{"id":5559,"date":"2026-04-27T13:34:47","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T13:34:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/succubus\/"},"modified":"2026-07-16T05:21:14","modified_gmt":"2026-07-16T05:21:14","slug":"succubus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/succubus\/","title":{"rendered":"Succubus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5559\" class=\"elementor elementor-5559 elementor-2213 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-herohl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-herohl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-h1lead e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-h1lead\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-h1w elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-h1w\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Succubus, female night demon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The succubus is a being-class with deep roots in the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, drawing on Mesopotamian, Jewish-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Standing outside the recognized canon.\" tabindex=\"0\">apocryphal<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> Greek, and medieval Christian layers. This overview presents the sources, the scholastic doctrine, the witch-trial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline concerned with the study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, and modern phenomenological research. This overview situates the Succubus within medieval Lore, tracing scholastic doctrine and witch-trial theology alike.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-klsbdg e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-klsbdg\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-klshtm elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-klshtm\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A class of female nocturnal apparitions documented across many cultures with a similar functional structure. Recorded continuously in religious studies since the Akkadian Lilitu tradition (2nd millennium BCE).\">Being class<\/span><span class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cross-cultural phenomenon, attested with related structures in Mesopotamian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Christian, and East Asian tradition.\">Cross-cultural<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-tocbox e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-tocbox\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__am-sukkubus-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__am-sukkubus-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__am-sukkubus-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-herorg e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-herorg\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-sukkubus-heroim iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"am-sukkubus-heroim\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/daemonen_christentum_sukkubus-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-20463\" alt=\"Sukkubus - Demons of the Christianity tradition, historically illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/daemonen_christentum_sukkubus-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/daemonen_christentum_sukkubus-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/daemonen_christentum_sukkubus-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/daemonen_christentum_sukkubus.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404-s0 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x404-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404-h0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x404-h0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Succubus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404-s0-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x404-s0-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x404-t0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x404-t0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Female night demon that visits sleeping men. Counterpart to the incubus in Christian medieval demonology. Connected to older traditions of female seduction <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span> (Lilith, Empusa, Lamia).<\/p><p>The succubus appears as a female night demon in several medieval demonologies.<\/p><div><p>The succubus is one of the best-documented being-classes in comparative demonology. The term derives from the Latin <em>succuba<\/em> (from <em>succubare<\/em>, to lie beneath) and designates a female nocturnal apparition that acts upon sleeping men.<\/p><p>The concept did not originate in Christian medieval thought; it has a clearly traceable prehistory in the Mesopotamian <em>Lilitu<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> and in the Jewish Lilith doctrine, which exhibits succubus characteristics since late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>.<\/p><p>At iWell Guard, we treat the succubus as a figure that grew through the history of religion, with clearly distinguishable layers: Mesopotamian-Akkadian in the oldest witnesses, Jewish-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Standing outside the recognized canon.\" tabindex=\"0\">apocryphal<\/span> in late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>, Christian-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> in the High Medieval scholasticism, early-modern juridical in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Augustine of Hippo (354-430); Christian Church Father, principal works Confessiones and De civitate Dei.\">Augustine<\/span> in <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> (XV,23), and systematized by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Italian theologian (1225-1274); principal work Summa Theologiae; Aristotelian synthesis of Christian philosophy.\">Thomas Aquinas<\/span> in the <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Principal work of Thomas Aquinas (1265-1274); systematic compendium of scholastic theology.\" tabindex=\"0\">Summa Theologiae<\/span><\/em> (I, q. 51, a. 3).<\/p><p>Both discuss the ontological question of how a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> without physical form can produce sexual effects; Thomas follows the dual-solution that the same <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent agency is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> first collects seed as a succubus and then transfers it as an incubus. This construction remains the standard model of Catholic demonology through to the <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lateinischer Originaltitel des Hexenhammers; 1486\/87 in Speyer erschienen.\" tabindex=\"0\">Malleus Maleficarum<\/span><\/em> (Sprenger and Institoris, 1487).<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-s0 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-h0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-h0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythological Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-s0-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-s0-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-t0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-t0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p>In the religious-historical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, the succubus appears in several parallel strands that only converge into a unified figure in the early-modern synthesis.<\/p><h3>Mesopotamian-Jewish strand<\/h3><p>The Lilitu of the Akkadian tradition is a nocturnal apparition that appears in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood as harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> tablets of the second millennium BCE as a disruptor of sleep and a threat to infants.<\/p><p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antique<\/span> Jewish tradition she becomes Lilith and develops in the <em>Alphabet of Ben Sira<\/em> (8th-10th century) her own biography as Adam&#8217;s first wife, who leaves Eden after a dispute over sexual position and has since returned as a succubus.<\/p><p>This narrative layer is elaborated in the medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jewish mysticism with principal works Sefer Yetzira, Sohar, and the Lurianic school; doctrine of the Sephirot, Tetragrammaton, and Tikkun.\">Kabbalah<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Principal work of medieval Jewish mysticism (Spain, 13th c.); kabbalistic Torah interpretation.\">Zohar<\/span>, 13th century) and linked to the bowl inscriptions of Jewish-Babylonian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through specific actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>.<\/p><h3>Greek-Roman strand<\/h3><p>In parallel, the Greek-Roman tradition knows Empusa, Lamia, and Mormo as nocturnal female figures with a similar function.<\/p><p>Empusa is attested in Aristophanes (<em>The Frogs<\/em>) and in Philostratus&#8217;s Life of Apollonius of Tyana; Lamia appears in Pseudo-Apollodorus and in the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religious writings outside the biblical canon, situated between canonical and non-canonical in the Jewish and Christian tradition (e.g. Tobit, Books of Enoch).\">Apocrypha<\/span> as a threat to children. This tradition flows into the medieval succubus doctrine through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The theology and writings of the Church Fathers (2nd to 8th c.), e.g. Augustine, Jerome, Origen, Chrysostom.\" tabindex=\"0\">patristic<\/span> adaptation of classical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The body of inherited deity narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p><h3>Early-modern synthesis<\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet>With the <em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em> (1487), Johann Weyer&#8217;s <em>De praestigiis daemonum<\/em> (1563), Nicolas Remy&#8217;s <em>Daemonolatria<\/em> (1595), and Henri Boguet&#8217;s <em>Discours des sorciers<\/em> (1602), the succubus doctrine becomes a fixed component of witch-trial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline concerned with the study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p>The methodological consequence is severe: the accusation of succubus relations belongs to the most frequent charges in early-modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Early modern persecution of persons accused of a witches' pact with the devil; 1450 to 1750.\" tabindex=\"0\">witch persecution<\/span>. Historical research (Brian Levack, Wolfgang Behringer, Wolfgang Schild) has examined in detail the connection between succubus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline concerned with the study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and persecution dynamics over recent decades.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-s1-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-s1-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p>From the perspective of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>, the succubus is not a single individual being but a being-class with various hierarchical levels and functional specializations. The elaborated classifications are found primarily in early-modern demonology and in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Compilation manuscript of early-modern ritual magic, five books (Goetia, Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, Ars Notoria); 17th c.\">Lemegeton<\/span> corpus.<\/p><h3>Hierarchy and specialization<\/h3><p>The <em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em> distinguishes between succubus appearances without lasting bond (single nocturnal visitation) and bound succubus relationships (witch-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Christian-medieval tradition, a formal contract between a human and a demon, often signed in blood.\" tabindex=\"0\">pact<\/span> construction). This distinction is largely adopted by the witch-trial corpus.<\/p><p>In the more recent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to formalized magical procedures, with a fixed apparatus of incantations, symbols and tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual-magical<\/span> literature, in particular the writings of Stephen Skinner and Israel Regardie, succubus beings are further subdivided by sphere of influence (love succubus, energy-drain succubus, control succubus), by provenance (Jewish, Christian-Western, Asian such as the Japanese Yuki-onna or the Chinese Hu-li-jing), and by form of binding.<\/p><h3>Phenomenological research<\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"British historian (b. 1969); principal works Grimoires (2009) and Paranormal (2009).\">Owen Davies<\/span>, <em>Paranormal<\/em>, 2009; David Hufford, <em>The Terror that Comes in the Night<\/em>, 1982) explains a portion of succubus accounts through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The natural muscle-inhibition state of REM sleep; in sleep paralysis it persists briefly after waking.\">REM atonia<\/span> and hypnopompic hallucinations.<\/span><\/p><p>This explanation covers the phenomenological layer (pressure on the chest, inability to move, sensory impressions) but leaves the cultural-historical layer open (Why does the figure appear in almost all cultures as female, sexual, nocturnal, and threatening to infants?).<\/p><p>The current consensus in religious studies is largely that the phenomenological and the cultural-historical explanations do not exclude each other but address two layers of the same complex.<\/p><h3>Liturgical and ritual-magical responses<\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet>The Catholic tradition has maintained since the 16th century an elaborated <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood as harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> apparatus against succubus appearances, codified in the <em>Rituale Romanum<\/em> (1614). The ritual-magical tradition (from early-modern Solomonic practice to modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"British current of the late 1970s, founded by Peter Carroll and Ray Sherwin; methodologically radical, without a fixed pantheon.\">Chaos Magic<\/span>) developed protective <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical written sign that graphically condenses a spirit or an intention; central in Goetia, Spare and chaos magic.\" tabindex=\"0\">sigils<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> formulas for binding, and release rites.<\/span><\/p><p>The iWell Guard position classifies the succubus within the category of nocturnal energy-draining beings and points to the protective function of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred syllable or formula repeatedly spoken in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> practice (see <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/protective-functions-and-affirmations\/\">Functions Overview<\/a>) as a methodological response.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modern Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-s2-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-s2-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add-sukkubus-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"add-sukkubus-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-rem-wrapped\"><p>Modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The natural muscle-inhibition state of REM sleep; in sleep paralysis it persists briefly after waking.\">REM atonia<\/span>, hypnopompia, and culturally prescribed schemas. Popular-culture reception (anime, games) predominantly engages the seductive element.<\/p><\/footer><h3>Relationship to other cultural beings<\/h3><p>The succubus is only the most prominent form of a cross-cultural being-schema in the Western medieval tradition. Related beings are found in almost every well-documented culture: Lamia in the Greek-Roman tradition, the Japanese Yuki-onna in one variant, the Slavic Mara in certain readings, the Hebrew Naamah as Lilith&#8217;s sister in Jewish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religious current centered on direct experience of the divine; central in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition.\">mysticism<\/span>.<\/p><p>This relationship is instructive from a religious-historical standpoint: it shows that the concept of a female, sexually threatening nocturnal being is not a specific product of Christian demonology but a figure that is very widespread in cultural anthropology.<\/p><p>The Christian elaboration with the polarization of incubus and succubus and the connection to the witch-concept, by contrast, is historically specific and limited to the late Middle Ages and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch roughly from the 15th to the 18th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">Early Modern period<\/span>.<\/p><h3>Theological deep structure<\/h3><p>In scholastic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline concerned with the study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, the question of whether demons can engage in physical sexual intercourse with humans is not trivial.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Italian theologian (1225-1274); principal work Summa Theologiae; Aristotelian synthesis of Christian philosophy.\">Thomas Aquinas<\/span> develops a differentiated answer in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Principal work of Thomas Aquinas (1265-1274); systematic compendium of scholastic theology.\">Summa Theologiae<\/span> (I, q. 51): demons can assemble bodies from air and matter, with which they collect male seed as a succubus and re-introduce it elsewhere as an incubus.<\/p><p>This construction resolves the theological problem of demonically generated offspring: demons do not themselves procreate but serve as vehicles; the result (for example the Antichrist in medieval conception) is therefore not a demonic being but a human conceived through demonic mediation.<\/p><p>This theological deep structure explains why medieval theology could treat succubus and incubus as two modes of one and the same being rather than as two separate creatures.<\/p><h3>Religious-studies bibliography<\/h3><p>Those who wish to engage the succubus topic academically will find the theological tradition examined in the Russell series (&#8220;Lucifer&#8221;, &#8220;Mephistopheles&#8221;).<\/p><p>The religious-historical connection to the Lilith tradition is treated systematically in Patai (&#8220;The Hebrew Goddess&#8221;, 1990); the <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sleep-paralysis\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Waking state during muscular REM atonia; interpreted worldwide as a spirit experience (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) - neurologically explicable.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">sleep paralysis<\/a> research is found in Owen Davies&#8217;s &#8220;Paranormal Experiences&#8221; and in the sleep-medicine review literature. The more recent feminist reading is accessible in Jane Caputi and in the &#8220;Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft&#8221;.<\/p><h3>Note for further research<\/h3><p>Those who wish to go further in religious-studies research will find detailed references to specialist literature in the directory pages of the &#8220;Index Religionum&#8221; and in the &#8220;Encyclopedia of Religion&#8221;.<\/p><p>Research on the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Principal work of medieval Jewish mysticism (Spain, 13th c.); kabbalistic Torah interpretation.\">Zohar<\/span>, 13th c.) refines the construction: Lilith becomes queen of the Sitra Achra, the other side. The Christian Middle Ages adopted this conception and identified Lilith with the succubus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a09c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52a09c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modern Reception and Sexuality<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-c7d59f3-3092fdf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-c7d59f3-3092fdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7d59f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7d59f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>In modern reception, the succubus has undergone several shifts in meaning. In popular culture (anime, video games, novels), the succubus is often portrayed as a seductive but not necessarily malevolent figure. The feminist reading interprets the succubus tradition as a projection of male guilt about sexual dreams.<\/p><p>Sleep medicine sees in succubus experiences, as with the incubus, <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sleep-paralysis\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Waking state during muscular REM atonia; interpreted worldwide as a spirit experience (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) - neurologically explicable.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">sleep paralysis<\/a> with culturally prescribed perception. At iWell Guard, we present all three readings transparently side by side: religious-historical, cultural-critical, and sleep-medicine. Differentiated classification rather than one-dimensional explanation.<\/p><h3>Sleep-medicine explanation<\/h3><p>Modern sleep medicine explains succubus experiences as a <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sleep-paralysis\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Perceptual state in which consciousness awakens while the body is still paralysed by REM atonia.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">sleep paralysis<\/a> phenomenon: the physiological awakening from REM sleep while muscular paralysis persists, often accompanied by visual or auditory hallucinations.<\/p><p><a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sleep-paralysis\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Perceptual state in which consciousness awakens while the body is still paralysed by REM atonia.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Sleep paralysis<\/a> affects approximately 8% of the general population at least once in their lifetime, with higher frequency in cases of sleep disorders, shift work, drug use, and psychological stress.<\/p><p>The content of the hallucinations, a pressing figure on the chest, sexual pressure, the sensation of being unable to call out, is remarkably similar across cultures because the physiological phenomenon produces the same perceptual patterns. The cultural elaboration, succubus, incubus, Mahr, Pesanta, Kanashibari, Old Hag, varies according to religious and folk-belief context.<\/p><h3>Religious-historical continuity<\/h3><p>Despite the sleep-medicine explanation, the religious-historical depth of the succubus concept has not been dissolved. The idea of a female harmful being that seeks out sleeping men has over 2,500 years of documented history, from the Babylonian exorcism tablets through the Jewish Lilith tradition and the Christian medieval demonology to modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies everyday culture, customs, and transmitted beliefs.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>.<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective, this continuity is an indication that the concept fulfills deep psychological and cultural functions: it bundles anxieties about sexual threat, theological ideas about purity and impurity, and social norms regarding male sexuality.<\/p><h3>Modern reception in popular culture and practice<\/h3><p>In modern reception, the meaning of the succubus has shifted considerably. In fantasy literature, computer and role-playing games, and modern occult currents, the succubus is often an ambivalent, sometimes even positive figure: an embodiment of female sexual power, desire, and self-determination.<\/p><p>This reinterpretation follows a broader feminist reading of older demonology, which finds its most prominent anchor in Lilith. At iWell Guard, we report on these reinterpretations from a religious-studies standpoint without passing judgment; we make visible how the meaning of a mythological figure shifts across the centuries and what cultural needs the respective readings serve.<\/p><h3>Ethical note<\/h3><p>Those who wish to incorporate a succubus relationship seriously into their spiritual practice should be aware of the religious-historical contexts and the psychological dimensions. The succubus in its original tradition is a harmful figure; a modern appropriation as a positive practice partner changes this meaning substantially.<\/p><p>We recommend neither the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address directed at a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of succubus beings nor the practice of ritualized sexual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through specific actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>; both belong in the hands of those who are well acquainted with their own psychological, ethical, and religious-historical preconditions.<\/p><p>The succubus belongs to the documented beings of Western <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The body of inherited deity narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> and demonology.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standard literature (Comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without doctrinal commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religious Studies<\/span>):<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-sukkubus-faq-9492db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-sukkubus-faq-9492db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-sukkubus-faq-col-ac00ea\" data-id=\"wv-sukkubus-faq-col-ac00ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-sukkubus-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-sukkubus-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions about the Succubus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-sukkubus-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-sukkubus-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>What is a succubus?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>A succubus is a female demon of the Jewish-Christian and medieval European tradition that visits men during sleep and seduces them sexually. The term derives from the Latin succuba (female bedfellow). Succubus concepts are closely linked to nocturnal suffocation experiences and to the medical phenomenon of sleep paralysis.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>What is the difference between a succubus and an incubus?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>A succubus is the female form (Latin succuba), which visits male sleepers. An incubus (Latin incubus, the one who lies on top) is the male counterpart, which visits female sleepers. Both are regarded in medieval demonology as shape-shifting modes of the same being: the form follows the sex of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity, to express thanks, a request or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">victim<\/span>.<\/p><\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-sukkubus-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-sukkubus-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is a succubus?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A succubus is a female demon of the Jewish-Christian and medieval European tradition that visits men during sleep and seduces them sexually. The term derives from the Latin succuba (female bedfellow). 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This overview presents the sources, the scholastic doctrine, the witch-trial theology, and modern phenomenological research. Being classCross-cultural Table of Contents Succubus Female night demon that visits sleeping men. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":20460,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"succubus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Succubus \u2013 Female Night Demon of Medieval Lore","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Female night demon that visits sleeping men. Counterpart to the incubus in Christian medieval demonology.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[106,79,83],"class_list":["post-5559","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-christianity","category-cultures","category-seduction-demons"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Succubus \u2013 Female Night Demon of Medieval Lore<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Female night demon that visits sleeping men. 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