{"id":5282,"date":"2026-04-27T10:35:39","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:35:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/perun\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:32:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:32:26","slug":"perun","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/perun\/","title":{"rendered":"Perun"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5282\" class=\"elementor elementor-5282 elementor-1987 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perun, god of the Slavic tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Perun is the supreme thunder god of Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> and embodies lightning, thunder and the power of the sky. Religiously central until the Christianization of the 10th and 11th centuries, he later remained culturally effective in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmitted folk culture with customs, tales and songs.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> and regional practices up to the present day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/slavic\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Slavic mythology and folk religion, overlaid by Christianity from the 10th century onward.\">Slavic<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_perun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5283\" alt=\"Perun - Gods from the Slavic tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_perun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_perun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_perun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_perun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Perun governs weather, justice and martial valor. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> is the axe or the wheel. In cultic practice he is connected with <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>, oaths and the protection of borders. Relics of his veneration survive in European place names and folk rites to this day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quick overview: Perun<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Principal Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, thunder and storm god, supreme god of the Slavic pantheon<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Slavic (East, West and South Slavic)<br>Function: thunder, lightning, war, kingship, cosmic order, the subduing of the chaotic Veles serpent<br>Main attributes: thunder axe (or hammer), oak (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> tree), eagle, bearded and imposing appearance<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: <strong>Kiev<\/strong> (Vladimir&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> before 988), Novgorod (Peryn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>), Pomerania (Szczecin)<br>Indo-European kinship: Donar\/Thor (Germanic), Indra (Hindu), Zeus (Greek), Tarhunna (Hittite)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historical classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Perun is the most important Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, attested in all three Slavic language groups (East, West, South Slavic). Main floruit: the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Originating from the period before the spread of Christianity.\" tabindex=\"0\">pre-Christian<\/span> period (until about 988, the Christianization of Kievan Rus by Vladimir the Great). Around 980 Vladimir erected in Kiev the famous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> with Perun at its head (Primary Chronicle of Nestor).<\/p><p>After Christianization, Perun&#8217;s image was thrown into the Dnieper. Folk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the customs handed down within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">customs<\/span> survived in many Slavic regions into the 19th century (thunder rites, oak veneration). In the 20th century there was a <em>rodnovery<\/em> revival in Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Main cult sites: <em>Kiev<\/em> (Vladimir&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> with a Perun statue with a silver head and golden moustache, 980-988), <strong>Novgorod<\/strong> (Peryn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> on the Volkhov River), <strong>Szczecin<\/strong> (Pomerania), <strong>Mount Triglav<\/strong> (in some South Slavic traditions).<\/p><p>Alongside these, thousands of oak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> stood in the Slavic mountain regions. In the modern <em>Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymous with heathen; belonging to a pre-Christian religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">pagan<\/span> movement<\/em> (rodnovery, from the 1990s onward in Russia, Poland, Ukraine) he is once again centrally venerated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of the sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central sources: the <em>Primary Chronicle of Nestor<\/em> (Russian original chronicle, 12th century, with a description of Vladimir&#8217;s pantheon), Helmold of Bosau, <em>Chronica Slavorum<\/em> (12th century, West Slavic), Saxo Grammaticus, <em>Gesta Danorum<\/em>, folk tales and folk songs.<\/p><p>Secondary literature: V\u00e1\u0148a, <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythology<\/span> and the world of gods of the Slavic peoples<\/em>; Gimbutas, <em>The Slavs<\/em>; Ivanov\/Toporov, <em>Issledovanija v oblasti slavjanskich drevnostej<\/em> (classic study); Pittner, <em>Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designation and spellings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the available sources Perun is consistently depicted as a large, strong man with red or fiery-blond hair and a thick beard, a typical feature of Indo-European thunder gods.<\/p><p>His sacred weapon is the axe (or sometimes the hatchet), with which he hurls lightning: thunder is the sound of the axe, lightning its light. The thunderbolt or Peruna is a six-part or cross-shaped geometric <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> that was frequently worn as an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object credited with a protective, evil-averting effect.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>.<\/p><p>The oak is his sacred tree: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express thanks, a request or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> were brought beneath oaks, and his sanctuaries often lay near oak groves, where the wood was venerated as belonging to the god.<\/p><p>His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Kiev bore on its summit a golden statue with eyes of carnelian (a red stone) and silver, a deliberate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of dominion over heavenly fire and earthly power alike. In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> dances and processions, raw meat offerings were often brought as tribute and veneration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Perun was not only a personified force of nature, but the guardian of social order, of justice and of the contract.<\/p><p>Warriors swore their oaths before his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An elevated place or table for offerings and religious acts.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span>, and the oath was sealed with his name; breaking an oath counted not merely as personal disgrace, but as sacrilege that Perun himself would avenge. In times of crisis the Rus implored him for victory, and after successful wars extensive <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express thanks, a request or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> were presented.<\/p><p>His festivals took place at times of intense thunderous activity, especially at the transitions of the seasons (spring and summer), when storms were frequent. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was hierarchically organized: only trained priests could touch his sacred fire, and the grand prince himself was the chief offerer, a function that justified and legitimized this high standing.<\/p><p>After Christianization the open <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> vanished quickly, but folk traditions and rural practices preserved memories, often hidden in the form of superstitions about lightning, thunder and oaks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Perun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Perun at a glance. The following fields summarize origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols and cultural parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural context<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Perun is the principal god of the Slavic pantheon, with Indo-European roots in the shared thunder god <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> (comparable to Germanic Donar\/Thor, Vedic Indra, Greek Zeus). In the central Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted tale about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>: an eternal struggle between Perun (heavenly order, thunder) and Veles (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the earth or the underworld; in ancient religion the gods and spirits of the depths (Hades, the Erinyes, Demeter chthonia).\" tabindex=\"0\">chthonic<\/span> power, serpent god of the underworld), a classic dragon-slaying <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted tale about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>.<\/p><p>Perun fights Veles because the latter has stolen his cattle, wife or son (depending on the version), drives Veles back into the underworld, and from this arise the thunderclaps, the rain and fertility. Father of Yarilo (in some traditions).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Object of effect<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunder and lightning god. King god (venerated in Kiev as the chief god of the princes). Patron of war (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> before battles). Patron of oaks (the sacred tree struck by lightning).<\/p><p>In the personal domestic cult, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invocatory address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> for protection against lightning strike and against misfortune. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">folk belief<\/span> he was identified with the Christian <em>St. Elias (Ilya)<\/em>: Elias rolls across the sky with his fiery chariot and strikes with lightning, which corresponds to Perun&#8217;s function.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appearance<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Characteristically depicted according to the Primary Chronicle of Nestor: a statue with a silver head and a golden moustache, in early Slavic warrior garb. Later pictorial representations (especially in the modern rodnovery movement): a powerful bearded man with a long red or blond beard, in Slavic warrior clothing with a fur cloak.<\/p><p>A <em>thunder axe<\/em> (or hammer) in his hand, the main attribute. Sometimes with an <em>eagle<\/em> on his shoulder (sacred bird). He rides on a fiery chariot or horse. His skin color is reddened (through wrath and thunder energy).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sphere of effect:<\/strong> In pre-Christian Slavdom Perun was invoked as the chief god, before battles, in oath formulas (Slavic oath formulas invoked Perun), in matters of weather. Oak sanctuaries were his main cult sites.<\/p><p>His annual main festival fell on 20 July (retained in the Christian tradition as the feast of Elias). In modern <em>rodnovery<\/em> tradition he is once again venerated with bl\u00f3t-like gatherings, with active communities in Russia, Poland, Ukraine, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forms of defense<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thunder axe (or hammer), oak (sacred tree), eagle, fiery chariot, arrows (thunder arrows), hatchet. Sacred plant: oak (all oaks struck by lightning were considered <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span>), iris. Sacred animals: eagle, bull (sacrificial animal), rooster. Sacred number: 4 (the four cardinal directions, the four thunder-axe blows). Sacred weekday: Thursday (in some traditions).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perun's parallels<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Donar \/ Thor<\/em> (Germanic, thunder god with hammer, shared Indo-European root), <em>Indra<\/em> (Hinduism, Vajra thunderbolt, Vritra battle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted tale about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Greece, thunderbolt king of the gods), <em>Iuppiter<\/em> (Rome), <em>Tarhunna\/Teshub<\/em> (Hittites), <em>Marduk<\/em> (Mesopotamia, storm hero), <em>Adad<\/em> (Mesopotamia), <em>Baal<\/em> (Levant), <em>Raijin<\/em> (Japan), <em>Lei Gong<\/em> (China).<\/p><p>The Perun-Veles battle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted tale about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> corresponds structurally and exactly to the dragon-slaying myths of the other Indo-European thunder gods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perun, parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Perun corresponds structurally and functionally to the Baltic Perkunas, the Lithuanian Perk\u016bnas and, more distantly, to the Germanic Donar\/Thor and the Roman Jupiter Tonans (Zeus Keraunios).<\/p><p>All these gods rule over weather and war, all are powerful men with axes, hammers or lightning bolts, and all are supreme or nearly supreme gods of their respective pantheons. The broad Indo-European consensus shows a fundamental, archetypal pattern.<\/p><p><strong>Jewish tradition:<\/strong> The god Hadad or Baal in Semitic cultures shares with Perun dominion over weather phenomena and fertility. Both are depicted with thunder weapons (lightning, hatchet) and venerated at high places of worship.<\/p><p><strong>Greco-Roman world:<\/strong> Zeus and his Roman counterpart Iuppiter resemble Perun structurally: supreme deities with a thunder weapon (lightning), cosmic authority and a connection to oath-taking as well as war. The Indo-European root *Per-\u01f5unos is linguistically attested.<\/p><p><strong>Germanic tradition:<\/strong> Donar\/Thor of Norse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> parallels Perun: a thunder god with a hammer (Mj\u00f6lnir) instead of an axe, a similar function in border protection and oath-taking, comparable folk adaptations after Christianization (Thursday denominations, protective formulas).<\/p><p><strong>Hinduism:<\/strong> Indra, the Vedic sky god and thunderer, bears structural features such as dominion over weather, a warrior function and sacrificial reciprocity. There is linguistic and mythological continuity with the Indo-European <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ancestor venerated in many cultures as a protective power.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestral<\/span> god.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd43fe9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcd43fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa02230a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa02230a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perun and the state of the sources of Slavic mythology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdc09b51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdc09b51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61467f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61467f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anyone engaging with Perun must first understand the difficult state of the sources of Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. Unlike the Greek, Roman or Norse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and tales across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, the pre-Christian Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> left behind no literary tradition of its own.<\/p><p>There is no Slavic <em>Edda<\/em>, no Slavic <em>Theogony<\/em>. Everything we know derives from indirect and mostly late testimonies.<\/p><p>The most important sources for Perun are chronicle and ecclesiastical texts.<\/p><p>The Old Russian <em>Nestor Chronicle<\/em>, also called the <em>Tale of Bygone Years<\/em>, from the early 12th century, reports that Prince Vladimir of Kiev, before his Christianization, had a series of god-images set up in the year 980, at the head of which stood Perun, whose image is described as made of wood with a silver head and a golden moustache.<\/p><p>The same chronicle reports that the Perun statue was toppled at the Christianization of 988, beaten and thrown into the river.<\/p><p>Further indications are provided by treaties between Kievan Rus and Byzantium, in which the pagan Rus swear by Perun and by the cattle god Volos. Added to these are sermons against pagan customs, archaeological finds and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmitted folk culture with customs, tales and songs.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> recorded much later.<\/p><p>Scholarship, for instance in Roman Jakobson, Henryk \u0141owmia\u0144ski or the later works of Boris Uspensky, emphasizes that from these scattered fragments only an incomplete picture can be gained. Much that appears in popular accounts as established knowledge is in fact reconstruction or hypothesis. This caution is the foundation of any serious engagement with Perun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb9bea2d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb9bea2d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc48585b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc48585b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perun as thunder god and the Indo-European comparison<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4c61b0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4c61b0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcea625f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpcea625f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to the prevailing scholarly opinion, Perun is the Slavic thunder and storm god. His very name points in this direction. In several Slavic languages a related word simply means thunder or thunderclap, and the name can be connected with an Indo-European root that has to do with striking.<\/p><p>This linguistic finding drew the early attention of comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. Perun belongs to a series of Indo-European storm deities that includes, among others, the Baltic Perk\u016bnas, the Norse <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/thor\/\">Thor<\/a>, the Vedic Indra and, in some respects, the Greek Zeus.<\/p><p>The closeness to the Baltic Perk\u016bnas in particular is striking and well grounded linguistically, since Slavs and Balts long formed a close linguistic and cultural community.<\/p><p>Characteristic of these storm deities is the notion of a battle against a serpent-like or dragon-like opponent. In Slavic scholarship this notion was elaborated as the so-called basic-myth model by Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vladimir Toporov.<\/p><p>According to this hypothesis Perun, who resides above, in the sky and on mountains, fights against Volos or Veles, who is connected below, with cattle, water and the underworld.<\/p><p>This model is influential but contested. Critics charge that it constructs an overly closed system out of thin sources. The religious-studies assessment is that Perun&#8217;s character as a thunder god is well established, but that the precise shaping of his mythical conflict remains well-founded conjecture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3902956 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3902956\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfedd386 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfedd386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult, sacred sites and the sanctuary of Novgorod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7e4fc3a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7e4fc3a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb17f095 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb17f095\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Concerning the concrete <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of Perun, a few statements can be derived from the sources. The <em>Nestor Chronicle<\/em> mentions that Vladimir had a Perun image erected not only in Kiev but also in Novgorod, which was later likewise toppled and thrown into the river Volkhov.<\/p><p>Archaeologically, near Novgorod, at a place called Peryn, an installation was excavated that some researchers interpret as a Perun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>.<\/p><p>It is a circular structure with a central pit, possibly for a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A pictorial representation of a deity venerated in the temple or shrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult image<\/span>, and traces of hearths along the edge. The interpretation, however, is not undisputed, and scholarship warns against reading every round feature too hastily as a deity&#8217;s sanctuary.<\/p><p>From later <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmitted folk culture with customs, tales and songs.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> and from place names it can be inferred that Perun remained connected with heights, with oaks and with thunder.<\/p><p>The oak was regarded in many Slavic regions as Perun&#8217;s tree, which in turn fits the Indo-European parallel, since other storm gods too are linked with the oak. Trees struck by lightning and stones of unusual shape, which in folk culture were considered thunderbolts, were in part associated with Perun.<\/p><p>After Christianization, functions of Perun were transferred to Christian figures, above all to the prophet Elias, who in the Orthodox folk culture of Eastern Europe is regarded as lord over thunder and storms and on whose feast day thunderstorm customs were observed.<\/p><p>Saint George too took on features of the dragon slayer. This transition shows how pagan notions could live on beneath a Christian surface.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/veles\/\">Veles, arch-enemy, chthonic serpent god<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/svarog\/\">Svarog, related Slavic smith and sun god<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/mokosh\/\">Mokosh, female Slavic mother goddess<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/thor\/\">Thor, Germanic thunder parallel (where a page exists)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/indra\/\">Indra, Vedic thunder parallel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/zeus\/\">Zeus, Greek thunder parallel (where a page exists)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/slavic\/\">Slavic, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/high-deities\/\">High deities, sub-category<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>V\u00e1\u0148a, Zden\u011bk: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythology<\/span> and the world of gods of the Slavic peoples<\/em>. Stuttgart 1992.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ivanov, Vja\u010deslav \/ Toporov, Vladimir: <em>Issledovanija v oblasti slavjanskich drevnostej<\/em>. Moscow 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gimbutas, Marija: <em>The Slavs<\/em>. London 1971.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Pittner, Manfred: <em>Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span><\/em>. Cologne 2009.<\/span><\/li><li>Nestor Chronicle, Helmold of Bosau (numerous translations).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &#8220;Perun&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-perun-faq-d264b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-perun-faq-d264b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-perun-faq-col-63e16c\" data-id=\"wv-perun-faq-col-63e16c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-perun-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-perun-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently asked questions about Perun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-perun-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-perun-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>Who was Perun in Slavic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted tales of the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>Perun was the supreme god of the East Slavic pantheon, god of thunder, lightning, war and royal power. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> stood on the hill of Kiev until Vladimir the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">Holy<\/span> toppled it in 988 with the Christianization. Perun is closely related to the Baltic Perkunas, the Germanic Thor and the Indian Indra.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>Which symbols belong to Perun?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>The classic Perun symbols include the oak (sacred tree), the axe or the hammer (thunder weapon), the six-spoked thunder wheel (Perun sign), boar and bull (sacrificial animals) as well as the lightning itself. The Perun sign later reappeared as a protective symbol on the house gables of Slavic farmsteads.<\/p><\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-perun-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-perun-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who was Perun in Slavic mythology?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Perun was the highest god of the East Slavic pantheon: the god of thunder, lightning, war and royal power. His sanctuary stood on the hill of Kiev until Vladimir the Saint overthrew it in 988 with the Christianisation. Perun is closely related to the Baltic Perkunas, the Germanic Thor and the Indian Indra.\"}},\r\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Which symbols belong to Perun?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The classic Perun symbols include the oak (sacred tree), the axe or the hammer (thunder weapon), the six-spoked thunder wheel (Perun sign), boar and bull (sacrificial animals) as well as the lightning itself. The Perun sign later reappeared as a protective symbol on the house gables of Slavic farmsteads.\"}}\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Perun, god of the Slavic tradition Perun is the supreme thunder god of Slavic mythology and embodies lightning, thunder and the power of the sky. Religiously central until the Christianization of the 10th and 11th centuries, he later remained culturally effective in folklore and regional practices up to the present day. GodSlavic Table of Contents [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5283,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Perun","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Perun: The Supreme God of the Slavs","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Perun, supreme god of the Slavs. Lord of lightning, protector of warriors and guardian of oaths in pre-Christian Rus: the thunder king.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,86,109],"class_list":["post-5282","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-gods","category-slavic"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Perun: The Supreme God 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