{"id":6117,"date":"2026-05-19T11:48:28","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:48:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hwanin\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:25:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:25:17","slug":"hwanin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hwanin\/","title":{"rendered":"Hwanin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6117\" class=\"elementor elementor-6117 elementor-3053 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a485098 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a485098\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1badc31 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1badc31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1459092 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1459092\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cd092d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1cd092d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hwanin, supreme sky god of Korea<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec249e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ec249e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As the supreme sky god of Korea, Hwanin is the grandfather of the legendary founder of the realm, Dangun, in the foundation <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>. Hwanin (Korean \ud658\uc778, \u6853\u56e0) is the supreme lord of heaven in the Korean foundation myth and the grandfather of the mythical progenitor Dangun.<\/p><p>His figure is bound up with the Korean identity as a &#8220;people from heaven&#8221; and stands at the beginning of the oldest surviving genealogy of Korean kingship. The most important written source is the &#8220;Samguk Yusa&#8221; (&#8220;Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms&#8221;), which the Buddhist monk Iryeon (1206 to 1289) compiled in the year 1281.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104a22b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"104a22b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e516c19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e516c19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices, and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korean world of gods, shamans, and folk spirits.\">Korea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dc93ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8dc93ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92fbe17 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92fbe17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92fbe17\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92fbe17\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92fbe17\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37b7dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e37b7dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6018d iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d6018d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hwanin-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6118\" alt=\"Hwanin - gods from the Korean tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hwanin-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hwanin-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hwanin-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hwanin.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e79210a e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e79210a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a98f142 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a98f142\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7977b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7977b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation and textual-historical background<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26f8221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26f8221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The &#8220;Samguk Yusa&#8221; is the central source for the Hwanin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>. In it, Iryeon drew on older writings now lost, such as the &#8220;Gogi&#8221; (&#8220;Old Records&#8221;), which presumably dated from the late Goryeo period.<\/p><p>A second important source is the &#8220;Samguk Sagi&#8221; (&#8220;History of the Three Kingdoms&#8221;) by Kim Busik (1145), which, however, is Confucian-rationalist in orientation and largely omits mythical elements. Hwanin does not appear there. The &#8220;Jewang Ungi&#8221; of Yi Seunghyu from 1287, by contrast, names him in a verse history that arose parallel to Iryeon.<\/p><p>James Grayson reconstructed the source history in &#8220;Korea: A Religious History&#8221; (1989) and showed that the written fixing of the Dangun-Hwanin tradition took place only in the late Goryeo period, possibly as a reaction to Mongol overlordship.<\/p><p>Hong-Key Yoon has pointed out that the mythical genealogy played an important role in the construction of a Korean collective identity against Mongol dominance. Maurizio Riotto has examined the Buddhist mediation in Iryeon in detail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cdde47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0cdde47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f1e3ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f1e3ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Position in the Dangun myth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428db25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"428db25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, Hwanin is the supreme lord of heaven (cheonje) and father of Hwanung, who in turn is the father of Dangun. Hwanung wishes to descend to earth in order to instruct humankind.<\/p><p>For this his father Hwanin gives him three heavenly seals (&#8220;cheonbu inseo&#8221;), which authenticate his authority as the Son of Heaven, and sends him together with 3000 companions to Mount Taebaek (today mostly identified with Mount Baekdu). There Hwanung founds the &#8220;City of God&#8221; (&#8220;Sin-si&#8221;) and instructs humankind in the 360 arts of life.<\/p><p>On the mountain live a bear and a tiger who wish to attain human form. Hwanung gives them mugwort and garlic and orders them to fast for 100 days in a cave.<\/p><p>The tiger gives up, but the bear endures and becomes the beautiful woman Ungnyeo, who with Hwanung conceives the progenitor Dangun. Dangun later founds the mythical realm of Joseon, which the medieval texts date to the year 2333 BC. Hwanin himself remains throughout in heaven and does not intervene directly in earthly events.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9729f85 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9729f85\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a6015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57a6015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-839c0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"839c0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Hwanin is written in Chinese as \u6853\u56e0 in the oldest texts. Iryeon himself notes that it is a phonetic rendering and that Hwanin is another name for the Indian god Indra (Shakra Devanam Indra, in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Great Vehicle; one of the three main traditions of Buddhism, with the bodhisattva ideal.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mahayana<\/span> Buddhism Sakra).<\/p><p>This identification is at first surprising, but follows from Iryeon&#8217;s Buddhist background. In Buddhist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span>, Indra is the ruler of the Trayastrimsa gods and corresponds functionally to the supreme lord of heaven.<\/p><p>Don Baker analyzed the significance of this Buddhist identification in &#8220;Korean Spirituality&#8221; (2008) and showed that Iryeon thereby combined two functions: the anchoring of the Korean foundation myth in a pan-Buddhist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span> and the elevation of the national origin through the connection with one of the central deities of the Buddhist world.<\/p><p>Antonetta Bruno has proposed in her work on Korean religious history that Hwanin in his pre-Buddhist form was a native sky god whose designation was only subsequently harmonized with the Buddhist Indra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfef6e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfef6e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85af212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85af212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Function in the religious system<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43cf096 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43cf096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unlike his son Hwanung and his grandson Dangun, Hwanin does not act within the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>. He dispatches, commissions, and authenticates, but does not intervene himself. His role is that of a transcendent background god who makes the world possible from above, without intervening in its destinies.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religious studies<\/span> knows this type as the &#8220;Deus otiosus&#8221;, the &#8220;idle god&#8221;, who, according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Romanian scholar of religion (1907-1986); shaped the phenomenological method in religious studies.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mircea Eliade<\/span>, in many indigenous religions ends up at the margin of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> at the end of a development.<\/p><p>Boudewijn Walraven has pointed out in his work on Korean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious system in which specialists interact with the world of spirits.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamanism<\/span> that Hwanin plays hardly any role in shamanic practice, while his son Hwanung and his grandson Dangun are venerated at least in the mountain cults.<\/p><p>This distribution corresponds to the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> pattern in which the supreme god remains in the background, while the acting deities or heroes receive direct veneration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac01f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ac01f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f905f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2f905f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hwanin and the Daejonggyo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31249ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31249ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the late 19th and early 20th century, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> Daejonggyo arose in Korea, a reform movement that transferred the Dangun-Hwanin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> into a modern religious teaching.<\/p><p>Daejonggyo, founded in 1909 by Na Cheol, venerates a &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">holy<\/span> trinity&#8221; consisting of Hwanin (the Creator), Hwanung (the World-Shaper), and Dangun (the progenitor), who are understood as three aspects of a single divine reality. This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> formulation had no precursors in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Originating from the period before the spread of Christianity.\" tabindex=\"0\">pre-Christian<\/span> Korean religion and is a creative synthesis of Christian, Buddhist, and folk-religious elements.<\/p><p>Don Baker and James Grayson have analyzed the significance of Daejonggyo for Korean identity formation in the colonial period. The Japanese colonial administration pursued the movement intensively because it was regarded as a bearer of a national Korean consciousness.<\/p><p>Today Daejonggyo has only few adherents, but it played an important cultural role as a preserver of the mythical tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f3d62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33f3d62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec7371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fec7371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Political and national significance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cfe3d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cfe3d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Hwanin tradition has a strong national significance beyond the religious sphere. The mythical starting point of 2333 BC is regarded in Korean historiography as the beginning of the &#8220;Fourth Millennium&#8221; (Dangi calendar). During the colonial period, in which the Japanese administration attempted to dissolve Korean identity, the Dangun-Hwanin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> became a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of a conception or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of resistance.<\/p><p>In the modern Republic of Korea and in North Korea too, the tradition is taken up by the state, although in different ways: in the South more as cultural heritage, in the North as a historical fact with a political function.<\/p><p>Hong-Key Yoon has shown in his work on the cultural geography of Korea that the mythical localization of Hwanung at Mount Baekdu has a political significance still virulent today, because the mountain lies on the border between Korea and China and its identification as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> mountain is contested in both state traditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1689f05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1689f05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e22b8c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e22b8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research and discussion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-409982b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"409982b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanin research faces the difficulty of interpreting a tradition fixed in writing only late, whose older layers are not directly accessible. Antonetta Bruno, Boudewijn Walraven, James Grayson, Don Baker, and Maurizio Riotto have presented the most important methodological clarifications in recent decades.<\/p><p>They largely agree that the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> in its written form is a product of the late Goryeo period, but that it builds on older oral traditions whose exact form can no longer be reconstructed.<\/p><p>The connection to the Siberian and Mongolian tradition of the lord of heaven (Tengri belief) is discussed cautiously in research. Some parallels, such as the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of heavenly descent and of the three-part genealogy, suggest a common North Asian background, without this being capable of being developed into a clear line of religious history.<\/p><p>Maurizio Riotto has pointed out that the structural similarity does not necessarily mean genetic kinship, but can express a typological kinship between sky deities in Altaic-Uralic and neighboring cultures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c81cc97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c81cc97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc1eb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9fc1eb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hwanin in the modern Korean religious sphere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43b0d19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43b0d19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In present-day South Korea, Hwanin is not a directly venerated <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> outside the relatively small Daejonggyo community. He remains present, however, as educational material and as a reference point of national memory.<\/p><p>In school textbooks the Dangun-Hwanin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is presented as cultural heritage, without elevating it to the rank of a historical fact. In North Korea the Pyongyang school of historiography has partly treated the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> as a historical fact, which is viewed critically in international research.<\/p><p>In the Christian churches of Korea too, which today comprise a considerable part of the population, the tradition is occasionally received.<\/p><p>Individual Korean Protestant theologians use Hwanin as a cultural point of connection for proclaiming the biblical God, which Don Baker has described as a typical process of theological acculturation. This use is not undisputed, because it claims the mythical distinctiveness of Hwanin for a foreign tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba469f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba469f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2703be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2703be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Archaeological discussion and prehistoric background<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2837ad2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2837ad2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The archaeological investigation of the Korean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistoric epoch in which bronze was the most important metal for implements.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> has raised the question of whether the Dangun-Hwanin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> refers to real early state formations. The Liaoning <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistoric epoch in which bronze was the most important metal for implements.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> (about 1500 to 300 BC) with its characteristic mandolin-shaped daggers and multi-angled mirrors is regarded as the material basis of the early Korean cultural sphere.<\/p><p>Sarah Nelson showed in &#8220;The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies past cultures on the basis of material finds.\" tabindex=\"0\">Archaeology<\/span> of Korea&#8221; (1993) that the mythical dating of 2333 BC is not covered archaeologically, but that the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistoric epoch in which bronze was the most important metal for implements.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> of the Liaodong Peninsula and North Korea represents a real cultural unit in which the later Dangun tradition could be rooted.<\/p><p>Mark Byington has pointed out in his work on early Gojoseon that the historical existence of a Bronze Age state of Gojoseon is archaeologically probable, but that the mythical genealogy with Hwanin as a heavenly origin was added secondarily.<\/p><p>North Korean research has since the 1990s presented an alleged &#8220;Dangun burial site&#8221; near Pyongyang and dated it to about 5000 years, which is, however, regarded in international scholarship as a politically motivated construction. Pankaj Mohan and other researchers have documented the methodological problems of this dating.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03d26e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f03d26e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a34a24e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a34a24e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparative mythology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-407431f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"407431f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The figure of Hwanin stands typologically in a series of North Asian sky deities. The Mongolian Tenger (&#8220;heaven&#8221;), the Turkic Tengri, and the Manchu Abka enduri are supreme lords of heaven with a similar standing.<\/p><p>Roger Janelli and Dawnhee Yim Janelli have worked out in their studies of Korean folk religion the structural parallels between Korean Hananim, Mongolian Tenger, and Chinese Tian (&#8220;heaven&#8221;). All three concepts denote a transcendent lord of heaven who stands above earthly events and acts upon the earth through a mediating being or a son.<\/p><p>A specific parallel emerges with the Japanese Ninigi-no-Mikoto <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> in the &#8220;Kojiki&#8221; (712) and &#8220;Nihon Shoki&#8221; (720). There too the supreme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> (Amaterasu, or in the further background Ame-no-Minakanushi) sends a divine grandson down to earth, who becomes the progenitor of the ruling dynasty.<\/p><p>Maurizio Riotto has analyzed this parallel as a typological pattern of East Asian royal ideology: the supreme god remains in heaven, a mediating being conveys the divine authority to earth. The question of whether it is a matter of genetic kinship or independent parallel developments has not been conclusively settled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b659d07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b659d07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc077cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc077cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-848f1e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"848f1e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Primary sources: Iryeon, &#8220;Samguk Yusa&#8221; (1281), critical German partial translation by Vos and Riotto; Yi Seunghyu, &#8220;Jewang Ungi&#8221; (1287); Kim Busik, &#8220;Samguk Sagi&#8221; (1145). Secondary literature: James H. Grayson, &#8220;Korea: A Religious History&#8221; (Oxford 1989, 2nd edition 2002) and &#8220;Myths and Legends from Korea&#8221; (Richmond 2001); Don Baker, &#8220;Korean Spirituality&#8221; (Honolulu 2008); Maurizio Riotto, &#8220;La leggenda di Tan&#8217;gun&#8221; (Cassino 1994); Antonetta Bruno, &#8220;The Gate of Words: Language in the Rituals of Korean Shamans&#8221; (Leiden 2002); Boudewijn Walraven, &#8220;Songs of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious specialist credited with mediating between humans and the spirit world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shaman<\/span>&#8221; (London 1994); Hong-Key Yoon, &#8220;The Culture of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese teaching on the harmonious arrangement of buildings and spaces.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fengshui<\/span> in Korea&#8221; (Lanham 2006); Sarah Nelson, &#8220;The Archaeology of Korea&#8221; (Cambridge 1993); Mark Byington, &#8220;The History and Archaeology of the Koguryo Kingdom&#8221; and essays in &#8220;The Han Commanderies in Early Korean History&#8221; (Cambridge MA 2013). On the North Korean Dangun construction: Pankaj Mohan, &#8220;Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism&#8221;, in &#8220;Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies&#8221; (2004).<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hwanin, supreme sky god of Korea As the supreme sky god of Korea, Hwanin is the grandfather of the legendary founder of the realm, Dangun, in the foundation myth. Hwanin (Korean \ud658\uc778, \u6853\u56e0) is the supreme lord of heaven in the Korean foundation myth and the grandfather of the mythical progenitor Dangun. His figure is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6118,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hwanin","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hwanin: Supreme Sky God of Korea | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hwanin is the heavenly grandfather of Korea, father of Hwanung and grandfather of Dangun, the supreme god of Korean creation mythology.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86,27,58,113],"class_list":["post-6117","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods","category-goetter","category-korea"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hwanin: Supreme Sky God of Korea | iWell 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