{"id":5132,"date":"2026-04-21T13:17:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T13:17:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/jeoseung-saja\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:31:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:31:49","slug":"jeoseung-saja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/jeoseung-saja\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeoseung Saja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5132\" class=\"elementor elementor-5132 elementor-1334\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja, spirit of Korean tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeoseung Saja is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which an effect upon the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> of Korean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>Messenger of the dead in Korean tradition, black hat, relentless guidance of souls.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit: incorporeal or semi-corporeal entity, the deceased, nature beings, household spirits or threshold guardians. Acts in everyday life, often bound to places or families.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The Korean world of gods, shamans and folk spirits.\">Korea<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/death-messengers\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirits that announce death or escort the dying, banshees, doppelgangers, shadows.\">Messengers of death<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5133\" alt=\"Jeoseung Saja - spirits from the Korean tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_jeoseung-saja.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Jeoseung Saja (\uc800\uc2b9\uc0ac\uc790, &#8220;messenger of the beyond&#8221;) is, in the Korean conception, the messenger of the dead who collects the souls of the deceased from the world of the living and leads them before the judge of the dead.<\/p><p>He is not a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> in the strict sense, but rather a functionary of the administration of the beyond; nevertheless, in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">folk belief<\/span> he is perceived among the awe-inspiring figures and belongs to the fixed repertoire of Gwishin literature.<\/p><p>The classic depiction: a tall man in a long black robe (<em>durumagi<\/em>), with a broad black hat (<em>gat<\/em>), a pale face and a stern bearing. In his hand he carries the register of the dead (<em>cheonsu-bok<\/em>) and with him the death certificate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quick Overview: Jeoseung Saja<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> messenger of the dead, official of the beyond<br>Origin: shamanic conception of the beyond, with Buddhist and Chinese influences<br>Texts: Barideggi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, shamanic chants, yadam collections from the Joseon period<br>Function: collects souls and leads them to the judge of the dead (<em>Yeomra<\/em>)<br>Attribute: black hat, black robe, death certificate<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The messenger of the dead is widely attested in Korean shamanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> chants (<em>muga<\/em>). A central text is the Barideggi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, the tale of the cast-out princess Bari, who goes into the beyond to fetch the healing water for her parents.<\/p><p>Within this framework, messengers of the dead appear as figures who act in the borderland between the worlds.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>The figure condenses influences from three layers: the indigenous shamanic conception of the beyond, the Buddhist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span> of hell (with Yama as judge of the dead, Korean Yeomra) and the Chinese bureaucracy of the underworld. The figure became popular in recent times through the cinema film &#8220;Along with the Gods&#8221; (2017\/2018).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of Distribution<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The figure of the Jeoseung Saja is known throughout Korean ritual chants and folk tales. Regional accents exist in particular in the shamanic tradition of the island of Jeju, where the messenger of the dead appears in special ritual cycles.<\/p><p>Typical places of encounter are the dying person at the deathbed, the threshold between the living space and the outside world, and the vicinity of cemeteries. In modern stories he appears at accident sites, in hospital death rooms and in dreams shortly before death.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of the Sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Core sources: shamanic chants (<em>muga<\/em>) from various regions, especially the Barideggi and Chesuk cycles; yadam collections from the Joseon period; modern field research.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Central modern works: Walraven, Songs of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious specialist credited with mediating between humans and the spirit world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shaman<\/span> (1994); Kim Tae-gon (1981); Seo, Dae-seok &#8220;Han&#8217;guk sinhwa-ui y\u014fn&#8217;gu&#8221; (1988). For popular culture: publications on the film &#8220;Along with the Gods&#8221; and its mythological references.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Spellings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Literally &#8220;messenger of the beyond&#8221;, from \uc800\uc2b9 (&#8220;beyond&#8221;) and \uc0ac\uc790 (&#8220;messenger, envoy&#8221;).<\/p><ul><li><strong>Jeoseung chasa<\/strong> (\uc800\uc2b9\ucc28\uc0ac), a synonymous expression, frequent in the shamanic context.<\/li><li>Cheosaeng saja, an alternative pronunciation.<\/li><li>Ilchik \/ Weoljik \/ Haejik chasa, the three messengers of the dead in the shamanic tradition (for days, months, years).<\/li><li>Yeomra \/ Yeomra-daewang, the Korean name of the judge of the dead, Yama.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance.<\/strong> A tall man in a long black robe and broad black hat, with a pale face and a grave gaze. Often appearing as three in a row, sometimes as a trio of Day, Month and Year Chasa. They are relentless, not malicious; they carry out what the order of the beyond prescribes.<\/p><p>Behavior. They come at the moment of the appointed death, call the name of the deceased three times, present the death certificate and escort the soul away. In folk tales they can be softened by good hospitality; rice, soup and rice wine at the deathbed can bring about a reprieve.<\/p><p>Limits. In stories, clever or righteous people occasionally manage to outwit the Chasa, through toasts, riddles or ritual hospitality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Jeoseung Saja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of the Jeoseung Saja at a glance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural Context<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A shamanic conception of the beyond with Buddhist and Chinese influences; a functionary of the administration of the beyond, not an individual human being.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Object of Effect<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All people at the moment of their death; in stories especially the superior righteous whose time has come.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja's Appearance<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tall man in a black robe, with a broad black hat, a pale face and a relentless gaze; often appearing as three.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sphere of Effect<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The soul&#8217;s farewell from the body; the terror of the bereaved; pursuit in the case of an error or confusion of souls.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forms of Defense<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rituals of hospitality (<em>sajabap<\/em>) with rice, shoes and coins at the deathbed; Buddhist sutras; in folk tales, cunning through hospitality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Counterparts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhist <strong>Yamad\u016bta<\/strong>; Chinese <em>Heibai Wuchang<\/em> (&#8220;Black and White Impermanence&#8221;); the European Grim Reaper.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practical Defense<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sajabap.<\/strong> At the deathbed an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food that is presented to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> is prepared for the messengers of the dead: three bowls of rice, three pairs of shoes, coins. This is meant to make the Chasa merciful and to let them guide the soul gently.<\/p><p>Buddhist funerary rites. The 49-day Sasiban <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> accompanies the soul along its way before the judge of the dead; the recitation of sutras is meant to influence the verdict favorably.<\/p><p>The shamanic gut. The <em>ssitgim-gut<\/em> in Jeolla and Jindo ensures that the soul does not remain behind as a Gwishin but takes the prescribed path.<\/p><p>Tales of the messenger of the dead. Folk stories tell of clever people who trick the Chasa through hospitality and riddles, usually with a small reprieve rather than a definitive turn of events.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jeoseung Saja, Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Buddhism.<\/strong> The Yamad\u016bta, messengers of the judge of the dead Yama, are the closest parallel; the Korean Jeoseung Saja partly takes over their function and iconographic arrangement.<\/p><p>China. The <em>Heibai Wuchang<\/em> (&#8220;Black and White Impermanence&#8221;) are a fixed pair of messengers of the dead in the Chinese bureaucracy of the underworld; they directly shape the Korean figure.<\/p><p>Japan. The equivalent are the wardens of hell under Enma-\u014d; the Japanese tradition emphasizes punishment in hell more than transport.<\/p><p>Europe. The Grim Reaper and analogous figures share the basic metaphor of the messenger who comes at the appointed time.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpba6d618 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpba6d618\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa416b5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa416b5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Jeoseung Saja in the Korean Conception of the Beyond<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7003026 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7003026\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp494894b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp494894b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <em>Jeoseung Saja<\/em>, literally the &#8220;messenger of the otherworld&#8221;, can only be understood in the context of the traditional Korean conception of the beyond, which consists of several layers.<\/p><p>Fundamental is the idea of a journey of the soul from this world (<em>iseung<\/em>) into the beyond (<em>jeoseung<\/em>). This journey is not an instantaneous transition, but a path along which the deceased are escorted, examined and finally brought before a court.<\/p><p>Shamanic, Buddhist and Confucian elements flow together in this picture. From Buddhism comes the notion of the ten kings of the underworld, before whom the soul must appear in a series of court proceedings; at their head stands a figure corresponding to the Chinese Yama, in Korea often called <em>Yeomra<\/em>.<\/p><p>The Jeoseung Saja is the official who collects the soul from the house of the deceased and delivers it to this judicial apparatus. His function is that of an enforcement organ, comparable to a court messenger or bailiff in earthly administration.<\/p><p>This analogy to the world of officials is no coincidence. The Korean beyond is, in folk conception, largely constructed on the model of earthly bureaucracy, with registers, summonses, deadlines and instances. The Jeoseung Saja accordingly appears not as a wild monster but as a functionary: strict, incorruptible, bound by regulations.<\/p><p>His appearance marks the moment in which a person is transferred from the jurisdiction of this world into that of the beyond. Related conceptions are found in the Chinese <a href=\"\/en\/hei-bai-wuchang-messengers-of-death-in-the-chinese-underworld\/\">Heibai Wuchang<\/a> and in the Japanese judgment of the dead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa63d489 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa63d489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ae28d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ae28d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconography: the Messenger's Black Hat and Robe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp182bb7a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp182bb7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp452ec34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp452ec34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The appearance of the Jeoseung Saja is remarkably firmly fixed in the Korean conception, above all through the modern media tradition, but with roots in older folk culture.<\/p><p>He is typically depicted as a tall man in dark traditional dress, with a strikingly pale face and a broad-brimmed black hat, the <em>gat<\/em>, which in the Joseon period belonged to the attire of the educated man and the official.<\/p><p>This clothing carries meaning. By dressing the Jeoseung Saja as an official of the Joseon period, his role as an officeholder is visually underscored. He is not a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which an effect upon the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> from outside the order, but part of an orderly administrative apparatus of the beyond.<\/p><p>The dark color of hat and robe at the same time connects him with the sphere of death and mourning. The pallor of the face signals that he himself no longer belongs to the world of the living.<\/p><p>In older folk art and on shamanic painted panels (<em>musindo<\/em>) used in rituals, messengers of the dead sometimes also appear in other forms, for example in greater numbers or with attributes such as a scroll and writing implement, with which they <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">record<\/span> the names of those to be collected.<\/p><p>The form that dominates today, very uniform and with a black gat, goes to a considerable degree back to film and television of the 20th and 21st centuries, which popularized and standardized the image.<\/p><p>Scholarship therefore distinguishes between the multiform older <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> and the unified modern media image. Both belong to the history of the figure&#8217;s reception, but must not be equated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c06673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c06673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9afe216 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9afe216\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Messenger in Myth and Folk Tale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1679495 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1679495\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe90f531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe90f531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Jeoseung Saja is not only a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> functional figure, but also a popular protagonist of Korean folk tales, in which he is often given a surprising trait: he is corruptible, prone to error or compassionate.<\/p><p>A widespread group of stories deals with the messenger collecting the wrong person, because two people bear the same name or because the scroll deceives him with an error. The person mistakenly collected is then, after the matter is clarified, sent back to life.<\/p><p>Another widespread type of story reports that a family entertains the Jeoseung Saja.<\/p><p>When the messengers, while collecting a dying person, are received with food, rice and money, they feel obliged and try to obtain a reprieve for the person concerned, for example by putting in a good word at the court of the underworld or by manipulating an entry in the register of life.<\/p><p>In the logic of folk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, these stories explain why <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> were set out for the messengers of the dead at a death: a small table with rice, shoes for the journey and some money, the so-called <em>saja-bap<\/em>, the &#8220;meal for the messengers&#8221;.<\/p><p>An important peculiarity of the Korean conception of the beyond shows itself in these stories. Death is not entirely non-negotiable. Because the beyond is conceived as a bureaucracy, it also has the weaknesses of a bureaucracy: errors, corruptibility, room for discretion.<\/p><p>The Jeoseung Saja thus stands between relentless fulfillment of duty and human approachability. For the bereaved, this conception opened up room for action: through correct ritual conduct one could hope to ease the deceased&#8217;s transition. The stories are therefore not only entertainment, but also provide the foundation for concrete practices of mourning and burial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7200bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7200bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdfd4849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdfd4849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamanic Funerary Rituals and Modern Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6ec74f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6ec74f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp12eb69f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp12eb69f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Korean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious system in which specialists communicate with the world of spirits.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamanism<\/span>, the <em>Musok<\/em>, the transition of the soul plays a central role, and the Jeoseung Saja belongs to the personnel of the corresponding rituals. The most important is the <em>Ssitgim-gut<\/em> in the southwestern region and related funerary rites in other parts of the country.<\/p><p>These ceremonies are concerned with purifying the soul of a deceased person, releasing its resentment and safely escorting it into the beyond. In doing so, the shaman (<em>mudang<\/em>) enacts the path of the soul and invokes the responsible powers of the beyond.<\/p><p>Such rituals are of particular significance for people who have died a &#8220;bad death&#8221;, for example through accident, violence, or while young and unmarried. Such souls are considered to be at risk of remaining behind in this world and becoming restless <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span>.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> is meant to ensure that the Jeoseung Saja takes them in properly and that the soul follows its intended path. Here the figure of the messenger becomes practically effective: his intervention is the precondition for the dead person not getting stuck between the worlds.<\/p><p>In the present day, the Jeoseung Saja has made a second, media career. Korean films, television series and webtoons regularly take up the figure, most famously the film <em>Along with the Gods<\/em> and various series in which messengers of the dead appear as main characters.<\/p><p>These portrayals often psychologize the messenger, giving him a backstory, a conscience and a tragic biography of his own.<\/p><p>In doing so they move away from the sober functional character of the traditional figure, yet keep the basic conception alive.<\/p><p>For the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">study of religion<\/span>, the Jeoseung Saja is therefore a good example of how a traditional figure of the beyond persists in a modern society by shifting from the ritual into the narrative sphere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recommended internal links:<\/p><ul><li>Culture page <strong>Korea<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Further individual profiles of Korea: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/dokkaebi\/\">Dokkaebi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gwishin\/\">Gwishin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gumiho\/\">Gumiho<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/cheonyeo-gwishin\/\">Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/a>.<\/li><li>Parallels: Yamad\u016bta (Buddhism), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (China).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>A compact selection of central works on the Jeoseung Saja and the Korean conception of the dead:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Walraven, Boudewijn: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/songsofshamanrit0000walr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Songs of the Shaman: The Ritual Chants of the Korean Mudang.<\/a><\/em> Kegan Paul International, London 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Seo, Dae-seok: <em>Han&#8217;guk sinhwa-ui y\u014fn&#8217;gu.<\/em> Jimmundang, Seoul 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kendall, Laurel: <em>Shamans, Housewives, and Other Restless Spirits.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Yi, Pyong-do: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_shamanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A New Interpretation of Korean Shamanism.<\/a><\/em> Korea Journal 13\/10 (1973), pp. 4, 16.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-jeoseungsaja-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Jeoseung Saja belongs to those <em>beings<\/em> that are described in Korean tradition as escorts of the deceased.<\/p><p>In shamanic tales and in folk belief shaped by Buddhism he appears as a messenger of the underworld who collects the soul from this world. His image combines Confucian official <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> with older conceptions of the beyond on the peninsula.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-jeoseungsaja-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Korean <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down narratives about gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span><\/strong>, Jeoseung Saja appears as an incorruptible messenger of the beyond who escorts the deceased from the world of the living into the realm of the judge of the dead, Yeomra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jeoseung Saja, spirit of Korean tradition Jeoseung Saja is a spirit of Korean tradition. Messenger of the dead in Korean tradition, black hat, relentless guidance of souls. SpiritKoreaMessengers of death Table of Contents Jeoseung Saja The Jeoseung Saja (\uc800\uc2b9\uc0ac\uc790, &#8220;messenger of the beyond&#8221;) is, in the Korean conception, the messenger of the dead who collects [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5133,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Jeoseung Saja","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Jeoseung Saja: Beings and Mythology | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Jeoseung Saja, messenger of the dead in Korean tradition. Black hat, relentless guidance of souls: folklore","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,113,93],"class_list":["post-5132","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-korea","category-spirits"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeoseung Saja: Beings and Mythology | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jeoseung Saja, messenger of the dead in Korean tradition. 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