{"id":5916,"date":"2026-05-13T20:25:59","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:25:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T14:00:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T14:00:59","slug":"kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\/","title":{"rendered":"Kumarbi: Hurrian Father of the Gods"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5916\" class=\"elementor elementor-5916 elementor-2617 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kumarbi, Hurrian-Hittite father of the gods and father of stone giants<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kumarbi is the Hurrian father of the gods and appears in the Hittite imperial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> as a significant, if problematic, high god. The &#8216;Kumarbi Cycle&#8217; named after him describes the generational succession of the gods and contains the stone-giant narratives around <a href=\"\/en\/ullikummi-stone-giant-against-the-gods\/\">Ullikummi<\/a> and <a href=\"\/en\/hedammu-sea-monster-of-the-kumarbi-cycle\/\">Hedammu<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God of the Hittite tradition.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the Hittite tradition.\">Hittite<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Father of the gods.\">Father of the gods<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kumarbi-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kumarbi-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kumarbi-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_kumarbi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5917\" alt=\"Kumarbi - Gods from the Hittite tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_kumarbi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_kumarbi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_kumarbi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_kumarbi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-kumarbi elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-kumarbi\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-kumarbi\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-kumarbi\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-kumarbi elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-kumarbi\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kumarbi is considered the central father <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the <strong>Hurrian-Hittite<\/strong> pantheon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Overview and brief profile<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kumarbi belongs to the Hurrian-Hittite religious stratum and is the &#8216;father of the gods&#8217; (Hurrian <em>atte enna<\/em>) in the Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><p>In <em>Geschichte der hethitischen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religion<\/span><\/em> (1994), Volkert Haas showed that Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> seeped deeply into Hittite religion during the 15th and 14th centuries BCE, and that Kumarbi, as the father of <a href=\"\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a>, acquired a central position. Within the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\">Hittite tradition<\/a> he is the most prominent representative of the Hurrian religious component.<\/p><p>His religious-historical profile is ambivalent: on the one hand he is the creator and guarantor of an earlier divine order, on the other, after his dethronement by Teshub, he is the great adversary of the weather god and incites uprisings through stone giants and sea monsters.<\/p><p>In <em>Die Wettergottgestalten<\/em> (2001), Daniel Schwemer aptly characterized him as a &#8216;fallen father god&#8217;. This ambivalence makes him one of the theologically most interesting figures in all of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Near Eastern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The Kumarbi Cycle is the most significant mythological composition of the Hittite-Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> and ranks among the most important narrative sources of ancient Near Eastern theogony as a whole.<\/p><p>Its importance reaches far beyond Anatolia, because it contains structural parallels to the Greek theogony of Hesiod and, since Hans G\u00fcterbock&#8217;s groundbreaking edition of 1946, has been regarded as a key witness to the oriental-Greek connection of myths.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Kumarbi is of Hurrian origin. Volkert Haas proposed the etymology &#8216;the one of Kumar&#8217;, where Kumar was presumably the original <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> site.<\/p><p>An alternative interpretation sees in the element <em>-bi<\/em> a Hurrian adjectival suffix; Kumarbi would then mean &#8216;the Kumarian&#8217;. Both interpretations point to an urban-divine origin that was subsequently generalized in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> terms.<\/p><p>In cuneiform texts his name appears as <em>Ku-mar-bi<\/em>, occasionally written logographically as DKUM or DNISABA (the Sumerian grain god), which points to a functional similarity with vegetation and grain deities.<\/p><p>This identification with the Mesopotamian grain god is informative for the history of religion, because Kumarbi did in fact also carry grain and fertility functions. In some texts he is referred to as &#8216;father of the grain&#8217;.<\/p><p>In Ugaritic he corresponds to El, the aged father of the gods; there too the constellation &#8216;old father god, young storm god&#8217; is a central theological <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>.<\/p><p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\">Phoenician<\/a> tradition El likewise appears in this role, although mostly receding behind <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>. There is no direct etymological connection between Kumarbi and El; the parallel is purely functional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description and iconography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iconographically, Kumarbi is hard to pin down. At Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, the great rock <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> near \u1e2aattu\u0161a, he appears in the main chamber A in the second row of the male divine <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span>, behind <a href=\"\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a>.<\/p><p>He wears a long pleated robe and a pointed divine cap and holds a scepter in his hand. On some seals from Nuzi and Alala\u1e2b he appears with grain or plant attributes, which underlines his character as a vegetation father god.<\/p><p>His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> animal is not unambiguously attested; in some texts he appears with a bull that carries him on its back, in others with a stag.<\/p><p>Volkert Haas interpreted this as an indication of his merging with local Anatolian vegetation and protective deities. In the Hattic-Hittite standard service of Alaca H\u00f6y\u00fck there are stag depictions that may possibly be assigned to Kumarbi, although the identification is disputed.<\/p><p>A particular pictorial tradition shows Kumarbi with a sickle; in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> this sickle is the tool with which he castrates his father <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anu-hattic-hurrian-sky-god\/\">Anu (Hittite)<\/a>, although according to the textual tradition he bites him, and the sickle is a secondary pictorial metaphor.<\/p><p>The parallel to the Greek sickle of Kronos is striking and has been discussed in comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> ever since Hans G\u00fcterbock&#8217;s edition of the Kumarbi Cycle in 1946.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythological narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Kumarbi Cycle (CTH 344 and others) comprises several texts: the &#8216;Song of Kumarbi&#8217; (also &#8216;Song of Kingship in Heaven&#8217;), the &#8216;Song of Ullikummi&#8217;, the &#8216;Song of Hedammu&#8217; and further fragmentarily preserved pieces. The edition by Hans G\u00fcterbock (1946) and the translations by Beckman and Hoffner (<em>Hittite Myths<\/em>, 1998) are the standard references.<\/p><p>The opening text describes the succession of the gods: first Alalu was king in heaven, overthrown after nine years by <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anu-hattic-hurrian-sky-god\/\">Anu (Hittite)<\/a>; after a further nine years Anu was overthrown by Kumarbi, who castrated him with his teeth and thereby became pregnant with Anu&#8217;s &#8216;manly seed&#8217;. From inside Kumarbi three gods then grew, among them <a href=\"\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a>, who was to break Kumarbi&#8217;s rule.<\/p><p>There follows Kumarbi&#8217;s attempt to regain power with various monsters: he begets with the daughter of the sea the stone giant <a href=\"\/en\/ullikummi-stone-giant-against-the-gods\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>, who grows toward heaven on the shoulder of the giant Upelluri; he begets the sea monster <a href=\"\/en\/hedammu-sea-monster-of-the-kumarbi-cycle\/\">Hedammu<\/a>; he unleashes the silver creature and other beings.<\/p><p>In every case Teshub triumphs in the end with the help of his sister \u0160au\u0161ga-I\u0161tar and the smith god \u1e2aa\u0161ammilu (Ea).<\/p><p>In the &#8216;Song of Silver&#8217; (CTH 364) Kumarbi creates yet another being, the silver creature, half human, half mineral, which is to instigate a cosmic uprising.<\/p><p>The text is fragmentary, but the plot follows the same scheme: Kumarbi begets with a mortal or half-divine mother a being meant to overthrow Teshub, and the being is ultimately defeated.<\/p><p>This narrative pattern of repeated attempts constitutes the tragedy of Kumarbi: he is the great father who sets himself against the course of history and repeatedly fails against his more powerful son.<\/p><p>From the perspective of the history of religion this is a remarkable <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>: not the linear victory, but the repeated attempt of a deposed patriarch to overturn the order of the gods, is the central narrative axis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and worship<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kumarbi&#8217;s main cult was located in the city of Urke\u0161 (today Tell Mozan in Syria), one of the oldest Hurrian city foundations. Archaeological excavations under Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati identified there a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> that was probably <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to Kumarbi. In \u1e2aattu\u0161a he had his own <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> as part of the imperial pantheon.<\/p><p>In the Hittite imperial calendar Kumarbi belonged to the deities to whom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express thanks, request or worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> were brought during the great imperial festivals, although mostly in a second rank after Teshub and <a href=\"\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a>.<\/p><p>He held a special position in the Hurrian festival calendar, above all during the &#8216;Great Assembly&#8217; (<em>itkalzi<\/em>) and in the oath <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> <em>itkahi<\/em>. In the imperial calendar the festival <em>(EZEN) \u1e2bi\u0161uwa<\/em> was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> to him, a multi-day festival described in detail in the temple inventories.<\/p><p>The priestly organization of his cult was twofold: Hurrian priests (<em>kaluti<\/em>) performed the Hurrian rituals, Hittite priests the Hittite ones. This ritual bilingualism is well documented, in particular by Joost Hazenbos in <em>The Organization of the Anatolian Local Cults<\/em> (2003).<\/p><p>The Hurrian festival songs were performed in the Hurrian language, even though the language had long since been replaced by Hittite as the everyday vernacular.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective practice and the apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kumarbi was not a classic protective god of the individual person; his function lay rather in the cosmic and political sphere. In oath rituals and oath texts he appears regularly as a guarantor.<\/p><p>The <em>itkahi<\/em> oath <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn act carried out according to fixed rules.\" tabindex=\"0\">ceremony<\/span> linked his name with that of <a href=\"\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a> and <a href=\"\/en\/hebat-hurrian-supreme-goddess\/\">Hebat<\/a> in a kind of divine triad. In the Hurrian oath formula he was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as &#8216;father of the gods&#8217;.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Averting evil: of signs and objects meant to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaically<\/span>, clay figures representing Kumarbi and his brood were used in Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> rituals; they were symbolically bound or buried in order to bind uprisings, illnesses or hostile powers.<\/p><p>The practice stands in the tradition of Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> figurines and is part of the comprehensive protective ritual repertoire of Hurrian-Hittite religion. In <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003) Volkert Haas presented the corresponding text editions.<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective, Kumarbi is an example of the theological ambivalence of creator gods who are at the same time deposed and potentially dangerous. A modern protective practice does not draw on his figure. iWell Guard regards him as a historical, religious-historical figure with no current reference to any healing promise.<\/p><p>In Hittite festival calendars Kumarbi occasionally appears as a recipient of specific <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express thanks, request or worship.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> from the royal treasury: silver ingots, woolen garments, kinds of bread and beer.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> quantities are recorded in temple inventories and provide information about the economic outlay of the Hurrian festival cult. A complete edition of these inventories is available from Tr\u00e9mouille and Pecchioli Daddi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The parallels to the Greek Kronos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> are especially striking: just as Kumarbi castrates his father Anu and thereby produces divine beings, Kronos castrates his father Uranos and thus frees the Hecatoncheires and Cyclopes.<\/p><p>Just as Kumarbi is overthrown by Teshub, Kronos is overthrown by Zeus. As early as 1946 Hans G\u00fcterbock interpreted these parallels as an indication of oriental influence on the Greek theogony; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span> treated them at length in <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984).<\/p><p>The configuration &#8216;old father god, young storm god&#8217; recurs in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle as well (El opposite <a href=\"\/en\/baal-hadad-phoenician-weather-god\/\">Baal<\/a>); there, however, El is not actively hostile toward Baal. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/phoenicians-and-carthage-baal-tanit-and-the-tradition-of-protection\/\">Phoenician pantheon<\/a> of the late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The prehistoric epoch after the Bronze Age, marked by the working of iron.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iron Age<\/span> the figure has receded sharply and is frequently depicted as an aged patriarch in the background.<\/p><p>In the Akkadian Atra\u1e2basis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> and in the Enuma Elish structural parallels can be drawn, even if there is no direct identification. For the history of religion, Kumarbi is a central connecting link between Anatolian, Syrian and Aegean theogony.<\/p><p>In <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016) Mary Bachvarova traced in detail the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> paths of the theogony motifs via Phoenician and northern Syrian intermediate stations.<\/p><p>Current research by Stefano de Martino and Massimiliano Marazzi additionally discusses the question of the relationship between Kumarbi and the mythical element &#8216;mountain&#8217;; some of his epithets point to mountain <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span>, which places him in line with other Anatolian mountain deities and indicates his rootedness in the local <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Present-day reception and research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since G\u00fcterbock&#8217;s edition (1946) the Kumarbi Cycle has been a standard subject of ancient Near Eastern religious research. Important more recent contributions have been made by Beckman, Hoffner, Mary Bachvarova and Volkert Haas.<\/p><p>In <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016) Bachvarova comprehensively examined the mechanisms of transmission between Anatolian and Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> and showed that the transitions run across several linguistic and cultural domains.<\/p><p>In modern Turkey and Syria Kumarbi is hardly received in popular culture; the Hurrian identity is scarcely present any longer in the contemporary population. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> attracts scholarly attention above all in comparative theogony studies. The excavations at Tell Mozan\/Urke\u0161 since the 1980s have substantially expanded the archaeological picture of the Kumarbi cult.<\/p><p>In religious studies, Kumarbi is today regarded as a central example of generational succession in divine cycles and of the connection between creation and conflict in ancient Near Eastern thought.<\/p><p>A spiritual revival in the neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymous with heathen; belonging to a pre-Christian religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">pagan<\/span> sense is lacking; the figure is too alien and mythically complex to connect with modern forms of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>. iWell Guard records him as a historical figure with no reference to contemporary protective practice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature and sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Standard works on Kumarbi research and on the Kumarbi Cycle are compiled in the following selection; they bring together the most important editions, translations and religious-historical syntheses. Hans G\u00fcterbock&#8217;s first edition of 1946 is still an indispensable foundation methodologically and philologically; Beckman&#8217;s translation makes the text accessible in English.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert and Mary Bachvarova offer the most important comparative-religion studies on the Greek parallels, while Schwemer systematizes the connection to the West Semitic and Mesopotamian weather-god tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca1686f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ca1686f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2217db0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2217db0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kingship in heaven and the succession of the gods<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp227df5c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp227df5c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e4d9ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e4d9ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The foundational text of the Kumarbi circle bears in scholarship the title Kingship in Heaven or, after the Hittite incipit, the Song of Origin. It depicts a succession of divine rulers.<\/p><p>First Alalu reigns, then Anu, the sky god, overthrows him and makes him a servant. After nine years Kumarbi rises against Anu, chases him, seizes him by the feet and, as he falls from heaven, bites off his genitals.<\/p><p>Through this act Kumarbi becomes pregnant. Inside him several deities grow, among them the weather god <a href=\"\/en\/teshub-hurrian-weather-god\/\">Teshub<\/a>, the river Tigris and the god Tasmisu.<\/p><p>The text depicts a grotesque, physically concrete birth in which the gods seek a way out of Kumarbi. With that the constellation for the rest of the mythic circle is set: Teshub will come to power, and Kumarbi will seek to overthrow him.<\/p><p>The religious-historical significance of this text lies in its striking closeness to the Greek theogony of Hesiod. There too Uranos is followed by Kronos, who castrates him, and Kronos by the weather god Zeus.<\/p><p>Franz Dornseiff and above all Hans Gustav G\u00fcterbock worked out this parallel early on, and it has since been regarded as one of the most important pieces of evidence for the influence of ancient Near Eastern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> on early Greek poetry.<\/p><p>The transmission probably took place via northern Syria and Hurrian culture. The text is preserved on Hittite clay tablets from Hattusa and goes back to a Hurrian model.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp200442c0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp200442c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f9eb7fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2f9eb7fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kumarbi's sons against Teshub<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2db9e6fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2db9e6fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c9926e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2c9926e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Kumarbi circle is not a single narrative but a sequence of songs that all revolve around the same conflict: Kumarbi tries again and again to beget or create a being that can overthrow the weather god Teshub.<\/p><p>The best known of these attempts is the Song of Ullikummi, the stone being. Alongside it stand further texts, often preserved only fragmentarily.<\/p><p>In the so-called Song of Silver the hero is a being named U\u0161\u1e2bune, whose name means silver and who is likewise a son of Kumarbi.<\/p><p>It grows up, learns of its descent and threatens the order of heaven, until the Sun and the Moon confront it. Another text, the Song of Hedammu, tells of a snakelike sea monster, a son of Kumarbi and the sea deity, that threatens to devour humankind.<\/p><p>Here it is the goddess <a href=\"\/en\/anat-phoenician-war-goddess\/\">\u0160au\u0161ka<\/a>, the Hurrian counterpart of I\u0161tar, who soothes Hedammu with her power of seduction and thereby renders it harmless.<\/p><p>In all these songs Kumarbi stands for the old, deposed generation that wants to regain its rule, while Teshub embodies the established order. It is characteristic that Teshub never averts the danger alone. It requires the cunning of Ea, the seduction by a goddess or ancient tools from the time of the world&#8217;s creation.<\/p><p>The Hittite-Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> thus portrays rule as something contested, which has to be defended against the constantly recurring claims of the previous generation. These songs were gathered in Hattusa and are today, supplemented by newer finds from Anatolia, accessible in the editions of the Hittite mythic texts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2276b230 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2276b230\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20c3d777 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20c3d777\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kumarbi and his Hurrian background<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2852a86a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2852a86a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp296dd614 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp296dd614\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kumarbi is a genuinely Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>. His main cult site was the northern Syrian city of Urkesch, today Tell Mozan, where German and American excavations under Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati uncovered a significant Hurrian city of the third millennium before our era. Already in very early times Kumarbi appears there as city god.<\/p><p>The Hittites adopted Kumarbi together with the entire mythic circle from the Hurrian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>. In the Hittite god lists Kumarbi is occasionally equated with the Mesopotamian grain god Dagan or with the Sumerian Enlil. These equations are informative.<\/p><p>The connection to Dagan and to grain suggests that, alongside his role as deposed king of the gods, Kumarbi also bore traits of a grain or father god. In the myths he is frequently called the father of the gods.<\/p><p>Research debates whether the Hurrian Kingship-in-Heaven song in turn reworks older Mesopotamian models. Some elements, such as the generational succession of divine rulers, could go back to Babylonian or even older traditions.<\/p><p>Volkert Haas and Gernot Wilhelm opened up Hurrian religion in several works and singled out Kumarbi as a central figure within it. It is certain that with Kumarbi the Hittites adopted far more than a single god: they took over an entire mythological narrative tradition, which through Hurrian mediation finally radiated as far as the Greek world.<\/p><p>Kumarbi is thus a key to the question of how ancient Near Eastern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> reached the West.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Hans G\u00fcterbock: <em>Kumarbi. Mythen vom churritischen Kronos<\/em> (Z\u00fcrich 1946)<\/li><li>Volkert Haas: <em>Geschichte der hethitischen Religion<\/em> (Leiden 1994)<\/li><li>Gary Beckman: <em>Hittite Myths<\/em> (SBL 1998)<\/li><li>Mary Bachvarova: <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (Cambridge 2016)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Walter Burkert: <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (Heidelberg 1984)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-kumarbi e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-kumarbi\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-kumarbi-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-kumarbi-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Kumarbi Cycle, deriving from the <strong>Hittite<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, describes the overthrow of the sky god and the begetting of stone giants, which is why Kumarbi has also entered religious-historical research as the <strong>father of stone giants<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Related key terms: Kumarbi Hurrians Anu Teshub Ullikummi Hedammu itkahi Urke\u0161.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-kumarbi\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard and protective traditions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ties in with the cultural-historical tradition of portable protective objects, in the tradition of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hittite-anatolian-tarhunna-thousands-of-gods-and-protective-practice\/\">Hittite<\/a> culture and many other cultures worldwide. 41 layers, solid gold, platinum, silver, crafted in Germany. 30-day right of return.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personal experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No healing promise.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kumarbi-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-kumarbi-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard is <strong>not a medical device<\/strong> and does not replace medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The religious-studies content is cultural-historical contextualization, not a recommendation for spiritual practice.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kumarbi, Hurrian-Hittite father of the gods and father of stone giants Kumarbi is the Hurrian father of the gods and appears in the Hittite imperial pantheon as a significant, if problematic, high god. The &#8216;Kumarbi Cycle&#8217; named after him describes the generational succession of the gods and contains the stone-giant narratives around Ullikummi and Hedammu. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5917,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kumarbi Hurrian god cycle","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kumarbi: Hurrian Father of the Gods and His Cycle","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kumarbi, the Hurrian father of the gods, stands at the center of the Kumarbi Cycle alongside Anu, Teshub and Ullikummi. A religious-studies overview.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"class_list":["post-5916","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kumarbi: Hurrian Father of the Gods and His Cycle<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kumarbi, the Hurrian father of the gods, stands at the center of the Kumarbi Cycle alongside Anu, Teshub and Ullikummi. A religious-studies overview.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kumarbi: Hurrian Father of the Gods\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kumarbi, the Hurrian father of the gods, stands at the center of the Kumarbi Cycle alongside Anu, Teshub and Ullikummi. A religious-studies overview.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-04T14:00:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_kumarbi.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/en\\\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/en\\\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\\\/\",\"name\":\"Kumarbi: Hurrian Father of the Gods and His Cycle\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/en\\\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/en\\\/kumarbi-hurrian-father-of-the-gods\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_hethitisch_kumarbi.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-13T20:25:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-04T14:00:59+00:00\",\"description\":\"Kumarbi, the Hurrian father of the gods, stands at the center of the Kumarbi Cycle alongside Anu, Teshub and Ullikummi. 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