{"id":5872,"date":"2026-05-13T20:23:37","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:23:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lono-hawaiian-god-of-peace-and-fertility\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:33:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:33:18","slug":"lono-hawaiian-god-of-peace-and-fertility","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lono-hawaiian-god-of-peace-and-fertility\/","title":{"rendered":"Lono: Hawaiian God of Peace and Fertility"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5872\" class=\"elementor elementor-5872 elementor-2602 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono: Hawaiian High God of Peace, Agriculture and the Makahiki<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Hawaiian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, Lono is one of the four high gods, the Atua of peace, fertility, rain, agriculture and the great annual Makahiki festival.<\/p><p>He is a close parallel figure to the Maori Atua <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/rongo-maori-god-of-peace-and-the-sweet-potato\/\">Rongo<\/a>. This account describes his position in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, the Makahiki system and the historically famous connection with James Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God of the Polynesian \/ Maori tradition.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/polynesia-maori-hawaii-and-protective-traditions\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the Polynesian \/ Maori tradition.\">Polynesia \/ Maori<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"High deity of peace.\">High Deity of Peace<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5873\" alt=\"Lono: Gods from the Polynesian-Maori tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification in the Hawaiian Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono belongs to the four high gods of Hawai&#8217;i, together with Ku, Kane and <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kanaloa-hawaiian-god-of-the-ocean\/\">Kanaloa<\/a>. He is the Atua of peace and thus stands in functional opposition to Ku, the war god.<\/p><p>In the annual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> calendar, the worship of Ku and Lono alternated: during wartime Ku dominated, during the four Makahiki months Lono dominated.<\/p><p>In <em>Kingship and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express thanks, request, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sacrifice<\/span><\/em>, Valeri shows how the Hawaiian religious system institutionalized this two-season structure. The alternation between wartime and time of peace is not only calendrical but theologically and politically fundamental.<\/p><p>Although Lono is counted among the four high gods of Hawai&#8217;i and his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was firmly anchored in the ritual calendar, the underlying <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, like the related Maori <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, has no systematic doctrine and no closed body of teaching.<\/p><p>Whatever reality the Atua possess, they gain in the performance: in the karakia, in the gatherings at the marae, in the whakapapa recitations. From a religious-studies perspective, this practice-based <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> counts as an independent contribution to the field; Mary Ann Boord and Edward Tregear worked it out systematically in their religious-ethnographic studies of Polynesia.<\/p><p>Anyone who researches Lono encounters a fundamental difficulty of Polynesian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>: many sources come from the colonial 19th century and are colored by the perceptions of missionaries and ethnologists.<\/p><p>This is particularly true of the Lono <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, which was closely tied to the Cook episode. Recent research therefore works continually on a decolonization of these holdings by placing Polynesian voices at the center and critically questioning Western categories.<\/p><p>If one places Polynesian religion alongside other indigenous religions of Oceania, Australia and Southeast Asia, a double characteristic emerges: in its basic motifs it remains remarkably constant, yet at the same time it adapts locally.<\/p><p>That Lono corresponds to the Maori Rongo and yet has taken on a distinctive Hawaiian form is one example of this. This tension between universality and locality forms an important object of study in Pacific religious <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies cultures and societies comparatively.\" tabindex=\"0\">ethnology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Lono corresponds etymologically to the Maori <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/rongo-maori-god-of-peace-and-the-sweet-potato\/\">Rongo<\/a>. The proto-Polynesian root *Rongo means &#8216;sound&#8217;, &#8216;message&#8217;, &#8216;rumor&#8217;. In Hawai&#8217;i the sound shift from r to l takes place. The semantic connection between &#8216;message&#8217; and &#8216;peace&#8217; is as recognizable in Hawai&#8217;i as among the Maori.<\/p><p>Epithets of Lono are Lono-i-ka-makahiki (&#8216;Lono of the Makahiki&#8217;), Lono-nui-akea (&#8216;great, wide Lono&#8217;), Lono-makua (&#8216;Father Lono&#8217;). This diversity shows the different functional emphases.<\/p><p>That Lono is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> under several epithets has a linguistic-historical background: such an abundance of names testifies to an oral <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and stories across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> that has differentiated itself richly on a regional level.<\/p><p>The linguistic depth of the Maori and Hawaiian theonyms is documented in the lexicographical works of Bruce Biggs and Hugh Clarke. Anyone who wants to understand the kinship of the Polynesian languages cannot bypass this research.<\/p><p>In many cases Lono&#8217;s epithets are more than mere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A decorative, often repeated element of a pattern.\" tabindex=\"0\">ornament<\/span>. They encode particular ritual functions and are fixed in the karakia formulas. The tohunga, the ritual specialists, knew exactly which <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> was to be invoked in which situation. Charles Royal and Pou Temara study this precisely regulated liturgical practice.<\/p><p>What original meaning underlies the epithets is often disputed. In many cases competing etymological proposals stand side by side, without secured sources allowing a decision. Modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that researches religions comparatively and without faith commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> values this diversity as a richness rather than as a deficiency.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description and Iconography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono&#8217;s central iconographic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> is the Lono banner: a long wooden staff with a crosspiece and a white cloth (tapa), often decorated with bundles of feathers. This banner was carried from island to island during the Makahiki festival. Its cross section resembles a cross, which in 1779 led to a notorious confusion.<\/p><p>Pigs, gourds and certain plants are also associated with Lono. Beckwith and Valeri document the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> in detail. Today the Lono banner is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of Hawaiian cultural self-assertion.<\/p><p>Over the last five decades, Maori and Hawaiian carving art has undergone an impressive renaissance. Cliff Whiting, Robyn Kahukiwa, Wright Bowman and Sam Ka&#8217;ai are among the artists who have developed both traditional forms and modern adaptations.<\/p><p>The Atua, among them Lono, appear in their works in many forms; their iconographic presence thus reaches into present-day art.<\/p><p>Polynesian art cannot be separated from its cosmological meaning. Every spiral (koru), every ornament and every line carries a religious-phenomenological sense, including the Lono banner with its crosspiece and its bundles of feathers. Roger Neich, Damian Skinner and other art historians have systematically opened up these layers of meaning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Makahiki Festival<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Makahiki was the most important annual festival of Hawaiian religion. It lasted roughly four months, from November to February (according to the Hawaiian lunar calendar).<\/p><p>During this time war was forbidden, the Ku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> rested, Lono dominated. On the islands the Lono banner was carried around, each ahupua&#8217;a (land district) brought <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>, sporting contests and dance performances were held.<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective, the Makahiki is a classic harvest thanksgiving festival, comparable to the Roman Saturnalia or the Mesopotamian Akitu. Valerie Valeri analyzes the structure as &#8216;ritual inversion&#8217;: during the festival the normal social hierarchies are partly reversed, peace dominates, the people are fed with offerings.<\/p><p>The narrative material surrounding the Makahiki festival is, from a religious-studies perspective, not to be read as a closed narrative either, but as a web of stories that explain one another and are accented differently in the individual tribal traditions.<\/p><p>This rhizomatic, net-like structure poses methodical tasks for the research, but opens up hermeneutic depth to it. Differing versions of a story are not regarded as &#8216;false&#8217; or &#8216;falsified&#8217;, but as regional expressions of equal rank.<\/p><p>The traditions around the Makahiki are not merely remembered but actively passed on, in karakia, in the speeches at the marae and in teaching. They are thus a living practice and not a shut-down archive. The language programs for Te Reo Maori and Olelo Hawai&#8217;i have considerably strengthened this vitality over the past three decades.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono and James Cook<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In January 1779 James Cook anchored with his ships in Kealakekua Bay on Hawai&#8217;i. By chance, that was just the peak phase of the Makahiki. The rectangular mast-crossbeam-cloth structures of his ship recalled the Lono banner.<\/p><p>A number of Hawaiian sources and Western observers report that Cook was indeed received <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to a fixed religious sequence of acts.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritually<\/span> as an incarnation of Lono, or at least as connected to Lono.<\/p><p>This story is the subject of a famous controversy between Marshall Sahlins (<em>Islands of History<\/em>, 1985) and Gananath Obeyesekere (<em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em>, 1992). Sahlins defends the thesis of ritual identification; Obeyesekere argues that it is a colonial construction.<\/p><p>From a religious-historical perspective the central point remains: Cook was killed in a confrontation on 14 February 1779, probably after the Makahiki had ended and his unusual return could no longer be theologically classified.<\/p><p>The episode of James Cook, who was associated with Lono on his arrival, can only be understood if one knows a basic feature of the religion of the Maori and Hawaiians: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed, recurring religious act.\" tabindex=\"0\">rite<\/span> and everyday activity interlock.<\/p><p>While other religious systems separate the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> sharply from the profane, here the references to the Atua permeate the whole of life. This religiosity anchored in the life-world itself is the subject of religious-phenomenological studies by Mason Durie, Charles Royal, Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa and other Polynesian scholars of today&#8217;s generation.<\/p><p>How closely ritual practice and everyday life are intertwined can also be read from the language: terms like mana, tapu, aroha or hauora belong today to the general English of Aotearoa and are also used outside religious contexts. That Maori <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> has thus inscribed itself into language usage documents its deep cultural impact.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Rituals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono was worshipped in his own heiau, among them in the Halulu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on Lana&#8217;i. Certain heiau were &#8216;peace heiau&#8217; (Lono heiau), others &#8216;war heiau&#8217; (Ku heiau). This differentiation is instructive from a religious-studies perspective: it shows a systematic ritual separation of the spheres of life.<\/p><p>In the Makahiki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic acts with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> a specific <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span> was central, documented by Pukui and Beckwith. It comprises prayers, dance, offerings and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> of the Lono banner. Farmers brought the banner offerings from their harvest, the nobility distributed gifts.<\/p><p>Polynesian religion remains alive above all at marae and heiau, those sites that are at once meeting place and place of worship, and during the Makahiki months in particular Lono was bound to the heiau rites. Every marae and every heiau has its own whakapapa, its own traditions and its own Atua references.<\/p><p>A marae visit begins with the powhiri, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic acts with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> in which the tangata whenua solemnly receive their guests. It is not ceremonial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The inherited folk culture with customs, stories and songs.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> but lived religious practice and counts, from a religious-studies perspective, among the best documented Polynesian welcoming rituals.<\/p><p>In the 20th and 21st centuries cult practice has changed markedly. Where the tohunga once played a central role, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed, recurring religious act.\" tabindex=\"0\">rite<\/span> is today often carried by the kaumatua, the elders, as well as the marae committees. From a religious-sociological perspective this shift is instructive; Manuka Henare and Mason Durie discuss it in their research.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traditions of Protection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In protective contexts Lono is worshipped primarily through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of peace and fertility. Farmers who pray for a good harvest turn to Lono. In peace negotiations too, Lono was the point of reference. This practice is today partly revived within the framework of cultural-political initiatives.<\/p><p>The annual Makahiki is today celebrated anew in some Hawaiian schools, cultural centers and sovereignty movements, often as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> remembrance of the pre-colonial order. This practice is not <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> but cultural and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to a fixed religious sequence of acts.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>.<\/p><p>On the topic of protection, a distinction is worthwhile from a religious-studies perspective: the Western understanding thinks in terms of the effective <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, evil-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>, the Polynesian in terms of the cultivated relationship. Protection here does not rest on a magical-causal effect but is set up relationally and ritually.<\/p><p>Whoever stands in relationship to an Atua such as Lono and maintains this relationship is regarded as &#8216;protected&#8217;, not because an object works, but because an existing relation is cosmologically binding. In religious anthropology this idea runs under the term &#8216;relational ontology&#8217;.<\/p><p>Protective practice is moreover a field on which tradition and modernity meet. Smartphone applications with karakia, online instructions for protective rituals and virtual marae visits show that Polynesian religion takes up new media for its practice. This modernization is not to be understood as a flattening, but as an adaptable further development.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Within Polynesia Lono corresponds to the Maori <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/rongo-maori-god-of-peace-and-the-sweet-potato\/\">Rongo<\/a>, the Tahitian Ro&#8217;o, and is comparable to Demeter, Ceres or Saturn (in his agrarian function). Like these, Lono embodies the cultivated plant and social peace.<\/p><p>The specificity of the Makahiki is important: an institutionalized four-month phase of peace per year is remarkable in religious history and is so pronouncedly attested in only a few other cultures. Valeri and Sahlins discuss this specificity.<\/p><p>Joseph Campbell and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Romanian scholar of religion (1907-1986); shaped the phenomenological method in religious studies.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mircea Eliade<\/span> have systematically investigated such universal structures of religious experience. As fundamental as their works are, they must nonetheless be rethought for the concrete Polynesian contexts, without lapsing into a pan-globalizing simplification. Recent Polynesian research attaches great importance to this context-sensitive interpretation.<\/p><p>Within international Indigenous Studies, parallels between Polynesian worlds of belief and other First Peoples&#8217; traditions have been systematically worked out since the 1990s. The Maori scholar Linda Tuhiwai Smith decisively shaped this field of research with her standard work <em>Decolonizing Methodologies<\/em>, published in 1999, whose methodical line was taken up worldwide.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception Today<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono is present in the Hawaiian renaissance. Movements for the revival of the Makahiki, for the promotion of the Hawaiian lunar calendar and for the care of the Lono heiau are active. Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa and other Hawaiian scholars work on bringing Lono back into public awareness.<\/p><p>The Cook-Lono debate is the subject of international religious-ethnological teaching. A deeper classification within the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/polynesia-maori-hawaii-and-protective-traditions\/\">Polynesian family of religions<\/a> shows the close kinship of Lono with Rongo and the specifically Hawaiian form.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> like Lono, associated with the idea of peace, agriculture and the Makahiki festival, belongs to a religious system to which international discourse increasingly grants independence and which is no longer disparaged as &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down god-narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>&#8216; or &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The inherited folk culture with customs, stories and songs.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>&#8216;. Terms such as &#8216;mana&#8217;, &#8216;tapu&#8217;, &#8216;mauri&#8217; and &#8216;whakapapa&#8217; are by now part of the religious-studies technical vocabulary, which documents this recognition.<\/p><p>Their use, however, presupposes a contextual sensitivity that is not self-evident.<\/p><p>How Polynesian religions are taken up in popular culture, in Disney productions, in tourism, in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteric<\/span> literature, is the subject of critical debates. Where does an appropriate mediation take place, where is it flattened or distorted? These questions are discussed emphatically and in public in Aotearoa and Hawai&#8217;i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research and Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Important contributions on Lono are found in Martha Beckwith, Mary Kawena Pukui, David Malo, Valerio Valeri, Marshall Sahlins, Gananath Obeyesekere and Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa.<\/p><p>Sahlins&#8217; <em>Islands of History<\/em> and Obeyesekere&#8217;s <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> are the central texts of the Cook-Lono debate. Valeri&#8217;s <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> is the standard work on the structure of the Hawaiian religious system.<\/p><p>Lono remains a central reference for the understanding of pre-colonial Hawaiian religion and its encounter with Europe.<\/p><p>The dialogue between the Polynesian-internal traditions of knowledge and academic research is today carried by a number of institutions: the Royal Society of New Zealand: Te Aparangi, the Maori Studies Department of Auckland University, the University of Hawai&#8217;i at Manoa and the Te Punga Tipu foundation.<\/p><p>This institutional underpinning ensures that Polynesian research does not remain only a speaking about Polynesia but also proceeds from Polynesia itself.<\/p><p>A bridge to global <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that researches religions comparatively and without faith commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> is built by studies that use Polynesian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> as an example case of a non-Western religiosity. As methodically demanding as this comparative work is, it nonetheless opens up new perspectives for understanding religion as a cultural phenomenon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d3003bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d3003bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29fa8a39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29fa8a39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Sahlins-Obeyesekere Controversy: Lono and the Limits of Ethnographic Interpretation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2643cac5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2643cac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22515bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22515bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hardly any figure of Hawaiian religion is so closely tied to a scholarly debate as <em>Lono<\/em>.<\/p><p>At the center stands the question of what role Lono played in the arrival of the British seafarer James Cook, who landed in Hawaii in early 1779 during the <em>Makahiki<\/em>, the great harvest peace, and was killed there a few weeks later.<\/p><p>The American anthropologist Marshall Sahlins argued in several works of the 1980s that Cook had been fitted by the Hawaiians into the mythical scheme of Lono.<\/p><p>His arrival during the Lono festival, his route and his behavior had matched culturally given expectations, so that the Hawaiians had understood him as a manifestation or return of the Atua. Sahlins used the case to support his larger argument that history and cultural structure permeate one another.<\/p><p>The Sri Lankan-born anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere objected sharply in 1992. He accused the Sahlins interpretation of repeating a colonial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down story about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, namely the flattering European notion that the white newcomer had been taken for a god.<\/p><p>Obeyesekere argued that the Hawaiians had treated Cook as a powerful chief and stranger, not as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, and that the deification was a later European construction. Sahlins replied in 1995 with an extensive rejoinder in which he went through the Hawaiian and the early sources again.<\/p><p>The controversy has to this day not been conclusively decided, and that is exactly what makes it instructive for the account of Lono.<\/p><p>It shows, first, how narrow and how Europeanly filtered the source base is. Almost all early reports come from the ships&#8217; crews, the Hawaiian written testimonies begin only decades later and are themselves shaped by mission and historiography.<\/p><p>It shows, second, that the question of what the historical actors actually believed is methodically much harder to answer than popular accounts suggest.<\/p><p>For a serious treatment of Lono this means not presenting the Cook episode as a secured fact of religious history, but as a disputed case in which the methodical limits of ethnography become apparent.<\/p><p>The religious-studies core that holds up remains the connection of Lono with rain, fertility and the Makahiki calendar, independent of the question about Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Martha Beckwith: <em>Hawaiian Mythology<\/em> (1940)<\/li><li>Valerio Valeri: <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Marshall Sahlins: <em>Islands of History<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Gananath Obeyesekere: <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa: <em>Native Land and Foreign Desires<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>David Malo: <em>Hawaiian Antiquities<\/em> (1898)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As <strong>high god<\/strong> of peace, agriculture and the annual Makahiki festival season, Lono occupies a central position in the Hawaiian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> and forms the counterpole to the warlike Ku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Related key terms: Lono Hawaii Makahiki James Cook Lono banner Rongo-related god of peace.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-lono\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard and Traditions of Protection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ties in with the cultural-historical tradition of portable protective objects, in the tradition of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/polynesia-maori-hawaii-and-protective-traditions\/\">Polynesia \/ Maori<\/a> and many other cultures worldwide. 41 layers, solid gold, platinum, silver, made in Germany. 30-day return policy.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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Not a medical product. No healing promise.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p>iWell Guard is <strong>not a medical product<\/strong> and does not replace medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The religious-studies content is cultural-historical classification, not a recommendation for spiritual practice.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lono: Hawaiian High God of Peace, Agriculture and the Makahiki In Hawaiian religion, Lono is one of the four high gods, the Atua of peace, fertility, rain, agriculture and the great annual Makahiki festival. He is a close parallel figure to the Maori Atua Rongo. This account describes his position in the pantheon, the Makahiki [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5873,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lono Hawaii Makahiki","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lono: Hawaiian God of Peace, Myth","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Lono is the Hawaiian high god of peace and patron of the Makahiki festival. Religious-studies classification with sources.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"class_list":["post-5872","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lono: Hawaiian God of Peace, Myth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lono is the Hawaiian high god of peace and patron of the Makahiki festival. 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