{"id":5919,"date":"2026-05-13T20:26:05","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:32:46","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:32:46","slug":"teshub-hurrian-weather-god","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/","title":{"rendered":"Teshub: Hurrian Weather God"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5919\" class=\"elementor elementor-5919 elementor-2618 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teshub, Hurrian-Hittite Weather God and Imperial Ruler<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub is the supreme weather god of the Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> and, in the Hittite imperial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> from the 14th century BC onward, appears alongside <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tarhunna-weather-god-of-the-hittites\/\">Tarhunna<\/a> as an equal or dominant imperial god. In the Kumarbi cycle he establishes the new divine order after the fall of his father <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\/\">Kumarbi<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Weather god of the Hittite tradition.\">Weather God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the Hittite tradition.\">Hittite<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"High deity.\">High Deity<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-teshub-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-teshub-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-teshub-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5920\" alt=\"Teshub - Gods from the Hittite tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-teshub elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-teshub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Te\u0161ub is the <strong>Hurrian-Hittite<\/strong> weather god and the chief god of the Hittite state <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification and Short Profile<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub is among the best-documented deities of the Late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric era in which bronze was the most important metal for tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span>. Daniel Schwemer devoted a monograph of more than 700 pages to him in <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>In terms of religious history, Teshub is the Hurrian weather god, who probably originated among the northern Mesopotamian tribe of the Hurrians and, over the course of the 2nd millennium BC, radiated outward from the Mittani imperial period across the Levant and Anatolia.<\/p><p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\">Hittite imperial religion<\/a> under Tud\u1e2baliya IV and his successors, Teshub became, alongside <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tarhunna-weather-god-of-the-hittites\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>, the highest male <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>. The two are often used synonymously in texts; distinguishing them is a philological task and frequently difficult in individual cases. Hittite &#8216;translation <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>&#8216; worked with functional equivalence without fully unifying the gods.<\/p><p>His function is comprehensive: thunderstorm, rain, battle, royal protection, treaty oath, victory over the powers of chaos. Trevor Bryce described him in <em>The Kingdom of the Hittites<\/em> (2005) as a &#8216;cosmic ruler&#8217; whose victory over the stone giants guarantees the cosmic order.<\/p><p>In the vassal treaties Teshub appears as the supreme guarantor of oaths together with Tarhunna; the penalty formula threatens &#8216;being shattered like a clay jar&#8217; in the event of an oath being broken.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Teshub is Hurrian and is written in cuneiform texts as <em>Te-\u0161u-ub<\/em>, <em>Te-e\u0161-\u0161u-pa<\/em>, or logographically as DU. The etymology is not conclusively settled; one plausible derivation traces the element <em>te\u0161\u0161-<\/em> back to a Hurrian verb meaning &#8216;to thunder&#8217;, in which case Teshub would be &#8216;the Thundering One&#8217;. Volkert Haas and Schwemer have discussed this etymology as the most probable.<\/p><p>In Urartian the form Tei\u0161eba appears (Urartian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>); in Akkadian he is identified with Adad; in Hittite he is written logographically as DU, which facilitated his identification with <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tarhunna-weather-god-of-the-hittites\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>. In Hieroglyphic Luwian he appears as DEUS.TONITRUS, the same logogram as Tarhunna.<\/p><p>This overlap of name and logogram is a classic example of Hittite &#8216;translation theology&#8217;: local deities are translated into one another through functional identity, without a complete merger taking place.<\/p><p>In West Semitic he corresponds to the Old Syrian Hadad, who in turn is related to <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\">Phoenician tradition<\/a>. The Late Bronze Age weather-god constellation is densely interwoven across the northwest Asian and Levantine region.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description and Iconography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Hurrian-Hittite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>, Teshub appears as a bearded, powerful man in a short kilt, with a pointed divine cap, a bundle of lightning, and a battle axe.<\/p><p>His mount or chariot is a team of bulls, drawn by \u0160eri (&#8216;Day&#8217;) and \u1e2aurri (&#8216;Night&#8217;). This pictorial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> is held <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the authoritatively recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonical<\/span> at Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, in the Hattu\u0161a reliefs, and on numerous seals and bronze figurines.<\/p><p>Famous is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> of gods in Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya Chamber A, in which Teshub leads the male row and faces his consort <a href=\"\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a> in the center; <a href=\"\/en\/sarruma-hurrian-mountain-god-and-protector-of-kings\/\">Sarruma<\/a>, their son, stands beside Hebat on a leopard.<\/p><p>This triad is the most important Hurrian divine family and became the apex of the pantheon in the Hittite imperial cult.<\/p><p>On Hittite and North Syrian reliefs (Karkami\u0161, Aleppo), Teshub frequently appears with a raised axe, treading a bull before or beneath him; the pose is an Old Syrian storm-god formula.<\/p><p>Kay Kohlmeyer, in <em>Der <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> des Wettergottes von Aleppo<\/em> (2000), published the monumental basalt reliefs of the Aleppo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in detail; they show Teshub in several variants and are the most impressive weather-god images of the Old Syrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistoric epoch after the Bronze Age, characterized by ironworking.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iron Age<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythological Narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub is the main figure of the Kumarbi cycle. In the &#8216;Song of Kumarbi&#8217; he is born from inside his father <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\/\">Kumarbi<\/a>, after the latter has taken in the &#8216;manhood seed&#8217; of Anu with his teeth.<\/p><p>Three gods grow inside Kumarbi: Teshub as the mightiest, a river, and another god. They split Kumarbi open and step out.<\/p><p>After the fall of Kumarbi, Teshub assumes kingship in heaven.<\/p><p>There follow repeated attempts by Kumarbi to overthrow him: through <a href=\"\/en\/ullikummi-stone-giant-against-the-gods\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>, the stone giant, who grows toward heaven on the shoulder of the primeval giant Upelluri and threatens Teshub&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> in Kummiya; through the sea monster <a href=\"\/en\/hedammu-sea-monster-of-the-kumarbi-cycle\/\">Hedammu<\/a>, which threatens to devour the earth; through the &#8216;silver creature&#8217; and other beings.<\/p><p>In all the narratives Teshub triumphs with the help of his sister \u0160au\u0161ga and the smith god Ea, who uses the saw with which heaven and earth were once separated.<\/p><p>A further narrative is the &#8216;Song of the Sea&#8217; (CTH 346), a fragmentarily preserved text in which Teshub fights against the sea. The parallels to the Ugaritic Baal cycle, in which <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal<\/a> fights against <a href=\"\/en\/yam-phoenician-sea-god\/\">Yam<\/a>, are especially clear here.<\/p><p>Mary Bachvarova treated these parallels in detail in <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016) and showed that the sea-battle myths migrated into the Greek mythological circle around Typhon and Apollo via the Levant and Cyprus.<\/p><p>In a further mythological fragment, the &#8216;Song of Release&#8217; (CTH 789), Teshub appears as a mediator in a conflict between the city gods Ebla and Megi.<\/p><p>The text is bilingual Hurrian-Hittite and was opened up by Erich Neu in a monumental edition (1996). Teshub demands the release of slaves of the city of Ikinkalis and threatens Ebla with destruction if the demand is not met.<\/p><p>This narrative is especially valuable in religious-studies terms because it shows Teshub as a socio-ethical god who advocates the liberation of the unfree. It is one of the few <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Near Eastern god-stories with explicitly ethical content and stands in line with the biblical Exodus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>, without any direct dependence being demonstrable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub&#8217;s most important cult sites were Aleppo (\u1e2aalab), Kummiya (location unknown, presumably in North Syria or southern Anatolia), and \u0160amu\u1e2ba. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> in Aleppo had been the most important weather-god <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of North Syria since the Old Syrian period; it was integrated into the imperial religion in the 14th century BC under Hittite suzerainty.<\/p><p>Excavations under Kay Kohlmeyer have uncovered magnificent basalt reliefs of the 9th century BC in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> of Aleppo, which depict Teshub as a weather god.<\/p><p>In \u1e2aattu\u0161a there was a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> Teshub <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span>, as in the other great Hittite cities. The annual main festival was closely linked to the Hurrian-Hittite divine assembly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> <em>itkalzi<\/em>, which guaranteed the purity of all <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span>.<\/p><p>Joost Hazenbos examined the organization of these <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> in <em>The Organization of the Anatolian Local Cults<\/em> (2003).<\/p><p>Hittite vassal treaties include Teshub as the second oath god alongside Tarhunna; his oath formula states that an oath-breaker should be &#8216;shattered like a clay jar&#8217;. In Hurrian sources he appears as the supreme guarantor of treaties.<\/p><p>The priestly organization included Hurrian singers (<em>kaluti<\/em>), who linguistically transmitted the Hurrian festival songs in the original.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective Practice and the Apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub was the supreme protective god of the king and of kingship. On royal seals he frequently appears as a protective figure; the pictorial formula of the &#8216;divine embrace&#8217; from Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya shows another god (usually <a href=\"\/en\/sarruma-hurrian-mountain-god-and-protector-of-kings\/\">Sarruma<\/a>) embracing the king, but Teshub is the superordinate protective authority.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Averting harm: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaically<\/span>, Teshub figurines were deposited in the foundations of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> and palaces; bronze figures with a raised axe are known in considerable numbers from \u1e2aattu\u0161a, Karkami\u0161, and other sites.<\/p><p>In the Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> ritual <em>itkahi<\/em>, clay figures were used as protective images that brought Teshub&#8217;s power into the household. Volkert Haas described the domestic protective practices in detail in <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003).<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective, Teshub&#8217;s protective function is closely tied to the political order: he protects not the individual person, but the imperial order.<\/p><p>The iWell Guard regards him as a historical figure and not as a present-day addressee of protection. Healing promises or spiritual effect are, from a religious-studies viewpoint, not part of this lexicon presentation.<\/p><p>In the Hittite plague prayers of Mur\u0161ili II, Teshub is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> together with Tarhunna as a god who is asked to end the epidemic. This double <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invocatory addressing of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> shows the close religio-political interweaving of both weather-god hypostases in the imperial cult.<\/p><p>In the Hittite vassal treaties with Mittani, with Aleppo, and with Karkami\u0161, too, Teshub stands at the forefront as a guarantor of oaths; his name in the treaty formulary is the guarantor of a very concrete political order.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub is closely related to <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tarhunna-weather-god-of-the-hittites\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>, to the Old Syrian Hadad and Adad, to the West Semitic <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>, and to the Urartian Tei\u0161eba. His dragon-battle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> has close parallels to the Indra-Vrtra battle and to the Zeus-Typhon battle. Daniel Schwemer treated these parallels in detail in his monograph (2001).<\/p><p>With <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal<\/a>, Teshub shares the battle against the sea (<a href=\"\/en\/yam-phoenician-sea-god\/\">Yam<\/a>); with Zeus, the battle against the stone monster (Typhon corresponds to <a href=\"\/en\/ullikummi-stone-giant-against-the-gods\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>).<\/p><p>Hans G\u00fcterbock and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span> dealt extensively with the influence of Hurrian-Hittite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted god-narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> on Greek theogony; Burkert reconstructed the cultural-historical paths of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> in <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984) and in <em>Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis<\/em> (2003).<\/p><p>In terms of religious history, Teshub belongs to the northwest Asian storm-god type of the Late Bronze Age and is a key witness to the cultural interconnections between Anatolia, Syria, Mesopotamia, and the Aegean. His profile shows strong agreements with <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\">Phoenician tradition<\/a>.<\/p><p>Teshub occupies a remarkable special position in the Urartian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> of the 9th to 7th century BC; there he appears as Tei\u0161eba in second place after the imperial god \u1e2aaldi and before the sun god \u0160iwini. The Urartian triad shows the unbroken continuity of Hurrian religion even after the fall of the Hittite empire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Present-Day Reception and Research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Modern Teshub research begins with Hans G\u00fcterbock and Emmanuel Laroche (the CTH catalog). Important more recent contributions come from Daniel Schwemer, Volkert Haas, Itamar Singer, and Mary Bachvarova. Schwemer&#8217;s monograph remains to this day the most comprehensive presentation; it is the standard reference for Tarhunna and Baal-Hadad as well.<\/p><p>In popular reception, Teshub is hardly known. In Turkish tourism advertising for \u00c7orum and Bo\u011fazkale he is occasionally mentioned as the &#8216;Anatolian thunder god&#8217;. In Syria the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> of Aleppo was, until the civil war, an important site of cultural heritage; its fate after 2012 is not fully clarified, and restoration work resumed from 2018.<\/p><p>In religious-studies terms, Teshub is today regarded as a central example of the ancient Near Eastern storm-god tradition.<\/p><p>Current research priorities lie in the precise determination of his relationship to Tarhunna, in the role of Teshub in the vassal treaties, and in the transmission of his myths into Greek theogony. The iWell Guard lists him as a historical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> member and not as a spiritual addressee.<\/p><p>The restoration work on the Aleppo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> after the war damage is an important current archaeological project; a portion of the basalt reliefs could be conserved and secured in the Museum of Aleppo. The research results of the Syrian-German Mission under Kay Kohlmeyer continue to be published in the series <em>Damaszener Forschungen<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature and Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important standard works on Teshub research are compiled in the following selection. They comprise monographs, editions, and religious-historical syntheses. Schwemer&#8217;s monograph remains the most detailed, with an extensive bibliography and a detailed treatment of all known Teshub hypostases.<\/p><p>Kay Kohlmeyer&#8217;s Aleppo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> publication is the most important archaeological supplement; Bachvarova&#8217;s study on the Hittite-Homer connection is the most important comparative work of the last generation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp224b8235 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp224b8235\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d9115 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp263d9115\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Song of Ullikummi and the Fall of Teshub<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24990c0c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24990c0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2662854b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2662854b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Among the most impressive texts of the Hittite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The handing down of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> is the so-called Song of Ullikummi, an episode of the larger Kumarbi mythological circle.<\/p><p>The dethroned god <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\/\">Kumarbi<\/a> begets with a rock a being made of diorite, named Ullikummi and destined to topple Teshub from rulership. Ullikummi grows unhindered upward on the shoulder of the giant Upelluri, who carries the world, until he reaches heaven.<\/p><p>Teshub looks down from Mount Hazzi and recognizes the threat. A first attack by the gods fails, because Ullikummi is blind, deaf, and devoid of feeling, and nothing stops him.<\/p><p>The turning point is brought by the wise god Ea, who goes to the gods&#8217; old storehouse and fetches the ancient cutting tool with which heaven and earth were once separated. With this tool Ullikummi is severed at the feet from Upelluri&#8217;s shoulder and thereby robbed of his strength.<\/p><p>The text is transmitted on clay tablets in the Hittite language from the archive of Hattusha, but goes back to a Hurrian original. Hans Gustav G\u00fcterbock edited the Song of Ullikummi in 1951 and 1952 and thereby made accessible one of the key texts for comparison with Greek theogony.<\/p><p>The narrative shows Teshub not as an unchallenged ruler but as a king whose position must be defended again and again. It is thus a central testimony to the Hittite conception of divine rule as a precarious condition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cb5f7c0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cb5f7c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e132455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e132455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teshub and the Dragon Illujanka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b232d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24b232d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp259e779e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp259e779e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alongside the Kumarbi circle stands a second great <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> in which the weather god plays the leading role: the battle against the dragon Illujanka. This text was bound to the Hittite New Year festival <em>purulli<\/em> and is transmitted in two versions, which the scribe Kella attributes to a priest of the city of Nerik.<\/p><p>In the older version the dragon at first defeats the weather god. The goddess Inara thereupon arranges a festival and wins the mortal man Hupasija as a helper, who stipulates a reward from her. At the festival the dragon and his brood are made drunk, bound, and slain by the weather god.<\/p><p>In the younger version the dragon has robbed the weather god of his heart and eyes. The god begets a son who marries the dragon&#8217;s daughter and demands back the heart and eyes as a bride-gift.<\/p><p>Thus restored, the weather god kills the dragon, but in doing so must also <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express thanks, request, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span> his own son, who is on the side of the in-laws.<\/p><p>The binding of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> to the purulli festival is significant in religious-studies terms. Here is a rare case in which a narrative text is expressly linked to a concrete ritual occasion.<\/p><p>Calvert Watkins treated the Illujanka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> in his comparative-linguistic work as an example of an Indo-European narrative pattern in which a hero slays a dragon. At the same time, the narrative is evidence that the Hittite weather god was thoroughly conceived as defeatable and owes his victory to human and divine help.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25d451a5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25d451a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c6279ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c6279ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Rock Sanctuary of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24364644 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24364644\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225cd153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225cd153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>About two kilometers northeast of the Hittite capital Hattusha lies the rock sanctuary of Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, a natural rock chamber whose walls were covered in the 13th century before our era with reliefs of the Hittite divine world.<\/p><p>In the larger Chamber A, two processions move toward each other, a male one from the left and a female one from the right. At the point where they meet stands the weather god, identified in the reliefs by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A character of the ancient Egyptian pictorial script.\" tabindex=\"0\">hieroglyph<\/span>-like inscriptions as the Hurrian Teshub, facing him his consort Hebat.<\/p><p>Teshub stands on two bent mountain gods, a pictorial type that expresses his connection to the mountains. Behind him and before Hebat follow their children, among them the god Sarruma, who stands on a panther. The identification of the figures rests on the Luwian hieroglyphic signs and on comparison with god-lists from the clay-tablet archives.<\/p><p>Research interprets Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya predominantly as a place connected with the New Year festival and possibly with the cult of the dead of the royal family. The smaller Chamber B contains a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A representation worked out of a surface in raised, three-dimensional form.\" tabindex=\"0\">relief<\/span> of King Tudhalija IV and is regarded by some as a memorial for this ruler.<\/p><p>Kurt Bittel, who excavated Hattusha over decades, documented the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> in detail. Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya is the only place where the entire state divine hierarchy of the late Hittite period is preserved in stone, and Teshub stands literally in its center. That makes the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> the most important archaeological source for his position in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26382bdc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26382bdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29a5dce3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29a5dce3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From the Hurrian Teshub to the Hittite Imperial God<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28354bbc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp28354bbc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab489b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab489b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub was originally not a Hittite but a Hurrian god. The Hurrians, a people whose language is neither Semitic nor Indo-European, lived in northern Mesopotamia and in North Syria and exerted a strong cultural influence on the Hittite empire in the second millennium before our era.<\/p><p>With this influence Teshub too entered the Hittite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, where he merged with the native weather god, whom the Hittites wrote with the Sumerogram for weather god.<\/p><p>The rise of Teshub to imperial deity is closely connected with the Hittite royal house of the late period. The queen Puduhepa in particular, a Hurrian by birth and consort of Hattusili III, promoted Hurrian cults at court.<\/p><p>Under her influence and that of her son Tudhalija IV, the Hurrian divine world with Teshub at its head was integrated into the state cult, visible precisely at Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya.<\/p><p>Linguistically, this layering is clearly evident. The same god is called Taru in Hattic, in Hittite is usually written only logographically, in Hurrian Teshub, in Luwian Tarhunt, and in the Aramaic-Syrian region he corresponds to Hadad.<\/p><p>This variety of names attests that it is a deity function, the lord of the storm, that took on its own form in many languages of the ancient Near East.<\/p><p>Volkert Haas presented the Hurrian imprint on the late Hittite cult in detail in his <em>Geschichte der hethitischen Religion<\/em>. For Teshub this means that his history becomes understandable only as a history of cultural translation between Hurrians and Hittites.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Volkert Haas: <em>Geschichte der hethitischen Religion<\/em> (Leiden 1994)<\/li><li>Gary Beckman: <em>Hittite Myths<\/em> (SBL 1998)<\/li><li>Mary Bachvarova: <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (Cambridge 2016)<\/li><li>Trevor Bryce: <em>The Kingdom of the Hittites<\/em> (Oxford 2005)<\/li><li>Kay Kohlmeyer: <em>Der <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> des Wettergottes von Aleppo<\/em> (M\u00fcnster 2000)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-teshub e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-teshub\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-teshub-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-teshub-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of Teshub formed a central element of the imperial religion in the Hurrian-Hittite region. In Hattu\u0161a, Kummanni, and Aleppo, kings maintained <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> in which bull <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span>, weather prayers, and festival calendars honored the weather god.<\/p><p>His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was closely tied to kingship: the ruler was regarded as the earthly viceroy, and alliance treaties were sworn under <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invocatory addressing of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of Teshub, which anchored his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> at once politically and cosmologically.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-teshub e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-teshub\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-teshub-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-teshub-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub appears in Hurrian-Hittite sources as the supreme weather god and <em>imperial ruler<\/em>, who rides over the mountains with his chariot and, in the Kumarbi cycle, withstands the divine struggle for world dominion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Related key terms: Teshub Hurrians weather god Kumarbi cycle Ullikummi Aleppo Kummiya \u0160eri \u1e2aurri.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-teshub\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard and Protective Traditions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ties in with the cultural-historical tradition of portable protective objects, in the tradition of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\">Hittite<\/a> and many other cultures worldwide. 41 layers, solid gold, platinum, silver, made in Germany. 30-day right of return.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personal experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No healing promise.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard is <strong>not a medical device<\/strong> and does not replace medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The religious-studies content is cultural-historical classification, not a recommendation for spiritual practice.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teshub, Hurrian-Hittite Weather God and Imperial Ruler Teshub is the supreme weather god of the Hurrian pantheon and, in the Hittite imperial religion from the 14th century BC onward, appears alongside Tarhunna as an equal or dominant imperial god. In the Kumarbi cycle he establishes the new divine order after the fall of his father [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5920,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Teshub Hurrian weather god","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Teshub: Hurrian Weather God, Myth and Cult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Teshub is the Hurrian weather god who establishes divine kingship in the Kumarbi cycle. 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