{"id":6067,"date":"2026-05-19T11:59:09","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:59:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/horagalles\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:24:55","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:24:55","slug":"horagalles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/horagalles\/","title":{"rendered":"Horagalles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6067\" class=\"elementor elementor-6067 elementor-3064 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c86db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51c86db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c7d09 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c7d09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247d924 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"247d924\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-859b0ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"859b0ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Horagalles, Thunder God of the Sami<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5671d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e5671d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles (also Hora Galles, Tiermes or Aijeke) is, in Sami belief, the god of thunder and storm and counts as one of the most powerful deities of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Originating from the period before the spread of Christianity.\" tabindex=\"0\">pre-Christian<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> of the Sami peoples in the north of Scandinavia, Finland and the Russian Kola Peninsula.<\/p><p>His worship is documented through early modern missionary sources, whose evidential value has to be assessed with source criticism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0020e40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0020e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e240c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"95e240c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Worshipped through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7853f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f7853f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16003f2 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16003f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8542b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8542b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed4b00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fed4b00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6068\" alt=\"Horagalles - Gods from the Sami tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c52c e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a58c52c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2596b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e2596b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c754be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c754be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation and critical assessment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01c74e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c01c74e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important written sources on Sami religion date from the 17th and 18th centuries. Olaus Magnus, in his &#8220;Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus&#8221; (1555), gives the first comprehensive account of Sami religious practices, though in a strongly ethnographic and distanced form.<\/p><p>The central source is Johannes Schefferus&#8217;s &#8220;Lapponia&#8221; (1673), in which Horagalles is described by name and by function. In the 18th century, Knud Leem, Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius and Johan Nordlander added more detailed observations.<\/p><p>Caution is required when interpreting these sources. H\u00e5kan Rydving, in his studies, above all in &#8220;The End of Drum-Time&#8221; (1993), has shown that the missionary records depicted Sami religion through a Christian lens and systematically distorted it. Terms such as &#8220;god&#8221;, &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pejorative term for an image of worship regarded as false.\" tabindex=\"0\">idol<\/span>&#8221; or &#8220;devil&#8221; were applied without reflecting on Sami concepts.<\/p><p>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen, in &#8220;Sami <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythology<\/span>&#8221; (1999), pointed to the methodological difficulty that Sami religion in its pre-Christian form can today only be reconstructed indirectly. Louise B\u00e4ckman and Anna-Leena Siikala have edited and critically annotated the evidence systematically.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc1f546 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc1f546\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee392e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee392e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c45135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c45135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Horagalles is explained as a Sami borrowing from the Old Norse &#8220;\u00de\u00f3rr karl&#8221; (&#8220;old Thor&#8221;, &#8220;Thor-man&#8221;), which indicates a clear connection to the North Germanic thunder god Thor.<\/p><p>This etymology has been the standard assumption since the 19th century and was confirmed by linguists such as Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius and later by Konrad Nielsen and Pekka Sammallahti. In some Sami dialects the form Hora-Galles or Hora-Gallis is also attested, in Northern Sami Horag\u00e1lles.<\/p><p>In addition, scholarship uses further names for what is probably the same <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being worshipped as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>: Tiermes, Atjek, Aijeke or Pajan-Olmai. This variety of names reflects, on the one hand, regional dialect differences and, on the other, the fact that Sami religion did not have one uniform, dogmatically fixed form but varied strongly from place to place.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving has pointed out that the missionary records often carried out an artificial homogenization that did not correspond to the actual religious diversity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a4086 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36a4086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baf39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2baf39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Function as thunder god<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ec1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ec1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Horagalles is first and foremost a thunder god who controls lightning and thunder and thereby exercises power over the weather. He is regarded as a protector of people against evil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span>, especially against the Stallo (giants) and other hostile beings from Sami <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> belief.<\/p><p>His hammer or his battle axe is his most important weapon, with which he drives away the evil ones and fights against the trolls and giants. This function and armament explains the clear typological kinship with the North Germanic Thor.<\/p><p>Anna-Leena Siikala, in comparative works on Finno-Ugric and Sami <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted tales of the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, has shown that the thunder god conception among the Sami was influenced by contacts with the Scandinavian neighbours, but built on older, independent ideas.<\/p><p>Parallels are also found in the Finnish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> (Ukko) and in the East Siberian tradition (Num among the Nenets), which point to a wide-ranging North Eurasian thunder god complex.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f79bb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f79bb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be4684c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be4684c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Drum symbolism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d7823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8d7823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important source for the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> of the Sami gods are the Sami drums (&#8220;goavddis&#8221; or &#8220;gievrie&#8221;), which were collected by missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries and preserved in museums.<\/p><p>On many of these drums a central figure is depicted, usually armed with a hammer or axe, which is identified as Horagalles. Sometimes his figure is placed directly beneath the sun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> (Beaivi), which underscores his high position in the Sami <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><p>The meaning of these drum figures is, however, not unambiguous in all cases, because the drums were used by the respective &#8220;noaidi&#8221; (Sami shamans) for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> purposes and were designed with personal symbols.<\/p><p>Ernst Manker and Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m, in their studies of Sami drum art, have worked out the diversity of the depictions. There is no standardized <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> for Horagalles, but certain basic features (hammer, axe, anthropomorphic figure with raised weapon) appear repeatedly.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62583e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62583e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6e9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa6e9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Worship and rites<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff303a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff303a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The missionary sources report little in detail about the concrete worship practice. Horagalles evidently received <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gift to a deity to express thanks, request or worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> in the form of animals (above all reindeer), which were offered at special <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites (&#8220;sieidi&#8221;).<\/p><p>These cult sites were mostly striking rock formations, large stones or special trees that were regarded as the seat of the gods. During thunderstorms, special <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gift to a deity to express thanks, request or worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> were offered to appease Horagalles or to ask for his help.<\/p><p>Shamanic practice was at the centre of Sami religion. The noaidi could make contact with the gods, including Horagalles, with the help of his drum and through ritualized <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An altered state of consciousness with narrowed attention; deliberately induced in shamanic and mediumistic practice.\" tabindex=\"0\">trance<\/span> journeys.<\/p><p>This practice is often presented in the missionary sources as &#8220;devil&#8217;s sorcery&#8221; and was systematically persecuted in the 17th and 18th centuries. H\u00e5kan Rydving, in &#8220;The End of Drum-Time&#8221;, has documented how the Sami drums were burned or confiscated during this period, which led to a massive loss of religious cultural goods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf8ed3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf8ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1298de4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1298de4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christianization and suppression<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fbc340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Christianization of the Sami began in the 11th and 12th centuries with first missionary attempts, intensified massively in the 16th and 17th centuries, and ended in the 18th and early 19th centuries with the extensive displacement of the pre-Christian religion from public life.<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving has traced the stages of this process in detail. The Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish and Russian state and church authorities used punishments, drum confiscations and forced baptisms to suppress the traditional belief.<\/p><p>During this phase of suppression, Horagalles was often identified with the Christian devil or with &#8220;Satan&#8221;. This identification was part of the missionary strategy of branding the old religion as demonic.<\/p><p>The identification of Horagalles with Saint Olaf was also widespread, the Norwegian royal saint who, like Horagalles, was regarded as a fighter of trolls and giants and could thus function as an iconographic bridge between the old and the new religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc98dbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc98dbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a74a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00a74a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4374957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4374957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The modern study of Sami religion began in the second half of the 19th century and became markedly more differentiated in the 20th and 21st centuries. Important contributions come from H\u00e5kan Rydving, Juha Pentik\u00e4inen, Louise B\u00e4ckman, Anna-Leena Siikala, Ernst Manker and Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m.<\/p><p>Together they have developed a differentiated picture of Sami religion that takes into account the diversity of regional traditions, the distortions caused by missionary sources and the difficulties of reconstruction.<\/p><p>A central matter of dispute concerns the degree of influence from Scandinavian religion. While older research saw Horagalles as a purely Sami counterpart to Thor, more recent works emphasize the independent Sami tradition and see the Scandinavian influence as a layer over an older Sami thunder god conception.<\/p><p>This position is held above all by Anna-Leena Siikala, who points to Finno-Ugric parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eae97c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eae97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f1672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f1672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key missionary sources of the 17th and 18th centuries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3246d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3246d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important stage of the Horagalles <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and tales across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> in terms of source criticism lies in the 17th and 18th centuries, when Swedish and Danish-Norwegian missionaries and officials first made systematic records of Sami religion.<\/p><p>Johannes Schefferus published his &#8220;Lapponia&#8221; in Frankfurt in 1673, a regional account written on behalf of the Swedish Lord High Chancellor Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, which in a separate chapter, &#8220;De Lapponum Diis&#8221;, presents the world of the gods and lists Horagalles (in the form &#8220;Thoragalles&#8221;) as the highest of the thunder gods named among the &#8220;Stoorjunkare&#8221;.<\/p><p>Schefferus relied on reports by Swedish pastors such as Olaus Petri Niurenius, Samuel Rheen, Olaus Graan and Johannes Tornaeus, whose manuscripts he partly quoted directly. The &#8220;Lapponia&#8221; was quickly translated into several European languages (English 1674, German 1675, French 1678) and shaped the ethnographic perception of Sami religion in Europe for a century.<\/p><p>In the Norwegian-Danish region, the manuscripts of the missionary Thomas von Westen (1682 to 1727) arose in parallel; he led a systematic missionary effort in the northern Norwegian Sami areas as the &#8220;Apostle of the Lapps&#8221;.<\/p><p>His pupils Isaac Olsen, Hans Skanke (with the &#8220;Epitomes Historiae Missionis Lapponicae Pars Prima&#8221;, completed in 1728), Jens Kildal and Johan Randulf gathered an extensive corpus of handwritten reports, which are referred to as the &#8220;N\u00e6r\u00f8y manuscript&#8221; (Randulf) and the &#8220;Kildal manuscript&#8221;.<\/p><p>These sources were not fully edited until the 20th century, by Reidar Th. Christiansen and Karl Bernhard Wiklund.<\/p><p>They provide the densest descriptions of the concrete sacrificial practice: black oxen were <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to the thunder god in early summer, birch bark twigs in lightning shape were hung at <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">holy<\/span> places, and the &#8220;sieidi&#8221; stones received <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> of fat and blood.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e674e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e674e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f8ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15f8ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Drum painting in comparative research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58eb664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58eb664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The central iconographic source for Horagalles are the depictions associated with him on the &#8220;goavddis&#8221; drums, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious specialist credited with mediating between humans and the spirit world.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span> drums of the Sami &#8220;noaidi&#8221; specialists. Ernst Manker, in the two monumental volumes &#8220;Die lappische Zaubertrommel. Eine ethnologische Monographie&#8221; (Stockholm 1938 and 1950), documented and iconographically catalogued around seventy surviving drums in all.<\/p><p>On about a third of these drums a central figure with two hammers (or hammer and staff) is recognizable, which is identified with Horagalles in the source inscriptions of the drums and in the comments of the confiscating clergy.<\/p><p>A particularly dense depiction is found on the &#8220;Bindal drum&#8221; (Stockholm, Nordiska Museet) and on the &#8220;S\u00f8r-Fron drum&#8221; (Oslo, Norsk Folkemuseum).<\/p><p>H\u00e5kan Rydving, in &#8220;The End of Drum-Time. Religious Change Among the Lule Saami, 1670s to 1740s&#8221; (Uppsala 1995), has shown that the drum paintings are not to be read as a static <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, but as regionally varying, biographically shaped diagrams of the individual &#8220;noaidi&#8221;, whose pictorial world shifted strongly in the early modern encounters with Christianity.<\/p><p>Juha Pentik\u00e4inen (&#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious system in which specialists communicate with the spirit world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shamanism<\/span> and Northern Ecology&#8221;, Berlin 1996) and Anna Westman (anthology &#8220;S\u00e1pmi.<\/p><p>Becoming a Nation&#8221;, Stockholm 2007) have corroborated this thesis with reference to more recent drum examples and contextual reports from Inari and Pite Lappmark.<\/p><p>Konsta Kaikkonen, in his essays since 2017 (especially &#8220;S\u00e1mi Religious Source Material&#8221;, 2020), has pointed to the source-critical distortions that arose through the confiscation practice of the clergy: many drums were inscribed for &#8220;confession&#8221; and thus only assembled by the recorders into a theologically ordered <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38d8f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f38d8f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5565be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5565be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception today<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53521d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53521d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the 20th and 21st centuries, Sami identity, including religious elements, has become the subject of a broad cultural revitalization. The Sami languages are being promoted, traditional drum art is being practised again, and the old gods are at least being addressed again as cultural heritage.<\/p><p>There has been no official religious revival of the Horagalles cult, but in contemporary Sami art and literature he appears as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of cultural autonomy.<\/p><p>In the Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish majority culture, Horagalles is less well known than Thor and Odin, but has gained visibility in recent decades through the growing interest in Sami culture.<\/p><p>Museums such as the Siida Museum in Inari, the Nordnorsk Vitenskapsmuseum in Troms\u00f8 and the \u00c1jtte Museum in Jokkmokk present Sami religion and its gods to a wider public. This cultural visibility is part of a broader postcolonial reckoning with the historical oppression of the Sami tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Horagalles, Thunder God of the Sami Horagalles (also Hora Galles, Tiermes or Aijeke) is, in Sami belief, the god of thunder and storm and counts as one of the most powerful deities of the pre-Christian religion of the Sami peoples in the north of Scandinavia, Finland and the Russian Kola Peninsula. His worship is documented [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6068,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Horagalles Sami thunder god","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Horagalles: Thunder God of the Sami | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Horagalles (Hora Galles) is the Sami thunder god and protector of reindeer pastures. Related to Thor, with hammer, bow and shaman drum.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86,27,69,124],"class_list":["post-6067","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods","category-goetter","category-sami"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Horagalles: Thunder God of the Sami | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Horagalles (Hora Galles) is the Sami thunder god and protector of reindeer pastures. 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