami-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_inari-okami-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_japan_inari-okami.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1e7b7b e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1e7b7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6ff366 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6ff366\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4154ae6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4154ae6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name, etymology and identification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720d623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720d623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Inari is traditionally interpreted as a shortening of &#8220;Ine-nari&#8221; (&#8220;rice becoming&#8221;, \u7a32\u751f), which underlines the agrarian core meaning. In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> imperial chronicles, Inari does not appear independently; only in the &#8220;Yamashiro-fudoki&#8221; (early 8th century) and in the &#8220;Engishiki&#8221; (10th century) is the Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> of Fushimi recorded as an imperial great shrine.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> names associated with Inari are, depending on the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, Uka-no-Mitama-no-\u014ckami, \u014cmiyanome-no-\u014ckami, Sarutahiko-no-\u014ckami, \u014ctafune-no-Mikoto and Ukemochi-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>; in the main Inari shrine, five <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> are venerated in parallel.<\/p><p>The tradition frequently identifies Inari with Ukemochi-no-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>, the goddess of food mentioned in the &#8220;Nihon Shoki&#8221;; from her slain body rice, grain and livestock are said to have arisen. This connection is significant in the history of religion because it places Inari within the old Shint\u014d stratum of vegetation and slaying myths.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61b514f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61b514f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c425f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c425f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and founding of Fushimi Inari<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0bd1b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0bd1b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The founding <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the lives of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> of Fushimi Inari Taisha, the main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span>, is handed down in the &#8220;Yamashiro-fudoki&#8221;. In the year 711, Hata no Irogu, an aristocrat of the Korean-descended Hata clan, is said to have used a rice ball as a target for his bow.<\/p><p>The rice ball transformed into a white bird that flew to the nearby Mount Inariyama. Where the bird alighted, rice grew; at this spot Hata erected the first Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span>. The episode is dated to 8 February 711 (Hatsuuma day), which to this day marks the most important festival of the shrine.<\/p><p>The Hata kin originated from the Korean kingdom of Silla and brought silkworm cultivation and advanced rice-growing techniques to Japan. The Inari religion is thus an example of the continental roots of early Japanese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> practice. Klaus Antoni and Helen Hardacre have worked out the Korean connections of the early Inari tradition in several studies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cd69e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cd69e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec0dc4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec0dc4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols, attributes and the role of the foxes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-347bef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"347bef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inari is depicted as an elderly man or as a young woman, often with a rice sheaf or sickle, sometimes also as androgynous.<\/p><p>In the Middle Ages the male depiction as a bearded old man with a rice sack dominated; in the Edo period the female depiction became more widespread. This duality cannot be unified in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> and is regarded as a hallmark of the Inari tradition.<\/p><p>The most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> is the foxes (kitsune), which are not Inari himself but are regarded as his messengers (tsukai). At every Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> stand one or more pairs of stone foxes, often with a key, rice grain, jewel or scroll in their mouths.<\/p><p>Karen Smyers (&#8220;The Fox and the Jewel&#8221;, 1999) examined the symbolism of these four attributes in detail: the key to the rice granary, the rice grain as food, the wish-fulfilling jewel and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism and Buddhism, a teaching text in concise form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> scroll. The white fox (byakko) is regarded as a messenger of especially high rank.<\/p><p>The Inari-fox connection is not necessarily original historically. Klaus Vollmer and Bernhard Scheid argue that the fox-Inari association first solidified in the Middle Ages under the influence of Buddhist texts (especially the Dakini veneration in the Shingon school). In the oldest Inari sources, foxes play no central role.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaf73ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aaf73ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f34a51f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f34a51f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fushimi Inari Taisha and the Thousand Torii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b558f90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b558f90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main shrine Fushimi Inari Taisha, southeast of Kyoto, with its &#8220;Senbon Torii&#8221;, the &#8220;thousand red gates&#8221;, is one of the most iconic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> ensembles in Japan. In fact, more than 10,000 torii stand on Mount Inariyama, lining the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrim<\/span> path to the summit of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> mountain in long tunnels.<\/p><p>Each torii is a private endowment; on the back stand the name and donation date of the donor. Most donors are companies that petition Inari for business success or give thanks for success received.<\/p><p>The ascent to the summit of Inariyama (233 m) takes about two hours and passes numerous subsidiary shrines, stone foxes and small altars. The complex encompasses hundreds of hectares of mountain forest and is regarded as a spiritual landscape in which the boundary between official <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> religion and popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> belief is especially permeable.<\/p><p>Karen Smyers documented the plurality of practices on the mountain in her ethnographic study: alongside official Shint\u014d rites there are smaller chapels for healers, mediums and private cults.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61a8248 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61a8248\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff4af55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff4af55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further important shrines and the branch system<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2dae16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2dae16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besides Fushimi, the three most important Inari shrines are Toyokawa Inari in Aichi Prefecture (actually a S\u014dt\u014d Zen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> called My\u014dgon-ji, in which Inari is venerated in Buddhist form as Dakini-Shinten), Y\u016btoku Inari in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative often with a historical core and miraculous features.\" tabindex=\"0\">Saga<\/span> (one of the three largest Inari shrines) and Kasama Inari in Ibaraki.<\/p><p>These shrines show that Inari veneration flourished both in Shint\u014d and in Buddhist form. Until 1868, Toyokawa Inari was a classic example of Shinbutsu-Sh\u016bg\u014d; the Meiji separation forced many Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> to choose between <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> status.<\/p><p>The roughly 30,000 branch shrines are distributed across the whole of Japan. Many are located in unusual places: on the roofs of department stores, next to restaurants, in factory yards, on station forecourts. This urban omnipresence is a distinctive feature of modern Inari veneration and sets it apart from most other Shint\u014d cults.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-023d9f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"023d9f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05de33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c05de33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rituals, festivals and offerings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98e84c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"98e84c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important festival is Hatsuuma-Sai on the first &#8220;Day of the Horse&#8221; in the second month, which marks the founding day of the Fushimi shrine.<\/p><p>On this day, hundreds of thousands make <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> to Fushimi, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> rice, sake, adzuki bean rice and inari-zushi (rice in fried tofu), the traditional Inari festival fare. Inari-zushi is regarded as the favourite food of the foxes and is one of the most common offerings.<\/p><p>In spring, rice-planting rites take place (O-Taue-Sai); in autumn, harvest festivals (Niiname-Sai), at which the first rice offerings are presented. At business openings it is customary to ask an Inari priest for a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual act by which a blessing is bestowed.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span> or to set up a mini torii in front of the entrance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a6694f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a6694f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6835e23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6835e23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Significance in the history of religion and cross-references<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-405db96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"405db96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inari is interesting from the standpoint of religious studies for several reasons: as a rare example of a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> that has undergone a considerable social shift over the course of history (from agrarian religion to urban business piety), as a key figure for the Japanese Shinbutsu-Sh\u016bg\u014d (in the Dakini connection), and as a case study for the importance of popular religiosity beyond the official imperial shrines.<\/p><p>Helen Hardacre has described Inari as the &#8220;most strongly lived <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> of the present&#8221;.<\/p><p>Structurally, Inari has parallels to Demeter (Greece), Ceres (Rome), Renenutet (Egypt) and Dazhbog (Slavic) as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of grain ripening. The fox messengers have relatives in the Korean Gumiho and the Chinese Huxian traditions.<\/p><p>The connection with smithcraft, mentioned in some sources, links back to Inari&#8217;s early function as a protective god of the Hata smiths.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-285d08c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"285d08c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe44bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe44bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inari in popular culture<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ce6c5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ce6c5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inari is intensely present in modern Japanese popular culture. Anime series such as &#8220;Inari, Konkon, Koi Iroha&#8221; (2014) or &#8220;The Helpful Fox Senko-san&#8221; revolve around kitsune-Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The body of transmitted tales of the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The red torii of Fushimi are one of the most photographed motifs in Japan. Restaurants bearing the name element &#8220;Inari&#8221; are widespread, and inari-zushi is part of everyday Japanese life.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-962a65c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"962a65c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aed0757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aed0757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29db7cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29db7cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>&#8220;Yamashiro-fudoki&#8221; (early 8th century, fragmentary). &#8220;Engishiki&#8221; (927), Book IX. &#8220;Nihon Shoki&#8221; (720), Ukemochi narrative. &#8220;Konjaku Monogatari&#8221; (early 12th century), numerous fox-Inari tales. &#8220;Inari-Daimy\u014djin-engi&#8221; (late Middle Ages). Various Edo-period Inari handbooks and sermon books.<\/p><p>Karen A. Smyers, &#8220;The Fox and the Jewel. Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship&#8221;, Honolulu 1999. Nelly Naumann, &#8220;Die einheimische Religion Japans&#8221;, 2 volumes, Leiden 1988 and 1994. Joseph Kitagawa, &#8220;Religion in Japanese History&#8221;, New York 1966. Helen Hardacre, &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The indigenous religion of Japan, shaped by the veneration of the kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span>.<\/p><p>A History&#8221;, Oxford 2017. Klaus Antoni, &#8220;Shint\u00f4 und die Konzeption des japanischen Nationalwesens&#8221;, Leiden 1998. Klaus Vollmer, &#8220;Shint\u00f4 und Buddhismus&#8221;, Munich 2002. Bernhard Scheid, &#8220;Religion-in-Japan: Ein digitales Handbuch&#8221;, Vienna, ongoing. Inken Prohl, &#8220;Religi\u00f6se Innovationen&#8221;, Berlin 2006.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2d6323 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2d6323\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5e5fc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d5e5fc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inari in Shingon Buddhism and the Dakini cult<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-637daa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"637daa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important Buddhist link of the Inari cult comes about in the Shingon school through identification with Dakini-Shinten, a manifestation of the Indian Dakini goddesses, who in tantric Buddhism are venerated as ambivalent protective deities.<\/p><p>Whereas Indian dakinis are <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal formula intended to inflict misfortune on a person or thing.\" tabindex=\"0\">curse<\/span>-bearing, sometimes terrifying goddesses, in Japanese Buddhism they were reinterpreted as benevolent protective figures and iconographically often linked with foxes. This explains why Toyokawa Inari, a S\u014dt\u014d Zen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Aichi, is formally not a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span>, yet Inari veneration takes place there on a large scale.<\/p><p>In medieval Shingon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, Inari was equated with Dakini-Shinten; K\u016bkai, the founder of the Shingon school, is said to have had a direct encounter with Inari upon his return from China in the 9th century, which was embellished legendarily in the &#8220;Inari-Daimy\u014djin-engi&#8221;.<\/p><p>The connection between Inari and T\u014d-ji, the central Shingon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Kyoto, goes back to this encounter and remains liturgically alive to this day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759dbff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"759dbff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-431793f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"431793f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Hata clan and continental roots<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-035b354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"035b354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Hata clan, which according to the founding legend erected the first Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span>, belongs to the most significant continental-immigrant kin groups of early Japan. Originally hailing from the Korean kingdom of Silla or Paekche, it brought silkworm cultivation, rice farming, metalworking and brewing technology to Japan.<\/p><p>Historical scholarship (Joan Piggott, Klaus Antoni) has identified the Hata kin as one of the most influential aristocratic families of the early Yamato period; their wealth, their economic importance and their religious endowment practice shaped the cultural landscape of western Japan lastingly.<\/p><p>Through the Hata kin there is a direct historical connection between Inari and several further important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span>. Matsuo Taisha in Kyoto, the K\u014d <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> and the Kamo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> are all connected with the Hata kin or with closely related kin groups.<\/p><p>This shrine family formed in the 8th and 9th centuries a religious network that flanked the capital Heian-ky\u014d economically and spiritually. Within this network Inari is the central prosperity <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, the Matsuo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> the sake <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, the Kamo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> the water <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea03017 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea03017\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66316ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66316ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inari, smithcraft and ironworking<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26ae6ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26ae6ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A less well-known but historically attested function of Inari is his protection of smiths and ironworkers. In the &#8220;Yamashiro-fudoki&#8221; the connection of Inari with smithcraft is hinted at; it is treated more fully by the &#8220;Konjaku Monogatari&#8221; in several tales about swordsmiths who owe their success to Inari.<\/p><p>Sanj\u014d Munechika, one of the greatest swordsmiths of the early 11th century, is said to have forged his most famous sword &#8220;Kogitsune-maru&#8221; (&#8220;Little Fox&#8221;) with Inari&#8217;s help; the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> is the subject of a classical N\u014d play (&#8220;Kokaji&#8221;).<\/p><p>Inari&#8217;s connection with iron goes back to the Hata kin and their continental metalworking techniques. Archaeological findings in the Inariyama area (iron slag, smelting furnaces, smithy remains) confirm that intensive ironworking took place there from the 7th to the 10th century.<\/p><p>Inari is thus a rare example of a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> that simultaneously spans the agrarian and the metallurgical sphere and religiously integrates two central economic domains of early Japan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744c8aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"744c8aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b692a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6b692a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Hatsuuma-Sai and the festival calendar system<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-769df94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"769df94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main festival Hatsuuma-Sai on the first horse day of the second lunar month is a historically significant example of the linking of Chinese sexagenary-cycle astrology with Shint\u014d shrine practice.<\/p><p>The horse day in the Chinese-Japanese zodiac falls on a different date each year; in the Gregorian count it usually lies in February. On this day, which corresponds to the mythical appearance of Inari on Inariyama in the year 711, hundreds of thousands make pilgrimage to Fushimi Inari and to the branch shrines.<\/p><p>The principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> offering at Hatsuuma is the &#8220;inari-zushi&#8221;, a rice ball in a fried tofu pouch (&#8220;aburaage&#8221;), which according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">popular belief<\/span> is the favourite food of the foxes.<\/p><p>The second central offering is the &#8220;Hatsuuma-zushi&#8221;, a richer sushi variant with adzuki beans and sesame. These foods are presented in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> and subsequently consumed by the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span>; the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> also sells them throughout the year as a souvenir and liturgical foodstuff.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaeca16 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aaeca16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926331b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"926331b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shrine branch system and administrative structure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fbbbd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fbbbd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Japanese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> branch system (&#8220;Bunsha-seido&#8221;) is a historically significant administrative system in which a main shrine, through a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> of &#8220;shrine division&#8221; (&#8220;Bunrei&#8221; or &#8220;Kanj\u014d&#8221;), establishes one of its <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> in a new <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> at a distant location.<\/p><p>With Inari this system is especially developed: Fushimi Inari is the main shrine of roughly 30,000 branch shrines, which represents a comprehensive nationwide religious network. The branch shrines do not pay direct tribute to Fushimi but are linked liturgically and administratively.<\/p><p>A new Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> is usually founded when a business, a workshop or a farm wishes to establish an Inari relationship.<\/p><p>For this purpose a Kanj\u014d <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn act carried out according to fixed rules.\" tabindex=\"0\">ceremony<\/span> is performed in the Fushimi main shrine, in which a &#8220;Mitama-shiro&#8221; (&#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which effect in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> vessel&#8221;, usually a piece of mirror or sword) is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> and transferred to the new location.<\/p><p>Karen Smyers documented the ritual diversity of these practices in her ethnographic study and showed that small Inari shrines on roofs, in courtyards, on department-store floors and at railway stations form a characteristic Japanese religious micro-landscape.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2016191 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2016191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3311a41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3311a41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inari in popular belief: kitsune-tsuki and fox possession<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc32c40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc32c40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A dark side of the Inari complex is the notion of &#8220;kitsune-tsuki&#8221; (&#8220;fox possession&#8221;), according to which foxes can take possession of people and force them into uncontrolled behaviour. This belief was widespread in the Edo period and is documented in folk tales and in historical-psychiatric studies.<\/p><p>In a case of kitsune possession, the affected person&#8217;s voice, facial expression and behaviour change; it was believed that the fox could speak through cravings for food, fits of rage or visions.<\/p><p>The diagnosis and &#8220;cure&#8221; of fox possession was, in the Edo period, the task of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> priests, the Buddhist monks or regional shamans (&#8220;Ogamiya&#8221;).<\/p><p>With the compulsion toward modernity in the Meiji period, the kitsune-tsuki diagnosis disappeared from official discourse but remained present in popular religiosity. Carmen Blacker documented the kitsune-tsuki tradition as part of Japanese shamanic religiosity in &#8220;The Catalpa Bow&#8221; (1975).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf08528 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cf08528\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f02bbf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f02bbf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of research and sociology-of-religion assessment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c8bb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c8bb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research on Inari has become strongly internationalised especially over the last thirty years. Karen Smyers (&#8220;The Fox and the Jewel&#8221;, 1999) set the methodological standard for modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred place of safekeeping or devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> studies with a dense ethnographic description of the Fushimi shrine and its <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span>.<\/p><p>Helen Hardacre, Bernhard Scheid, Klaus Antoni and Inken Prohl have each prominently placed Inari in their overview accounts and documented his special standing as the &#8220;most strongly lived <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Japanese Shinto, the venerated spirit beings and divine powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span>&#8220;.<\/p><p>From the standpoint of the sociology of religion, Inari is a fascinating example of the adaptability of a conception of god: from the ancient rice god of the Hata kin, through the protective god of medieval smiths and merchants, to the modern patron of companies and the self-employed.<\/p><p>In each of these stages, Inari took up and religiously processed the respective economic hopes and fears of his worshippers. This adaptability explains his importance, unbroken to this day, in an otherwise largely secularised Japanese society.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Inari \u014ckami, Japanese deity of rice Inari \u014ckami is the Japanese deity of rice and at the same time a god of success, to whom both farmers and merchants make offerings for prosperity. Inari \u014ckami, Inari for short, is in Japanese Shint\u014d the deity of rice, fertility, economic prosperity, smithcraft and foxes (kitsune). With over [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6158,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Inari \u014ckami","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Inari \u014ckami: Japan's god of rice and foxes | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Inari \u014ckami is the Japanese kami of rice, success and foxes. 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