{"id":5373,"date":"2026-04-27T10:37:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:37:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/nuwa\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:33:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:33:38","slug":"nuwa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/nuwa\/","title":{"rendered":"Nuwa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5373\" class=\"elementor elementor-5373 elementor-2112 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nuwa, goddess of the Chinese tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nuwa is a goddess of the Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Creator goddess, repairer of the heavens, primal mother of humanity.<\/strong> Nuwa is one of the oldest goddesses of Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, not a concept but an actively creative force.<\/p><p>With the body of a serpent and the face of a woman, she created humanity from clay or mud, shaping it with her hands or by rope-drawing methods.<\/p><p>She was not alone: her brother and consort Fuxi assisted in the creation, and together they structured the order of the cosmos.<\/p><p>Yet the sky collapsed (a pillar broke, the cosmos tilted), and Nuwa repaired it; she melted colored stones, mended the sky, and saved the world. She is not merely a creator but a cosmic engineer, the goddess who acts when the gods fail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: a personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains such as natural forces, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings, and temple institutions.\">Goddess<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/china\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese gods, spirits, and folk religion: Daoist, Buddhist, Confucian.\">China<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_nuwa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5374\" alt=\"Nuwa - gods from the Chinese tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_nuwa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_nuwa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_nuwa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_nuwa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nuwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Overview: Nuwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Chinese principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, creator goddess and repairer of the world<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religious-philosophical tradition oriented toward the Dao, the Way.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Chinese folk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, Buddhism (secondary)<br>Function: creation of humans from clay, repair of the broken sky, patroness of marriage<br>Principal attributes: serpent lower body, compass or ruler, five-colored stones, female upper-body form<br>Principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Nuwa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Shexian (Hebei), Nuwa homestead in Henan, various shrines<br>Consort\/brother: Fuxi (Fukasagi-no-Sho)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nuwa (Chin. <em>Nuwa<\/em>) is one of the oldest Chinese creator deities. The first literary attestations appear in the <em>Shanhaijing<\/em> (Classic of Mountains and Seas, 4th to 1st century BCE) and in the <em>Huainanzi<\/em> (2nd century BCE).<\/p><p>The main flowering of her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> falls in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korean concept of deep-seated, accumulated grief and unresolved injustice; classically drives the Cheonyeo-gwishin motif.\">Han<\/span> dynasty (frequently depicted with Fuxi in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korean concept of deep-seated, accumulated grief and unresolved injustice; drives the Cheonyeo-gwishin motif.\">Han<\/span> reliefs). She remains present in folk cult to this day, especially in Hebei and Henan. In modern mainland China she is partly celebrated nationally as a &#8220;First Mother&#8221; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principal cult sites: <strong>Nuwa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Shexian<\/strong> (Hebei, one of the most important creator-deity <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> in China), <strong>Nuwa homestead<\/strong> in Henan (mythical site of her activity), shrines in Sichuan and Shaanxi. She is present in some <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religious-philosophical tradition oriented toward the Dao, the Way.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> temples in Taiwanese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">folk belief<\/span>. Internationally she appears in Chinese diaspora temples less often than other principal deities.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of the sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central sources: <em>Shanhaijing<\/em>, <em>Huainanzi<\/em>, <em>Liezi<\/em>, <em>Fengsu Tongyi<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korean concept of deep-seated, accumulated grief and unresolved injustice; drives the Cheonyeo-gwishin motif.\">Han<\/span> period). Allusions in Tang and Song poetry. Secondary literature: Birrell, <em>Chinese Mythology. An Introduction<\/em>; Yang\/An, <em>Handbook of Chinese Mythology<\/em>; Werner, <em>Myths and Legends of China<\/em>; Lewis, <em>The Flood Myths of Early China<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designation and spellings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nuwa is depicted as a hybrid: the upper body of a beautiful woman, the lower body of a long serpent, often green or silver.<\/p><p>She has long hair, sometimes a diadem or crown. In her hands she holds a compass-square (the cosmic measuring tool), or she is surrounded by hundreds of small human figures (her creations).<\/p><p>The collapse of the sky is shown pictorially as a broken or tilted pillar that Nuwa repairs while melting rainbow-colored stones. Fuxi is often depicted beside her, with a pair of compasses (the male counterpart to the square).<\/p><p>The serpent is not evil but primordial; it symbolizes transformation, shedding, renewal. Artistically, Nuwa is often portrayed as majestic but active, not enthroned like Yuhuang but engaged in work.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nuwa is less actively venerated in modern times than she was historically. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> China there were Nuwa shrines, especially in Shandong and Shaanxi.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folk belief<\/span> sees her as a cosmic mother; all human beings are her creations, and she is therefore a source of compassion. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religious-philosophical tradition oriented toward the Dao, the Way.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> Nuwa was canonized, but as a secondary power to the Sanqing (the Highest).<\/p><p>Unlike Yuhuang (administrator) or Yanluo (judge), Nuwa is the creator; without her there is no world. Her role is primarily mythological and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span>, not <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to a fixed religious sequence of actions.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>.<\/p><p>Modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> is rare; instead, Nuwa is culturally omnipresent: Chinese literature invokes her, artists draw on her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, scholars cite her as a root of creation concepts. She is more an archetype than an active goddess.<\/p><h3>Appearance and symbolism<\/h3><p><em>Nuwa<\/em> is depicted as a woman with a serpent tail, often with a bare upper body and visible breast, which underscores her function as a child-bearing mother.<\/p><p>In some depictions she carries a scepter or a compass. She is often shown with her partner Fuxi, likewise a serpent figure. Her color varies: often red or gold.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Nuwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Nuwa at a glance. The following fields summarize origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols, and cultural parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural context<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In one tradition Nuwa arises from primal chaos itself; in another she is the sister (and later consort) of <em>Fuxi<\/em>, her male counterpart who created the trigrams of the I Ching. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korean concept of deep-seated, accumulated grief and unresolved injustice; drives the Cheonyeo-gwishin motif.\">Han<\/span> reliefs the pair is often depicted with intertwined serpent lower bodies, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of cosmic union.<\/p><p>Main myths: (1) creation of humans from yellow clay (first artfully shaped, then flung in masses from the mud with a cord, hence the social hierarchy); (2) repair of the broken sky after the battle between Gong Gong and Zhuanxu, by melting five-colored stones and filling the cracks in the heavens; (3) establishment of marriage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related to<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Creator of humans, patroness of women&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual transition by which someone is received into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span> and of marriage. <em>Repairer of the world<\/em>, a unique concept of Chinese creation <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>: after creation comes a phase of cosmic fragility that Nuwa heals.<\/p><p>Patroness of birth (in some traditions a birth goddess). In modern China she is increasingly received as a feminist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of a female creator tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Characteristic form: female upper-body figure with long black hair, a long courtly robe, holding in her hand a <em>pair of compasses<\/em> (gui) or a <em>ruler<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the construction of world order). The lower body tapers into a <em>serpent<\/em> (or dragon).<\/p><p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Korean concept of deep-seated, accumulated grief and unresolved injustice; drives the Cheonyeo-gwishin motif.\">Han<\/span>-period reliefs she is frequently depicted paired with Fuxi, their serpent lower bodies intertwined (the union of Yin and Yang). Sometimes she also holds five-colored stones in her hand (repair material). Skin tone usually light.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sphere of action<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sphere of action:<\/strong> Nuwa was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> in rural folk belief especially at births and marriages. At the principal cult sites (Shexian, Henan) there are annual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrim<\/span> festivals.<\/p><p>In modern mainland China she is increasingly received as a &#8220;First Mother&#8221; within a national-mythological tradition (often in the shadow of the more frequently invoked Mazu, Guanyin, or Yuhuang). In Hong Kong and Taiwan she is rather peripheral.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Serpent lower body, pair of compasses (gui), ruler, five-colored stones (repair material), yellow clay (creation material), cords. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sacred<\/span> plants: peach (sibling symbolism with Fuxi). Sacred number: 5 (five-colored stones, five elements). Sacred colors: yellow, gold.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related beings<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Fuxi<\/em> (China, male counterpart), <em>Tiamat<\/em> (Mesopotamia, creator and dragon form, a notable parallel), <em>Izanami<\/em> (Japan, creator goddess), <em>Sarasvati<\/em> (Hinduism, partial female creation function), <em>Eve<\/em> (Jewish-Christian, first woman, though not a creator), <em>Pachamama<\/em> (Inca, earth mother), <em>Gaia<\/em> (Greece, earth mother, primal creator).<\/p><p>The unique combination of &#8220;creator of humans + repairer of the world + serpent lower body&#8221; exists only in the Chinese tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practical defense<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and protective symbols<\/strong><\/p><p>Nuwa, the creator and repairer goddess, is associated with protection in Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiosity as lived in everyday life, often alongside official doctrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">folk piety<\/span> above all through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the five-colored stones with which she mended the collapsed sky.<\/p><p>Colorful pebbles and jade pendants were regarded in later times as signs of cosmic order and were worn as objects of fortune and protection, especially for the protection of pregnant women and newborns, since Nuwa was venerated at the same time as the founder of marriage and the creator of humans.<\/p><p>In Han-period tomb art she frequently appears with Fuxi as an entwined pair of serpents; such double depictions on tomb reliefs and bronze mirrors had an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> function and were meant to preserve the deceased within the order of the beyond.<\/p><h3><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cult<\/span> and veneration<\/h3><p><em>Nuwa<\/em> was venerated less in organized cults than other Chinese deities, but was anchored in folk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the customs handed down within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">customs<\/span> as a creator. There are Nuwa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> in various regions of China. Her feast day is in part still observed. She represents a continuity that spans Confucianism and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religious-philosophical tradition oriented toward the Dao, the Way.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nuwa, parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nuwa resembles the Hebrew Eve (mother of humanity), the Greek Pandora (creator of humans), and the Indian Aditi (cosmic primal mother). Unlike Eve (passive, sinful), Nuwa is active and capable of healing; she repairs her creation. With Pandora (creations, but also misfortune) she shares ambivalence. With Aditi (cosmic mother) she shares the status of origin.<\/p><p>With the Egyptian Atum or the Indian Brahma (creator) she shares the creator role, but Nuwa is female, which is rare among creator gods. With the Mexican Ometecuhtli (creator duality) she shares the co-creator aspect (with Fuxi).<\/p><p>Unique is the serpent form: it combines primordial wildness with female creative power, not a transcendent goddess but one who acts, with body and soul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp93532be e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp93532be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdf1e98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbdf1e98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The creation of humans from clay<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11df5e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11df5e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0bf581 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb0bf581\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Among the best-known narratives about Nuwa is the creation of humans. A detailed version is preserved in the <em>Fengsu tongyi<\/em>, a work by the scholar Ying Shao from the second century of our era.<\/p><p>According to it, after the separation of heaven and earth, when the world was still empty, Nuwa shaped figures from yellow clay. These creatures came to life and populated the earth.<\/p><p>The work proved too laborious, however, to fill the whole world in this way. According to the narrative, Nuwa then dipped a rope or cord into the mud and flung the adhering clay about.<\/p><p>According to this interpretation, the individually and carefully shaped figures became the noble and wealthy people, while those that arose from the spattered lumps of clay became the simple and poor. The narrative thus contains an etiological feature: it explains social inequality as a consequence of the different manner of origin.<\/p><p>This creation story is attested comparatively late in the Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>. Older texts mention Nuwa without expressly attributing the creation of humans to her. Scholarship therefore debates whether this is an old oral tradition that was only fixed in writing late, or a more recent elaboration.<\/p><p>The clay as creation material connects the narrative with similar motifs in other cultures, without any direct dependence having to be inferred. What is important is that in Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> Nuwa does not remain a distant creator deity but is portrayed as a figure working with her hands, dealing directly with matter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc00eb6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc00eb6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6518e4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6518e4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The mending of the sky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc75ce3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc75ce3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbd82004 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbd82004\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The second great narrative about Nuwa recounts the repair of the damaged sky. The most detailed version is found in the <em>Huainanzi<\/em>, a philosophical compendium from the second century BCE.<\/p><p>According to it, the world order fell into catastrophe: the four supporting pillars that bore the sky collapsed, the sky itself tore open, the earth burst, fires raged, and waters flooded the land.<\/p><p>In some versions this destruction is connected with a battle between the deities Gonggong and Zhuanxu, in the course of which Gonggong struck against Mount Buzhou.<\/p><p>Nuwa restored order. She melted stones in five colors and mended the rift in the sky with them. As new supports she used the severed legs of a giant turtle and set them up at the four cardinal directions.<\/p><p>She killed a black dragon to tame the raging waters and piled up the ash of burnt reeds to push back the floods. After this deed the world returned to calm.<\/p><p>This narrative shows Nuwa in a cosmological leading role. She is not only a creator but also a preserver of order who makes the universe functional again after a catastrophe.<\/p><p>The five-colored stones and the four cardinal directions connect the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> with the later doctrine of the five phases of transformation and with the cosmological systematics of the Han period.<\/p><p>Some researchers therefore also read the text as a subsequent placement of an older narrative within the learned worldview of its time. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> at the same time offers an explanation for why, according to old conceptions, the sky in China appears slightly tilted, because the repair was not perfect.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd0a12c5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd0a12c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf8c67b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf8c67b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nuwa and Fuxi: the sibling pair with serpent bodies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb693a30 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb693a30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp236b4ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp236b4ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In numerous sources Nuwa appears not alone but at the side of Fuxi, who is often regarded as her brother and in some versions also as her husband. Both are depicted in the pictorial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> with a human upper body and a serpent or dragon body, their tails entwined with each other.<\/p><p>This depiction is frequently attested from the Han period onward on tomb reliefs, silk paintings, and stone engravings, for example in the famous reliefs of the Wu Liang shrines from the second century of our era.<\/p><p>In these images Nuwa and Fuxi often hold tools in their hands: Nuwa a pair of compasses, Fuxi a set square.<\/p><p>These attributes assign them the role of founders of order who measure circle and square, heaven and earth, and thereby regulate the world. The intertwined bodies have often been interpreted as an image for the connection of Yin and Yang and for procreation.<\/p><p>A separate narrative portrays Nuwa and Fuxi as survivors of a great flood. After all other people have perished, the siblings marry in order to continue humanity, though only after a sign that grants them permission, for instance when two separately lit columns of smoke join together.<\/p><p>This flood-sibling narrative is widespread in China and among numerous peoples of southwest China and is transmitted in many regional variants.<\/p><p>Scholarship sees in it an old, widely diffused narrative material that became firmly connected with the names Nuwa and Fuxi only in the course of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span>. The pair thus stands at the beginning of both the cosmic and the social order.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5cae065 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5cae065\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3c2260 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3c2260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source transmission and transformation of the Nuwa figure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpeb38fb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpeb38fb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa06e326 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa06e326\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What we know about Nuwa stems from a long series of texts of differing age and differing genre. The earliest mentions are found in works of the late Zhou and the Han period. The <em>Shanhai jing<\/em>, the <em>Book of Mountains and Seas<\/em>, names Nuwa without providing an elaborated mythic picture.<\/p><p>In his poem <em>Tianwen<\/em>, the <em>Heavenly Questions<\/em>, the poet Qu Yuan poses a question about Nuwa that shows her figure already seemed to require explanation at that time. The <em>Huainanzi<\/em> and the <em>Liezi<\/em> transmit the mending of the sky, the <em>Fengsu tongyi<\/em> the creation of humans.<\/p><p>This scattered <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> means that there is no uniform, self-contained Nuwa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. The individual narratives were recorded at different times and in different contexts, often by scholars who fitted older oral materials into their respective worldviews.<\/p><p>Scholarship, for example in the works of sinologists such as Anne Birrell or in older studies, has worked out that Nuwa&#8217;s role did not remain constant.<\/p><p>In the early <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> she stands in the foreground as an independent, powerful creator figure. In the later, more strongly systematized <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> and in euhemeristic historiography she was increasingly inserted into a series of culture heroes and primal emperors, and in the process often subordinated to Fuxi.<\/p><p>From the creative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> she became in part a legendary ruler of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>. This transformation is an example of how the Chinese tradition reinterpreted <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> as history. Anyone who wishes to understand Nuwa must therefore keep the different layers of transmission apart and must not take a late systematization for the original picture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5071e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd5071e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd763481 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd763481\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult, temples, and folk-religious veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp31dd907 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp31dd907\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4df8599 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4df8599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nuwa was not only a literary mythic figure but also an object of actual veneration. In various regions of China, especially in the province of Hebei and in Shanxi, there are <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> and cult sites <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> to her.<\/p><p>A well-known complex is the Wahuang Palace near Shexian in Hebei, a temple complex built into the rock whose beginnings reach back to the early Middle Ages and which remains a place of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> to the present day.<\/p><p>In the folk-religious context Nuwa was invoked above all as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> associated with fertility, the desire for children, and marriage. This function follows logically from her role as creator of humans and as founder of marriage.<\/p><p>In some traditions she is expressly regarded as the founder of the marriage order and of the institution of matchmaking. At her cult sites there are correspondingly customs in which women pray for offspring.<\/p><p>Less is known about the precise history of her cult than one might expect. The written sources concentrate on the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, while the ritual practice on the ground is only sparsely documented and moreover differs greatly by region.<\/p><p>Among the non-Chinese peoples of southwest China, such as the Miao and others, Nuwa moreover lives on in their own narrative traditions connected with the flood-sibling story.<\/p><p>Present-day veneration is in part connected with local tourism and with a revived interest in Nuwa as a cultural figure of identification. In terms of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>, Nuwa is thus an example of a figure that stands between learned <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, living folk cult, and modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> politics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/jade-emperor\/\">Yuhuang, later principal ruler of the heavens<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/izanami\/\">Izanami, Japanese creation parallel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat, Mesopotamian dragon-creator parallel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/china\/\">China, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/high-deities\/\">High deities, subcategory<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gods\/\">Gods, class overview<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Birrell, Anne: <em>Chinese Mythology. An Introduction<\/em>. Baltimore 1993.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lewis, Mark Edward: <em>The Flood Myths of Early China<\/em>. Albany 2006.<\/span><\/li><li><em>Huainanzi<\/em> and <em>Shanhaijing<\/em> (numerous translations).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &#8220;Nuwa&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nuwa, goddess of the Chinese tradition Nuwa is a goddess of the Chinese tradition. Creator goddess, repairer of the heavens, primal mother of humanity. Nuwa is one of the oldest goddesses of Chinese mythology, not a concept but an actively creative force. With the body of a serpent and the face of a woman, she [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5374,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Nuwa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nuwa, China's Creator Goddess and Repairer of the Cosmos","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Creator of humanity, repairer of the sky's collapse, and serpent body: a primordial force in Chinese mythology.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[112,79,86],"class_list":["post-5373","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china","category-cultures","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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