{"id":5409,"date":"2026-04-27T10:37:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:37:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/juno\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:34:22","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:34:22","slug":"juno","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/juno\/","title":{"rendered":"Juno"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5409\" class=\"elementor elementor-5409 elementor-2138 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno, Goddess of the Roman Tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno is the goddess of marriage, of women&#8217;s lives and of state sovereignty in the Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>She embodies not only love and sexuality, but above all protection and dignity, as the protectress of Roman women and as the guardian of the state itself. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>, Juno is an example of the pluralization of female functions in polytheisms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">Goddess<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/rome\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Roman religion from the monarchy to late antiquity, syncretistic with Greek and Etruscan layers.\">Rome<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/protective-deities\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Protective deities, guardians of house, city, births, journeys or stages of life.\">Protective Deity<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_juno-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5410\" alt=\"Juno: gods from the Roman tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_juno-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_juno-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_juno-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_juno.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno encompasses several aspects: Juno Regina (royal patroness), Juno Lucina (helper in childbirth), Juno Pronuba (maker of marriages) and Juno Moneta (the warner). In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> she appears as the consort of Jupiter, yet at the same time as an independent goddess with her own cults.<\/p><p>Central to her is the month of June, which is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> to her, and the festival of the Matrona and Matronalia (1 March), at which married women were honoured.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a Glance: Juno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sources: Ovid&#8217;s Metamorphoses and Fasti, Virgil&#8217;s Aeneid, Cicero&#8217;s De Natura Deorum, Macrobius&#8217; Saturnalia, Latin inscriptions. The veneration of Juno extended throughout the entire Roman Empire. Georg Wissowa, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); main work Greek Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> and Hubert Cancik have examined her functions in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> and state; unique is her double role as lover and goddess of state.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The written <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> concerning Juno reaches back several centuries into the past, very probably with even older oral traditions behind it. The Romans preserved this entity or concept over long periods of time and passed it on from generation to generation, which points to a central religious and cultural significance.<\/p><p>The continuity of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> is remarkable and shows deep cultural rootedness and stability of meaning. In modern times too the memory and veneration remain alive, sometimes transformed, but recognizable in their essential features.<\/p><h3>Mythological Classification<\/h3><p>Juno is one of the great Roman goddesses, consort of Jupiter and queen of the gods. She is the goddess of marriage, fertility, birth and women&#8217;s lives. In her Greek form she is Hera. Juno is complex: protective, jealous, powerful. Her role is central to society.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of Distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno was not regionally confined or bound to particular locations, but was universally known and venerated or feared throughout the entire Roman world. Whether in urban centres or peripheral rural regions, whether among the elite or among ordinary people, the spiritual or cultural significance of this entity was consistently and universally recognized.<\/p><p>That Juno was at once the city goddess of Rome and the protective goddess of marriage and childbirth joined state and private <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>: married women celebrated in her honor at the Matronalia, while the epithets Juno Lucina for help in childbirth and Juno Moneta for the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on the Capitol bundled different spheres of action. Her worship was found not only in Rome but also among Italic peoples such as the Etruscans, in the figure of Uni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Situation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primary sources: Ovid&#8217;s Metamorphoses (especially the love affair with Jupiter), Virgil&#8217;s Aeneid (Books 1 and 4, Juno as the opponent of Aeneas), Horace, Martial, Cicero&#8217;s De Natura Deorum, Macrobius&#8217; Saturnalia (table talk on Juno and Jupiter). Period: 6th century BC to 5th century AD. Researchers: Georg Wissowa (Roman Gods), Karl Latte, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); main work Greek Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span>, Hendrik Versnel. Archaeological findings: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> on the Capitoline and the Aventine, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> from Campania and Germania.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno is depicted in the various traditions and sources with certain iconographic elements that remain relatively consistent across decades and places. These elements are not purely decorative or random, but are symbolically encoded and carry deep meaning.<\/p><p>They convey functions, sources of power, areas of responsibility and cosmic role. The visual system is like a script: it allows the initiated or the culturally educated to grasp and understand the essential meaning. Colours, sacred objects, bodily attributes, accessories, everything is significant and handed down by tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno was central to the religious practice and the everyday understanding of the Romans. People turned to this entity in particular critical life situations or at particular times of year, with structured rituals, prayers or offerings. The practice was not arbitrary or ad hoc, but precisely handed down and led by priests or specialists.<\/p><p>The continuity of these practices over many generations shows that the practice was regarded as effective, or at least as necessary and symbolically meaningful. Some functions were preventive (averting misfortune), some healing (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A representation worked in raised relief out of a surface.\" tabindex=\"0\">relief<\/span> of illness), some transformative (transition between stages of life).<\/p><h3>Appearance and Symbolism<\/h3><p>Juno is depicted as a majestic woman in celestial garments, often with a diadem or crown. The peacock is her sacred animal. Lilies and the pomegranate are her symbols. She often carries a sceptre. White and gold are her colours. Honour and dominion radiate from her.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Juno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Profile unfolds Juno&#8217;s nature across six perspectives: her historical origin and distribution, the veneration practice of different social groups, her iconographic form, her religious significance and protective function, comparisons with neighbouring cultures, as well as the comprehensive overview of her roles in the Roman cosmos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno's Origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno has Indo-European roots in a sky goddess; the early Italic cult forms show transitions from a fertility goddess to a protectress of royal power.<\/p><p>The first evidence in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> goes back to the 6th century BC. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on the Capitoline (alongside Jupiter and Minerva in the Capitoline Triad) was founded around 509 BC. Her identification with the Etruscan Uni shows cultural overlayering in early Roman history.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno's Audience<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> by women of all classes, especially wives and mothers. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of the matrons (Matronalia) was a women&#8217;s festival at which mistresses gave small gifts to their female slaves.<\/p><p>Among the elite, people prayed to Juno Pronuba at weddings. Pregnant women appealed to Juno Lucina. In the state cult Juno was invoked as queen and patroness of the empire, a function that has no parallel in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> of the gods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno was depicted as a dignified, crowned woman, often in a peplos or in a stola (long mantle). Her attributes are the peacock (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of vanity and royalty), the diadem or crown, the sceptre, the lily.<\/p><p>Sometimes she also wears the kalathos (tall crown), especially as Regina. On Roman coins she sits enthroned. On altars beside Jupiter she symbolizes the cosmic pairing of king and queen of heaven.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno's Effect<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Area of effect:<\/strong> Juno protects women in all phases of life: girls, women, mothers. She accompanies birth, marriage, fertility and menopause. She is the guardian of the female cycle and of the power of birth.<\/p><p>June bears her name, in order to give <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A pronouncement of blessing and protection, often in fixed verbal form.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span> to the wedding season. In Rome she is the goddess of the state, and at the same time of private fertility, a being who blesses power and intimacy in equal measure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno stood under <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> and veneration, not as a goddess of harm, but as protectress and guardian. During labour, people offered chickens and liquid offerings. Women wore <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> (bullae) with images of Juno.<\/p><p>Her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> were places of refuge for persecuted women. The month of June was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> to her; weddings were preferred in other months, so as not to provoke Juno&#8217;s favour. Offences through infidelity or disobedience required propitiatory rites.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Counterparts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> the closest correspondence is Hera, a goddess of marriage, but with less state power. In the Celtic sphere the Matres and Matronae show parallels to the protectress of women.<\/p><p>In the Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Frija\/Frigg, as the consort of Wotan, corresponds in part to Juno&#8217;s role. The Indian Lakshmi shares with Juno prosperity and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual act by which blessing is bestowed.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span> of houses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno, Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno corresponds to the Greek Hera, but in the Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> she takes on additional protective functions for marriage, birth and the civic community. Her identification with the Etruscan Uni and the Punic Tanit-Astarte shows how the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of Juno absorbed other Mediterranean chief goddesses.<\/p><p><p><strong>Jewish tradition:<\/strong> In the Hebrew Bible there is no direct goddess of marriage beside YHWH. Wisdom (Chokhmah) is feminized, but not as a consort of God. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to the 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">Late antique<\/span> syncretisms among Hellenistic Jews show isolated adaptations, but no institution of Juno veneration.<\/p><p><strong>Greco-Roman world:<\/strong> Hera is Juno&#8217;s counterpart, but in Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> she is less powerful in state affairs. The merging of the two goddesses under Roman rule created a hybrid iconography. Athena retained her role as patroness of the state alongside Juno\/Hera.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Inanna\/Ishtar is a goddess of love and of war, but not primarily of marriage. Namtar and other goddesses share individual functions, but none has a central consort-of-the-king role like Juno in the Roman state cult.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Lakshmi becomes Vishnu&#8217;s consort, but does not share Juno&#8217;s legal and state protective functions. Parvati in her role as the consort of Shiva shows cultural and structural parallels, but without direct kinship. In early Buddhism there is no analogy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f78b5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6f78b5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1ec1851 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1ec1851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Capitoline Triad and Juno Regina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89c84b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp89c84b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp257098b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp257098b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Juno belongs to the Capitoline Triad, the central group of three gods of the Roman state cult, together with Jupiter and Minerva. On the Capitoline they had a shared <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> from the early Republic onward, in which each <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> possessed its own <em>cella<\/em>.<\/p><p>In this constellation Juno is addressed as <em>Iuno Regina<\/em>, the queen, the consort of the highest god of the state. The triad had Etruscan precursors, and scholarship sees in the trinity Tinia, Uni and Menrva a probable model.<\/p><p>Juno Regina, however, also had her own <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on the Aventine.<\/p><p>According to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was brought to Rome through the <em>evocatio<\/em> from the conquered Veii: before the capture of the Etruscan city, the general Camillus is said to have solemnly called upon the city goddess Juno there to give up her former dwelling and move to Rome.<\/p><p>This episode, recorded by Livy, is a central testimony to the Roman understanding that protective deities could be relocated.<\/p><p>As <em>Regina<\/em>, Juno was at the same time a recipient of state <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious promise made to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">vows<\/span> in times of crisis. The sources repeatedly report extraordinary rites, such as processions and votive gifts, that were ordered for Juno after omens or military threats.<\/p><p>Her position in the triad makes clear that, in the Roman system, Juno was not merely the consort of Jupiter, but an independent figure of the state cult with her own <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>, her own priestly personnel and her own festivals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f2bcee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1f2bcee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfce93ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfce93ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno Moneta and the Origin of Money<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp065f560 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp065f560\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7474d15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7474d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the best-known cult epithets of Juno is <em>Moneta<\/em>.<\/p><p>Her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> stood on the Arx, the northern summit of the Capitoline, and was, according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby raised out of the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> in 344 BC. With this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> is bound up one of the most consequential conceptual histories of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>: within the temple precinct of Juno Moneta, or in its immediate vicinity, lay the Roman mint.<\/p><p>From the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> <em>Moneta<\/em> derive the Latin word for coin and thereby the modern words money, monnaie and related formations.<\/p><p>The meaning of the epithet itself is disputed. An explanation widespread in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span> connected it with the verb <em>monere<\/em>, to warn or admonish.<\/p><p>This fits with the story of Juno&#8217;s sacred geese, which were kept on the Arx and are said to have warned the defenders with their cackling of a nocturnal attack by the Gauls.<\/p><p>Whether this etymology is correct in linguistic-historical terms is open; some researchers consider other derivations. Scholarship still debates the question today, without a conclusive result.<\/p><p>Of interest for the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> is the close interlocking of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> and state financial administration. That the mint of all places lay within the area of a temple of Juno fits into the Roman pattern of placing economic and administrative functions under divine protection.<\/p><p>Juno Moneta thus combined the idea of divine warning with the reliability of the state currency. The connection was so stable that it outlasted the original cultic meaning of the epithet and continues to take effect in the conceptual history of money to this day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfac58b8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfac58b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbca2a57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbca2a57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno and the Life of Women: Lucina, Sospita, Matronalia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd7729e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd7729e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04c37e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp04c37e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beside her function in the state, Juno was the goddess who accompanied the lives of Roman women. In the figure of <em>Iuno Lucina<\/em> she was the protective goddess of birth; her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> on the Esquiline was regarded as an older foundation.<\/p><p>The epithet was connected in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span> with <em>lux<\/em>, the light, that is, with bringing the child to light. Pregnant women and women in childbed turned to Juno Lucina, and the vow connected with assistance in childbirth also belonged to her sphere.<\/p><p>In Lanuvium, a city south of Rome, Juno was venerated as <em>Iuno Sospita<\/em>, the saviour or helper. Her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The pictorial representation of a deity venerated in a temple or shrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult image<\/span> showed her in warlike form, with a goatskin, spear and shield, a markedly different type from the calm queen.<\/p><p>After the incorporation of Lanuvium, Rome took over this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, and Roman consuls sacrificed there regularly. Scholarship sees in Juno Sospita a good example of how local Italic Junos with their own profile were integrated into the Roman system.<\/p><p>The most important festival of women was the <em>Matronalia<\/em> on 1 March, the anniversary of the temple of Juno Lucina. On this day married women prayed for a happy marriage, received gifts from their husbands and brought offerings to Juno. Beside it stood the <em>Nonae Caprotinae<\/em> in July, in which female slaves also took part.<\/p><p>These festivals show that in everyday life Juno was experienced above all as the protective power of marriage, of birth and of the female course of life.<\/p><p>The theologian Georg Wissowa and later researchers concluded from the abundance of epithets that behind the one Juno there originally stood several regional goddesses, whom the Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> combined into a single figure with many functions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0ebb171 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0ebb171\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd857806 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd857806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Juno's Wrath in the Aeneid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp87920c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp87920c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa758466 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa758466\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The literarily most powerful depiction of Juno comes from Virgil&#8217;s <em>Aeneid<\/em>. There she is the driving counterforce against Aeneas and the founding of Rome. The very opening of the epic names her implacable resentment, and the famous phrase about the tears of things stands in the context of this theme.<\/p><p>Juno pursues the Trojans over land and sea, because several grievances continue to work within her: the judgement of Paris, the abduction of Ganymede and the knowledge of the future destruction of Carthage, her favourite city, by Rome.<\/p><p>Juno intervenes again and again. She prompts the wind god Aeolus to unleash a storm against the fleet of Aeneas. She furthers the union of Aeneas and Dido in order to distract the hero from his task. In the second part of the epic she kindles war in Latium through the fury Allecto.<\/p><p>Only towards the end, in conversation with Jupiter, does she abandon her resistance, though on one condition: the name of the Trojans is to be absorbed into the new people, and the language and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down action regularly repeated within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">custom<\/span> of Latium are to remain.<\/p><p>This literary Juno is not simply to be equated with the cult goddess. Virgil reworks older epic patterns, above all the Hera of Homeric poetry, and shapes Juno as the embodiment of historical resistance that must be overcome, but also reconciled.<\/p><p>Significant for religious studies is the closing condition: it binds in the Augustan interpretation, according to which Rome emerges from the reconciliation of the foreign and the native, and Juno herself becomes the protective power of the united people.<\/p><p>The <em>Aeneid<\/em> thereby shaped the image of a wrathful but ultimately integrated Juno, which determined later reception more strongly than any individual cult finding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp57f7e5e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp57f7e5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp01ee001 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp01ee001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Juno-Spirit and the Etymology of the Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d54751 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d54751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf6a9e00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf6a9e00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A peculiar conception of Roman religion connects Juno with the personal protective <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> of the woman. While every man possessed his <em>Genius<\/em>, an accompanying divine power connected with his birthday and his procreative force, every woman had her <em>Iuno<\/em>.<\/p><p>This personal Juno was venerated on the woman&#8217;s birthday. The parallelism of Genius and Juno suggests that the name Juno was closely linked with life force and the beginning of life.<\/p><p>This is precisely where the etymology comes in. An interpretation widespread in scholarship connects the name <em>Iuno<\/em> with an Indo-European root for life force or youthful strength, which is also contained in the Latin <em>iuvenis<\/em>, the young man.<\/p><p>Juno would then originally have been the power of youthful life force, which would fit both her role as the personal protective spirit of the woman and her responsibility for birth and marriage. This derivation is not proven with certainty, but it is regarded as the most plausible.<\/p><p>The month name June is also traditionally referred to Juno, even though the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> authors themselves wavered and in part proposed a derivation from <em>iuniores<\/em>, the younger citizens. This uncertainty is typical: already the Roman scholars of the late Republic and the imperial period, such as Varro, collected competing explanations without committing themselves.<\/p><p>For modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> it is precisely this multilayered quality that is revealing. Juno appears as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> whose name, functions and epithets condensed over centuries from several sources, from the personal life force of the individual woman to the queen of the state cult on the Capitoline.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/rome\/\">Rome, Culture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/frigg\/\">Frigg, Germanic Goddess Analogy<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome. A History<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Scheid, John: <em>An Introduction to Roman Religion<\/em>. Edinburgh University Press, 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dum\u00e9zil, Georges: <em>Archaic Roman Religion<\/em>. 2 volumes, University of Chicago Press, 1970.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Latte, Kurt: <em>R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte<\/em>. C.H. Beck, 1960.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Juno, Goddess of the Roman Tradition Juno is the goddess of marriage, of women&#8217;s lives and of state sovereignty in the Roman tradition. She embodies not only love and sexuality, but above all protection and dignity, as the protectress of Roman women and as the guardian of the state itself. In religious studies, Juno is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5410,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Juno","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Juno: Deity of the Roman Tradition","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"The written tradition concerning Juno reaches back several centuries into the past, very probably with even older oral traditions behind it.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,86,108],"class_list":["post-5409","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-gods","category-rome"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Juno: Deity of the 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