{"id":6127,"date":"2026-05-19T11:48:20","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:48:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/king-gesar\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:25:40","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:25:40","slug":"king-gesar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/king-gesar\/","title":{"rendered":"King Gesar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6127\" class=\"elementor elementor-6127 elementor-3051 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d2ada e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87d2ada\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac6fc8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ac6fc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-422fa97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"422fa97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d166bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d166bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">King Gesar, Tibetan heroic epic<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ce150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10ce150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>King Gesar stands at the centre of the most extensive Tibetan heroic epic, which is still performed orally by singers today. King Gesar of Ling (Tibetan Gling Ge-sar rgyal-po) is the mythical ruler of the Tibetan national epic and is regarded as the central heroic figure of the Inner Asian narrative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>With over a million lines of verse in its complete versions, the Epic of Gesar is probably the longest living epic in the world, and in 2009 it was added to the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage.<\/p><p>To this day it is performed in many variants by professional singers in Tibet, in Mongolia, in Buryatia, in Ladakh and in Bhutan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b0985e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b0985e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebc04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ebc04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear responsibilities: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetan Buddhist and B\u00f6n tradition: Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, the world of the nagas.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b6fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7b6fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1c2f54 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e1c2f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77063d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77063d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da61ab iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5da61ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6128\" alt=\"Gesar - Gods from the Tibetan tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ea962f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ea962f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fdeb0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fdeb0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b83c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd6b83c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Situation and Textual History<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6ed28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c6ed28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The oldest written records of the Gesar epic date from the 14th to the 16th century, but the oral tradition probably reaches back considerably further.<\/p><p>In \u00abRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u00bb (1959), R. A. Stein worked out the complexity of the textual history and showed that the epic exists in numerous regional versions that sometimes differ strongly from one another. The canonised form preserved today in Tibetan monastery libraries usually comprises between 30 and 120 volumes.<\/p><p>In their studies of Tibetan history and geography, Per S\u00f8rensen and Andreas Gruschke examined the connection of the epic to concrete geographical areas in East Tibet (Kham, Amdo) and in the border regions adjoining Sichuan, Qinghai and Gansu.<\/p><p>The kingdom of Ling, over which Gesar rules, is associated with the historical region around the upper Yellow River, although no clear historical identification has been achieved.<\/p><p>In his studies of the Mongolian Gesar tradition, Klaus Sagaster examined the route by which the epic was transmitted into the Mongolian steppes and how it was adapted there.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-508239c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"508239c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f77a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60f77a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Structure of the Content<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e3a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30e3a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The epic begins with the heavenly decision to send a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Mahayana Buddhism, an enlightened being who postpones their liberation for the sake of teaching other beings.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bodhisattva<\/span> hero to earth in order to save the land of Ling, which is threatened by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span>. Gesar is born as the son of the god Brahma and the human woman Gogmo.<\/p><p>His earthly name is Joru, and his childhood is marked by humiliation and misjudgement. Only in a horse race, which he wins against all expectations, is he recognised as King of Ling and takes the royal name Gesar.<\/p><p>The main parts of the epic consist of 18 so-called \u00abconquests\u00bb (\u00abdgra &#8216;dul\u00bb), in which Gesar campaigns against demons, tyrants and hostile kings and subjects their territories to Buddhism.<\/p><p>Among the best-known episodes are the conquest of Hor (in the north), the conquest of Mon (in the south), the conquest of Jang (in the east) and the concluding conquest of the iron fortress in the Chinese border region.<\/p><p>In the end Gesar returns to heaven, with the promise of returning as a redeemer in an apocalyptic age.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b972b1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b972b1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6e3e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf6e3e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historical and Mythical Layers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f188d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f188d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In \u00abCivilized Shamans\u00bb (1993), Geoffrey Samuel analysed the religious-historical stratification of the Gesar epic and distinguished three main layers: a pre-Buddhist B\u00f6n layer, in which Gesar appears as a divine king with shamanic features; a Buddhist layer, in which he is stylised as a Bodhisattva and defender of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Indian religions, the teaching and the right order of action.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>; and a late layer, partly specific to the Gelug-pa and Nyingma-pa, in which he is connected with <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Legendary Indian tantric master (8th c.); transmitted Buddhism to Tibet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Padmasambhava<\/span> and with Tantric practices.<\/p><p>This stratification explains the tensions within the transmitted versions.<\/p><p>The historical identification of Gesar with the Chinese Caesar (via Persian and Uighur mediation as \u00abKesar\u00bb) is an older hypothesis put forward by Stein and others, supported by phonetic correspondences but not by clear historical evidence.<\/p><p>Other researchers, including Lauran Hartley and Pema Bhum, locate the historical core of Gesar rather in a real Tibetan local king of the 11th or 12th century who was elevated into a legendary figure. A definitive clarification is still pending.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6f9b6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6f9b6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8280c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8280c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forms of Performance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2aef01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2aef01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The epic is performed by professional singers, who in the Tibetan tradition are called \u00absgrung-mkhan\u00bb or \u00abgling-pa\u00bb. They frequently claim not to have learned the epic but to have received it in dreams or visions.<\/p><p>Some singers belong to a lineage of \u00abskull bearers\u00bb, who are given the epic by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span> at a particular place of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual transition through which someone is admitted into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span>. Research by Hu Jinpu, Yang Enhong and Lauran Hartley has documented this cultural practice in detail.<\/p><p>The performance time of a complete version can extend over several weeks. Individual episodes are sung in 2 to 12 hours.<\/p><p>The singers use traditional hats, drums and bone flutes and stand in a line with old Central Asian bardic traditions, which scholarship compares with the \u00abmanaschis\u00bb of Kyrgyzstan (Manas epic) and with the \u00aby\u00f6r\u00f6\u00f6lchis\u00bb of Mongolia. Klaus Sagaster and Walther Heissig have systematically researched the connections between these bardic traditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a4dd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59a4dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d787b8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d787b8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religious Significance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9ca0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9ca0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Tibetan religiosity Gesar is not only a literary hero but a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> figure who is actively venerated in certain lineages. Above all in the Nyingma-pa school and in some Kagy\u00fc lineages, Gesar is regarded as a martial manifestation of Padmasambhava and as a protector of the teaching.<\/p><p>In his honour, protective practices (gsol-kha) and rituals (sang fumigations) are carried out. In \u00abPrisoners of Shangri-La\u00bb (1998), Donald Lopez outlined Gesar&#8217;s role in modern Tibetan religiosity and showed how he is used by political movements as a national <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p><p>In his works on Tibetan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted tales of the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, Robert Thurman pointed to the ambiguity of the Gesar figure: it combines the role of martial hero, sacred protection, social memory and political identity.<\/p><p>In monastery rituals Gesar is often depicted as a red-faced rider with lance and sword, accompanied by his white horse Kyang Bu and his 30 heroes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9cc33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df9cc33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d0e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06d0e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spread Beyond Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c839d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c839d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Gesar epic is not confined to Tibet but has found its way into the Mongolian steppe region, into the Buryat region around Lake Baikal, into the Tuvan language zone and into the Monguor, Salar and Yugur language communities on the fringe of the Chinese empire.<\/p><p>In Mongolia the epic is called \u00abGeser khaan\u00bb and was translated into a complete Mongolian version in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Buryat variant has shamanic features and differs markedly from the Buddhist-influenced main Tibetan version.<\/p><p>In several volumes, Walther Heissig worked through the Mongolian and Buryat Gesar tradition and showed how the material took on its own local colourings in each region. In Ladakh the epic is performed in Tibetan and in local dialects and is connected with <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> sites there. The UNESCO <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or carved into a solid support.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> of 2009 honours this transnational character.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073fee5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"073fee5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-568986a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"568986a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modern Reception and Research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192990c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"192990c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the People&#8217;s Republic of China the Gesar epic has been systematically documented since the 1950s and edited in dozens of volumes.<\/p><p>At the same time, the work of the collectors and editors produced tendencies towards modernisation, for example the fixing of a \u00abstandard version\u00bb that does not correspond to the diversity of the oral tradition. Lauran Hartley and Pema Bhum have documented and critically reflected on this tendency.<\/p><p>In European and American research, Gesar has been a key field of Tibetology and Mongolian studies since Stein and Heissig. Current work on singers, on literary structures, on comparative epic research and on present-day function is available from, among others, Solomon Mowtschanetz, Yang Enhong and Robin Kornman.<\/p><p>The English translation of large parts of the epic, published by Robin Kornman and his team under the title \u00abThe Epic of Gesar of Ling\u00bb (2012), has considerably broadened its international reception.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e24dbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e24dbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78f666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e78f666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Political Instrumentalisation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c80fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8c80fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over the past centuries the Gesar epic has fulfilled various political functions. In the late Qing period it was regarded as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of Tibetan autonomy, in the Republican period as an expression of Mongolian-Tibetan brotherhood.<\/p><p>In the People&#8217;s Republic of China, Gesar is officially presented as a \u00abhero of the Chinese multi-ethnic family\u00bb, which Tibetan intellectuals such as Tsering Shakya have criticised as an attempt at appropriation. In India and in the Tibetan exile, Gesar serves as a national <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of resistance against cultural erasure.<\/p><p>Within the Tibetan religions, too, the epic is politically relevant. The Nyingma-pa and some Kagy\u00fc lineages emphasise Gesar as a guardian of the Tibetan people, while the Gelug-pa tradition, to which the Dalai Lama also belongs, treats the epic with greater reserve because it preserves many pre-Buddhist elements.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel analysed these lines of tension as a typical expression of the inner plurality of Tibetan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4695fd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4695fd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b02e27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b02e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Singer Tradition and Oral Composition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ce5353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Tibetan usage, the performers of the Gesar epic are divided into several categories: \u00abbabs sgrung\u00bb (singers who have descended from visions or <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An altered state of consciousness with narrowed attention; deliberately induced in shamanic and mediumistic practice.\" tabindex=\"0\">trance<\/span>), \u00abthos sgrung\u00bb (listening singers, who have learned by hearing), \u00abdgongs sgrung\u00bb (those learning through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effect in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span>) and \u00abbrda sgrung\u00bb (sign singers, who work with written aids).<\/p><p>This classification is already found in the early reports by Rolf Alfred Stein in \u00abL&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e tib\u00e9taine de Gesar dans sa version lama\u00efque de Ling\u00bb (Paris 1956) as well as in \u00abRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u00bb (Paris 1959).<\/p><p>There Stein documents the biographies of individual singers, who had mostly lived through a severe illness or a trance episode at a young age, after which the episodes of the epic are said to have \u00abemerged\u00bb in them.<\/p><p>This observation was confirmed by Yang Enhong (\u00abA Comparative Study of the Singing Styles of Mongolian and Tibetan Geser\/Gesar Artists\u00bb, 2002) and Lauran Hartley for present-day singers of the provinces of Qinghai and Sichuan.<\/p><p>In \u00abCivilized Shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan Societies\u00bb (Washington 1993) and in his later collected volume \u00abTantric Revisionings\u00bb (Aldershot 2005), Geoffrey Samuel showed that the singer types typologically connect with shamanistic patterns of initiation, without standing in a direct lineage relationship to the B\u00f6n specialist class.<\/p><p>According to Stein&#8217;s records, the average performance time of a complete episode of the epic lies between six and twelve hours; the complete epic, in its 120 episodes transmitted today, comprises, according to estimates by Donald Lopez and Yang Enhong, about a million verses, which makes it one of the most extensive oral epics in the world.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56fff50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56fff50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7005d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7005d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mongolian, Buryat and Ladakhi Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302d3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"302d3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Mongolian version of the epic, \u00abGeser Khan\u00bb, was handed down through Mongolia and Buryatia in parallel with the Tibetan tradition and exists in several manuscript versions.<\/p><p>The most important is the \u00abBeijing woodblock edition\u00bb of 1716, published under the Kangxi Emperor, which places Mongolian court culture in a protective relationship to the Geser complex. In \u00abGeser-Studien.<\/p><p>Untersuchungen zu den Erz\u00e4hlstoffen in den neuen Kapiteln des mongolischen Geser-Zyklus\u00bb (Wiesbaden 1983), as well as in several volumes of the series \u00abAsiatische Forschungen\u00bb, Walther Heissig demonstrated that the Mongolian versions omit some Tibetan episodes and instead integrate local Mongolian heroic material (Geser&#8217;s sword, the battle against the twelve-headed Mangus).<\/p><p>Buryat singers (\u00ab\u00fclgershin\u00bb) developed from this their own epic tradition, in which Geser becomes a son of heaven from the northern steppe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><p>In Ladakh a distinct narrative form is attested, which was edited under the title \u00abKesar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative often with a historical core and miraculous features.\" tabindex=\"0\">Saga<\/span>\u00bb by August Hermann Francke in several volumes of the \u00abAsiatic Society of Bengal\u00bb (1905 to 1909).<\/p><p>Francke had previously collected oral versions in Khalatse and Leh over more than ten years and published them in Tibetan transcription with English translation.<\/p><p>This edition is valuable for source criticism because it documents a western fringe region of the tradition, in which Geser is not yet fully integrated into the Buddhist doctrinal framework but preserves features of a pre-Buddhist solar and royal hero.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd96ac9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd96ac9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be9da4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be9da4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolism and Iconographic Depiction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6868e04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6868e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the pictorial tradition Gesar is depicted as a martial rider, often with iron armour, lance, bow, feathered helmet and on a wind-swift horse. His white horse Kyang Bu, which is of heavenly origin, belongs firmly to the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial contents and their meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>.<\/p><p>In thangkas Gesar occasionally appears in the centre of a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A circular diagram that depicts the cosmos in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>, surrounded by his 30 heroes and the four kings of the cardinal directions. These depictions are attested in greater numbers from the 17th century onward.<\/p><p>The connection with the four heavenly kings gives the Gesar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial contents and their meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> a cosmological dimension that raises it beyond the purely heroic function.<\/p><p>In his works on the art of Amdo, Andreas Gruschke showed that the thangkas and wall paintings devoted to Gesar are designed very differently from region to region, and that the East Tibetan monasteries developed a particularly rich pictorial tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>King Gesar, Tibetan heroic epic King Gesar stands at the centre of the most extensive Tibetan heroic epic, which is still performed orally by singers today. King Gesar of Ling (Tibetan Gling Ge-sar rgyal-po) is the mythical ruler of the Tibetan national epic and is regarded as the central heroic figure of the Inner Asian [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6128,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"King Gesar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"King Gesar: Tibetan Heroic Epic | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"King Gesar of Ling is the hero of the longest epic in the world: Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan. 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