{"id":5734,"date":"2026-05-13T20:19:14","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T20:19:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pachamama-earth-mother-of-the-andes\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T14:00:25","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T14:00:25","slug":"pachamama-earth-mother-of-the-andes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/pachamama-earth-mother-of-the-andes\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachamama, Earth Mother of the Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5734\" class=\"elementor elementor-5734 elementor-2575 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama, earth mother and fertility goddess of the Andean world<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama, the earth mother of the Andes, remains to this day the most important religious point of reference in the everyday life of the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking highland population.<\/p><p>Unlike the state-imperial <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/inti-sun-god-of-the-inca\/\">Inti<\/a> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, the veneration of Pachamama is deeply rooted in the agricultural rhythms of the year and of life, and has survived colonisation in syncretic form.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Goddess of the Andes \/ Inca tradition.\">Goddess<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/andean-cultures-and-the-inca-inti-pachamama-and-viracocha\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the Andes \/ Inca tradition.\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Earth mother.\">Earth Mother<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5735\" alt=\"Pachamama - Gods from the Andes-Inca tradition, historical illustration\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification within the Andean Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama (Quechua: <em>pacha<\/em>, world, time, space; <em>mama<\/em>, mother) designates, in the traditional religions of the Andean highlands, that female numinosity which is active in the fertile earth, in the cultivated fields, and in the reproduction of living beings.<\/p><p>Since Inca-period <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the beliefs of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, she has been counted among the central higher beings alongside Inti, the thunder god <a href=\"\/en\/illapa-god-of-thunder-and-weather-of-the-inca\/\">Illapa<\/a>, the moon goddess <a href=\"\/en\/mama-killa-moon-goddess-of-the-inca\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, and the creator <a href=\"\/en\/viracocha-creator-god-of-the-andes\/\">Viracocha<\/a>.<\/p><p>The religious ethnologist Joseph Bastien (<em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em>, 1978) has shown for the Aymara highlands of Bolivia that Pachamama is experienced in local perception less as a personalised goddess than as the animate substance of the earth itself.<\/p><p>This substantiality distinguishes her structurally from many <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> earth mother figures of the Mediterranean world (Demeter, Gaia), which are mythologically more strongly personalised.<\/p><p>In relation to the state <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/andean-cultures-and-the-inca-inti-pachamama-and-viracocha\/\">Inca<\/a> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the beliefs of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, Pachamama occupied a peculiarly subaltern position: the official imperial cult emphasised the male Inti, while the rural population in its majority made <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> to Pachamama.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen (<em>The Hold Life Has<\/em>, 2002) describes this relationship as a gender-specific stratification of the Andean religious system, in which the male solar theology lies above an older, female earth theology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Etymology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Quechua term <em>pacha<\/em> is semantically extraordinarily multifaceted. It designates simultaneously time (a concrete era), space (the world as a whole), and a state of the world.<\/p><p>Diego Gonzalez Holguin translates it in his <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608), depending on context, as <em>mundo<\/em>, <em>tiempo<\/em>, or <em>suelo<\/em>. Pachamama is therefore the <em>Mother of all World-Reality<\/em>, not merely of the soil.<\/p><p>In the Aymara of the Bolivian Andes the equivalent <em>Pachamama<\/em> is found as well, sometimes rendered as <em>Pachatata<\/em> (Father-Earth) for the male complement. In the Quechua of Cajamarca and in the Ayacucho region there exists the regional form <em>Mama Pacha<\/em> with the components reversed, which nonetheless refers to the same <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>.<\/p><p>An alternative etymology links <em>pacha<\/em> with the concept of cosmological order.<\/p><p>The historian of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> Frank Salomon points out in <em>Native Lords of Quito<\/em> (1986) that <em>pacha<\/em> in the Inca-period language also denotes the world-era as a stage in history (Pre-Inca, Inca, Post-Conquest), whereby Pachamama can be understood as <em>Mother of All World-Eras<\/em>, a concept that plays a particular role in the Pachakuti myths (world overturnings).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description and Iconography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In contrast to Inti, who was associated with a concrete cultic image (the Punchao), Pachamama was scarcely depicted in anthropomorphic form in Inca-period <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>.<\/p><p>She appears above all in the form of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> sites and objects: in the cultivated clod of earth, in the <em>apacheta<\/em> stone cairns at mountain passes, in the <em>mesa<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> places, and in the buried offering pits.<\/p><p>In colonial-period and modern folk art she is increasingly depicted in anthropomorphic form as an indigenous woman in traditional dress, with a wide pollera skirt, shawl, and bowler hat (in the Bolivian Aymara context).<\/p><p>Sometimes she carries a child or an <em>aguayo<\/em> carrying cloth filled with Andean grain. These depictions are predominantly influenced by Christian-syncretic Marian iconography, especially through the Madonna of Copacabana and the Madonna del Cerro (Potosi), in which the earth mother and Marian veneration merge.<\/p><p>On surviving pre-Hispanic ceramics of the Moche and Wari cultures, female figures with pronounced primary and secondary sexual characteristics are found, which are archaeologically often interpreted as <em>Pachamama precursors<\/em>. This attribution is, however, speculative, since we lack the emic designation. Christopher Donnan cautioned against such identifications in <em>Moche Art<\/em> (1978).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythological Narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The mythological <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> concerning Pachamama is remarkably sparse in the early chronicles, which Pierre Duviols has explained as a consequence of the predominantly male-imperial perspective of the Spanish chroniclers.<\/p><p>What is tangible are rather fragments of cosmogonic constellations: Pachamama as spouse or sister of Pachakamak in the coastal region, as daughter of Viracocha in the highlands, as consort of Pachatata in the Aymara sphere.<\/p><p>A central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> links Pachamama with the cycle of drought and rain. She is believed to be fat and satiated in March\/April after the harvest, and perceived as hungry and thirsty in the dry months of May through September, which is why a particularly large number of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> are brought during this period.<\/p><p>In the pampa mountain regions of Argentina (Salta, Jujuy) the most important Pachamama festival takes place in August; on 1 August farmers symbolically open the earth by digging a small hole and placing the first gift (chicha, coca leaves, bread, fat) inside it.<\/p><p>An important narrative links Pachamama with the rising of the Pleiades in June. The seven-week presence of the Pleiades in the morning sky is understood as her attention toward human crops; when the Pleiades rise brightly, a rich harvest year is expected.<\/p><p>Tom Zuidema and Gary Urton described this Andean archaeoastronomical correlation systematically in <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>In southern Peru, Pachamama is also connected with the mythological figure of <em>Mama Pacha<\/em>, who according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> causes landslides and earthquakes in Pakaqtanpu when insufficiently propitiated.<\/p><p>This punitive dimension of the earth mother is also found in the Argentine Andes, where August is considered the <em>mes peligroso<\/em> (dangerous month) because the hungry earth mother requires special attention and incautious travellers are said to be able to fall ill.<\/p><p>From a religious-ethnological perspective it is noteworthy that this punitive dimension is regularly omitted in the Western New Age reception of Pachamama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Sacrificial Practice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> remains to this day the most living religious practice in the villages of the highlands.<\/p><p>Its centre is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural significance.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> of the <em>despacho<\/em> or <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> (earth payment), in which coca leaves, sweets, llama fat, llama embryos (<em>sullu<\/em>), small clay figurines, and wine or chicha libations are arranged artfully in an offering bundle and buried in the earth or burned.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen describes for the village of Sonqo (province of Paucartambo) the recurring element of the <em>kintu<\/em>, three perfectly overlapping coca leaves that are blown in all cardinal directions and then offered to the earth, the mountains, and the venerated ancestors.<\/p><p>Joseph Bastien has described the parallel Aymara practice in the highlands of La Paz.<\/p><p>The ritual specialists are called, depending on the region, <em>yatiri<\/em> (Aymara), <em>paqo<\/em> (Quechua), or <em>altomisayoq<\/em>. They are not institutionalised priests like the Inca-period Coricancha functionaries, but village-bound diviners and healers who often receive their vocation through a lightning-strike experience (Illapa calling).<\/p><p>The Peruvian anthropologist Juan Nunez del Prado systematised the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual transition through which someone is admitted into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span> stages of these paqo specialists in his work of the 1970s.<\/p><p>The most important calendar date is 1 August, which is considered the Day of Pachamama; in addition she is propitiated at all important points of the agricultural year: at sowing, at the first ploughing, and at the first harvest. At house construction, marriage, and birth a Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> is also obligatory.<\/p><p>In the mining regions of the Andes (Potosi, Oruro, Cerro de Pasco) a separate Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of underground workers has moreover developed, in which Pachamama is venerated in connection with the tunnel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> <em>Tio<\/em>.<\/p><p>June Nash documented the dual cult Pachamama\/Tio in the Bolivian silver mines ethnographically in <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979), showing how the relationship between capitalist exploitation and ritual reciprocity is negotiated in this double deity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective Practice and the Apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> is at its core not a protective practice in the strict sense, but a reciprocal maintenance of relationship (<em>ayni<\/em>).<\/p><p>Where <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> functions are attributed, this occurs mostly in connection with other beings: against harmful <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span> such as <a href=\"\/en\/supay-harmful-spirits-and-lord-of-the-underworld-of-the-andes\/\">Supay<\/a> or against the <em>condenados<\/em> (condemned souls), Pachamama is effective only insofar as ritual reciprocity has been observed.<\/p><p>Concrete protective practices in the Pachamama context include the placing of coca leaves under the threshold during a new build, the burying of a bottle filled with wine and chicha under the house entrance, or the laying of an apacheta (stone cairn) at the mountain pass, at which every passing traveller adds a stone and thus contributes their share to the shared securing of the route.<\/p><p>The religious ethnologist Olivia Harris showed in <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) that this cairn practice remains alive today on the Bolivian highland roads.<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective, these practices are not understood as operative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, but as ritual affirmation of a cosmic order in which every gift anticipates an equivalent in return. The iWell Guard reference to the Pachamama tradition is here explicitly one of religious observation, not of promised efficacy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Structurally, Pachamama can be compared with other earth mother deities of the world&#8217;s religions without it being necessary to postulate a genetic connection.<\/p><p>Particularly informative from a religious-studies perspective is the comparison with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Indian Prithivi, the Greek Gaia, the Roman Tellus Mater, the Germanic Nerthus (Tacitus), and the North American <a href=\"\/en\/changing-woman-life-cycle-goddess-of-the-navajo\/\">Changing Woman<\/a> of the Navajo.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Romanian scholar of religion (1907-1986); shaped the phenomenological method in religious studies.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mircea Eliade<\/span> identified in <em>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sacred<\/span> and the Profane<\/em> an earth mother pattern that appears in almost all agrarian high cultures: a female numinosity associated with fertility, cyclicity, seed, and death. Pachamama fits into this pattern, but through her Pacha-dimensionality (time, world-era) exhibits a far-reaching semantic horizon.<\/p><p>Specific to the Andes is the connection of Pachamama with the local mountain spirits <em>Apu<\/em> (see <a href=\"\/en\/apu-ausangate-mountain-deity-of-the-andes\/\">Apu Ausangate<\/a>). These male lords of the mountains and the female earth mother form a complementary gender system, expressed in Andean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span> as <em>yanantin<\/em>, the productive tension of opposing pairs.<\/p><p>A further important parallel is shown in the Afro-American veneration of the Orisha <em>Yemaya<\/em> or the Vodou Loa Erzulie, in which female numinosity is associated with water, fertility, and protection. Here too these are convergent structures of agrarian religiosity, not historical kinship.<\/p><p>The religious-studies category of the <em>Magna Mater<\/em>, the Great Mother, has been repeatedly discussed since Johann Jakob Bachofen in the 19th century; however, the simple reduction of all earth mother deities to one archetypal primordial form is today regarded with methodological caution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christianisation and Syncretism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Spanish mission was never able to completely displace the Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>. Instead, one of the most remarkable syncretisations in the religious history of the Americas came about: the connection of Pachamama with Catholic Marian veneration, in particular with the Madonna of Copacabana (Bolivia) and the Madonna del Cerro (Potosi).<\/p><p>In the famous painting <em>Virgen del Cerro<\/em> (anonymous, ca. 1720, Potosi), the Madonna herself appears as the silver mountain of Potosi; her garment forms the mountain silhouette, the crown sits at the peak, and within the mountain the miners are visible.<\/p><p>Teresa Gisbert has interpreted this image as an iconographic manifesto of the Pachamama-Marian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of ideas or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>. The Madonna is not placed above the mountain; she is the mountain, and is thereby simultaneously the earth mother.<\/p><p>The central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> site of Copacabana on Lake Titicaca was also built on an older Inca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred site dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>. The <em>Virgen Morena<\/em> (dark-skinned Madonna) venerated there is today regarded simultaneously as the Christian patron saint of Bolivia and as a manifestation of Pachamama.<\/p><p>Sabine MacCormack (<em>Religion in the Andes<\/em>, 1991) has described the process of this dual identity in detail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contemporary Reception and Research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama today is, far beyond the narrower religious context, an identification figure for indigenous political movements in South America. In Bolivia, President Evo Morales (2006, 2019) declared 1 August as <em>Dia de la Pachamama<\/em> a national holiday, and the 2009 constitution makes explicit reference to Pachamama belief.<\/p><p>In Ecuador too, <em>Pachamama<\/em> was endowed with its own rights in the 2008 constitution, a step that attracted international attention in legal history.<\/p><p>In the ecological movement and in Western New Age circles, Pachamama has found broad resonance in recent decades. This reception is, however, to be viewed critically: it frequently extracts the term from its concrete Andean context and turns it into a global earth-mother cipher.<\/p><p>Religious ethnologists such as Marisol de la Cadena (<em>Earth Beings<\/em>, 2015) have pointed out that the Andean Pachamama is not identical with the Western Gaia hypothesis and cannot be subsumed within its conceptual framework.<\/p><p>In the Vatican, Pachamama moved to the centre of a controversial debate in 2019 during the Amazon Synod, after wooden figures were placed in the church of Santa Maria in Traspontina.<\/p><p>The incident demonstrates the undiminished power of earth-mother symbolism into the 21st century. In academic research, the works of Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien, Frank Salomon, and Marisol de la Cadena in particular have shaped the field.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature and Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The following selection lists key works of Andean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies cultures and societies comparatively.\" tabindex=\"0\">ethnology<\/span> and the history of religion that are authoritative for Pachamama research.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21d1bd35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21d1bd35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp261bfd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp261bfd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Pago a la Tierra and the Custom of the Earth Gift<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26889d35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26889d35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab2cdd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab2cdd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A well-documented and to this day living <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A tradition regularly repeated within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">custom<\/span> associated with Pachamama is the earth gift, referred to in the Andean countries mostly as <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> or <em>despacho<\/em>.<\/p><p>A bundle of various offerings is assembled, which depending on the region may contain coca leaves, maize kernels, fat, sweets, small figurines, and further components. The bundle is buried or burned, frequently at fixed locations and at specific times.<\/p><p>In many areas of the southern Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, August is the month in which such gifts are brought particularly frequently, because the earth is considered open and receptive during this period. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A tradition regularly repeated within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">custom<\/span> is often led by ritual specialists who are called by different names depending on the region.<\/p><p>Ethnographic research, such as Catherine Allen&#8217;s work on a Quechua community near Cusco, has shown that the gift to Pachamama is embedded in the everyday relationship with the environment. Pouring a little liquid onto the ground before drinking belongs to the same body of ideas.<\/p><p>Research emphasises that this complex is neither a pure continuation of pre-colonial practice nor mere <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Traditional folk culture with customs, narratives, and songs.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>. Over centuries it has absorbed Christian elements without losing its core. Pachamama is venerated in many places alongside Catholic saints, and the same persons participate in Mass and in the earth gift.<\/p><p>The gift is not a petition for a miracle, but the expression of a relationship of reciprocity: whoever takes from the earth gives back to it. This logic of reciprocity, often linked in the Andes with the Quechua term <em>ayni<\/em>, is in the view of many researchers the actual key to understanding the custom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25fcc55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25fcc55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ebc69e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ebc69e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama in Contemporary Political and Ecclesiastical Controversy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c41102 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23c41102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2eb276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the 21st century, Pachamama has become, beyond the religious sphere, a political and ideological point of reference.<\/p><p>In Bolivia and Ecuador the term was taken up in the constitutional and legislative process of the 2000s and 2010s. Ecuador incorporated rights of nature into its constitution in 2008, and Bolivia passed a law in 2010 known as the <em>Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra<\/em>.<\/p><p>Pachamama appears here as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An illustrative image standing for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> for an environmental order that ascribes intrinsic value to nature.<\/p><p>Research discusses critically how far this political use corresponds to local religious conceptions.<\/p><p>Some authors see in it a meaningful connection to Andean thought; others a form of appropriation that generalises a diverse local <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A tradition regularly repeated within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">custom<\/span> into a national <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> and in doing so simplifies it. The actual ritual practice in the villages remains largely unaffected by state symbolism.<\/p><p>A separate controversy arose in the ecclesiastical sphere in 2019. During the so-called Amazon Synod in Rome, wooden figures were used that were described in the public debate as Pachamama representations.<\/p><p>Several conservative circles within the Catholic Church regarded this as idolatry, and the figures were removed by unknown persons from a Roman church and thrown into the Tiber.<\/p><p>The incident triggered a broad debate about how the Church should deal with indigenous religious forms of expression. For a religious-studies perspective it shows that Pachamama has today become, far beyond the Andean region, an object of contention in which questions of inculturation, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>, and religious identity are negotiated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Joseph Bastien: <em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em> (1978)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li>Marisol de la Cadena: <em>Earth Beings<\/em> (2015)<\/li><li>Olivia Harris: <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000)<\/li><li>Diego Gonzalez Holguin: <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608)<\/li><li>Frank Salomon: <em>The Cord Keepers<\/em> (2004)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As the <em>fertility goddess<\/em> of the Andean world, Pachamama connects agriculture, animal husbandry, and mountain veneration; offerings of coca, maize, and chicha accompany sowing, harvest, and house construction to this day in Bolivia, Peru, and northern Argentina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Related key terms: Pachamama Quechua Aymara Ayni Despacho Paqo Yatiri Apacheta Sullu.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachamama\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard and Protective Traditions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard draws on the cultural-historical tradition of wearable protective objects, in the tradition of <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/andean-cultures-and-the-inca-inti-pachamama-and-viracocha\/\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a> and many other cultures worldwide. 41 layers, real gold, platinum, silver, manufactured in Germany. 30-day return policy.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personal experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No healing promises.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard is <strong>not a medical device<\/strong> and does not replace medical or psychotherapeutic treatment. The religious-studies content is a cultural-historical classification, not a recommendation for spiritual practice.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pachamama, earth mother and fertility goddess of the Andean world Pachamama, the earth mother of the Andes, remains to this day the most important religious point of reference in the everyday life of the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking highland population. Unlike the state-imperial Inti cult, the veneration of Pachamama is deeply rooted in the agricultural rhythms [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5735,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachamama earth mother Andes","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachamama, Andean Earth Mother and Cult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachamama, the earth mother of the Andes, remains to this day the central point of reference in Andean rural life.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"class_list":["post-5734","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - 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