{"id":5104,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/huli-jing\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:31:25","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:31:25","slug":"huli-jing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/huli-jing\/","title":{"rendered":"Huli Jing"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5104\" class=\"elementor elementor-5104 elementor-1216\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Huli Jing, spirit of the Chinese tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Huli Jing is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which an effect upon the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> of the Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>The fox spirit, seductress and seeker of enlightenment alike.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit: Incorporeal or semi-corporeal entity, the deceased, nature beings, household spirits or threshold guardians. Acts within everyday life, often bound to places or families.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/china\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Chinese religion of gods, spirits and the people, Daoist, Buddhist, Confucian.\">China<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/shapeshifters\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Animal-human beings with the ability to transform, lycanthropic, fox-, bird- or serpent-shaped.\">Shapeshifter<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5105\" alt=\"Huli Jing - spirits from the Chinese tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Huli Jing<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Huli Jing (\u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe, &#8220;fox essence&#8221;) is one of the most heavily literarised figures of Chinese demonology. A fox that, through long life and spiritual cultivation, takes on human form, almost always female, almost always beautiful.<\/p><p>Its ambivalence is programmatic: it can be a dangerous seductress who drains <em>jing<\/em> (life essence) from men; it can be a faithful companion and loving wife; it can even strive for enlightenment and become a Daoist or Buddhist.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Classical<\/span> literature, above all Pu Songling&#8217;s <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em> (17th c.) with its numerous fox tales, paints the nuanced picture: fox <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span> are not simply evil, but complex personalities with their own histories.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the nine-tailed fox spirit (<em>Jiuweihu<\/em>) is especially well known and has travelled from China to Japan (Kitsune) and Korea (Kumiho). The relationship between human and fox spirit is a central theme of Chinese literature, reaching far beyond horror and demonology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a Glance: Huli Jing<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> fox spirit, metamorphosis Yaoguai<br>Origin: a fox through long life and cultivation<br>Stages of development: 50 years (transformation), 100 years (beautiful), 1000 years (divine, nine tails)<br>Texts: Hanfeizi, Sou Shen Ji, Tang Chuanqi, Liaozhai Zhiyi<br>Period: pre-imperial to the present<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>First attestations already pre-imperial (Hanfeizi, Zuozhuan with fox motifs). The Han period develops the theory of cultivation. The Tang period (Chuanqi tales) with fully elaborated fox figures. Pu Songling&#8217;s Liaozhai (17th c.) as the literary high point. The modern film and television tradition continues unbroken.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Chinese cultural sphere. The Japanese Kitsune and the Korean Kumiho are direct adoptions and independent further developments. The nine-tailed fox woman is present across East Asia in all three traditions. Modern international reception through games and manga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shanhaijing (early), Sou Shen Ji, Tang Chuanqi (Li Fuyan&#8217;s <em>Xu Xuanguai Lu<\/em>), Pu Songling&#8217;s Liaozhai Zhiyi, Ji Yun&#8217;s Yuewei Caotang Biji, the modern film corpus and popular culture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Chinese:<\/strong> \u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe (<em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em>), &#8220;fox essence&#8221;; in short \u72d0 (<em>h\u00fa<\/em>) or \u72d0\u4ed9 (<em>h\u00faxi\u0101n<\/em>, &#8220;fox immortal&#8221;, positive).<br>Nine-tailed: \u4e5d\u5c3e\u72d0 (<em>Ji\u01d4w\u011bih\u00fa<\/em>).<br>Japanese: <em>Kitsune<\/em> (\u72d0), nine-tailed as <em>Ky\u016bbi no Kitsune<\/em>.<br>Korean: <em>Kumiho<\/em> (\uad6c\ubbf8\ud638, &#8220;nine-tailed fox&#8221;).<br>Etymology: <em>huli<\/em> is the standard word for &#8220;fox&#8221;, <em>jing<\/em> marks the gathering of essence.<\/p><p>The stages of development are systematised in classical literature: 50 years to transformation into an attractive woman. 100 years to a perfect human form. 1000 years to divine power, nine tails, Daoist immortality. This doctrine of stages is connected with the general Daoist theory of cultivation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Appearance<\/h3><p>Human form: a beautiful young woman, often particularly charming, educated, musical. When unmasked: a fox tail visible beneath the skirt or behind a door. Fully developed form: a nine-tailed fox with luminous fur (white or golden). In animal form: an ordinary fox.<\/p><h3>Behaviour<\/h3><p>Ambivalent. Older traditions (the Tang period) often depict the Huli Jing as a dangerous seductress who drains <em>jing<\/em> energy. The Liaozhai era is more nuanced: many fox spirits are faithful companions, loyal wives, helping friends. Some strive for Daoist cultivation and human dignity.<\/p><h3>Sphere of influence<\/h3><p>Inhabits graves, old ruins, fox dens in remote mountains. In human form also in towns and villages, often as a merchant&#8217;s wife, a wanderer, an honoured member of a family. Certain regions (Shanxi, northern China) are regarded as strongholds of fox spirits.<\/p><h3>Mythological classification<\/h3><p>Not a creation, but the result of cultivation. In Daoist terms: the fox is an animal that gathers <em>yin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Chinese thought, the active life force that flows through all things.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> particularly well and therefore comes to cultivation quickly. The folk-religious tradition venerates Huxian (&#8220;fox immortals&#8221;) in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> of their own, especially in northern China.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Huli Jing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of the Huli Jing at a glance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural context<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fox through long cultivation. Doctrine of stages: 50 years transformation, 100 years beautiful, 1000 years divine and nine-tailed. Daoist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span> as the framework.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Object of influence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Young men in a context of seduction, scholars and poets (the Liaozhai pattern), travellers and merchants. In positive traditions: husbands and families.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Depiction<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A beautiful young woman in human form, with a fox tail when unmasked. Fully developed: a nine-tailed fox with luminous fur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Function<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ambivalent. Seduction and the draining of jing (negative) or faithful partnership and a helping presence (positive). Often strives for cultivation and immortality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forms of defence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In its negative form: Daoshi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood as harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>, Fu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An object to which a fortune- or success-bringing effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">talismans<\/span>, rooster blood, special mantras. In ambivalent cases: a clever conversation, respect, a testing of intentions (the Liaozhai tales show this in literary form).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparable beings<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kitsune (Japan), Kumiho (Korea), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/yakshini\/\">Yakshini<\/a> (ambivalent and seductive), European fairies with animal transformation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literary Tradition and Cult<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>The Liaozhai cycle<\/h3><p>Pu Songling&#8217;s <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em> contains many fox-spirit stories, some frightening, many moving. The fox spirit appears as a complex personality who loves the scholar-hero, protects him, educates him. This image shapes the reception to this day.<\/p><h3>Huxian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span><\/h3><p>In northern China, especially Shanxi and Hebei, there are Huxian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>. Fox spirits are venerated there as &#8220;Xian&#8221; (immortals), with rituals of their own, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> and an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution at which a divine pronouncement is sought.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> tradition. The practice is still alive today, having flourished again after the end of the Cultural Revolution.<\/p><h3>Tang Chuanqi and the classical tale<\/h3><p>Tang-period tales (7th to 10th c.) establish the literary Huli Jing <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>. Stories such as &#8220;Ren Shi Zhuan&#8221; (Biography of Ren) show the fox woman as a tragic, loving figure. These tales feed into Pu Songling and shape the tradition to this day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception and the Modern Era<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>East Asian parallels:<\/strong> the Japanese Kitsune with its own rich tradition, Inari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The indigenous religion of Japan, marked by the veneration of the kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span>, Kitsune marriages, Kitsune sorcery. The Korean Kumiho in K-dramas and modern films. The nine-tailed fox woman is a pan-East-Asian icon.<\/p><h3>Popular culture worldwide<\/h3><p>Anime (Naruto with the Nine-Tails), Pok\u00e9mon (Vulpix\/Ninetales), video games (League of Legends Ahri), Chinese dramas (<em>The Untamed<\/em> with fox-spirit supporting characters). The Huli Jing <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> is present worldwide, often with a strong anime aesthetic.<\/p><p><strong>Feminist reading:<\/strong> modern Chinese literary scholarship reads the Huli Jing as a figure of female autonomy within patriarchal societies; the fox woman does not obey the rules of the family but remains an independent personality. This reading has shaped the academic reception since the 1990s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a031aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9a031aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9193514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9193514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The fox spirit in the records: from Gan Bao to Pu Songling<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02ca0ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02ca0ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp444e0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp444e0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The fox spirit, in Chinese <em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em>, is one of the best-documented supernatural figures of China, because it has been recorded in literary collections over almost two millennia.<\/p><p>An early stage is formed by the <em>Soushen ji<\/em> (&#8220;Records of an Inquiry into the Spirits&#8221;) of Gan Bao from the fourth century, which contains several fox stories and presents the fox as a shapeshifting, long-lived being that can take on human form and give voice to scholarly learning.<\/p><p>The Tang period brought a flowering of the fox tale in the so-called <em>chuanqi<\/em>, the &#8220;accounts of the marvellous&#8221;. The most influential collection, however, is the <em>Liaozhai zhiyi<\/em> (&#8220;Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio&#8221;) of Pu Songling, written in the seventeenth century.<\/p><p>Pu Songling devoted dozens of tales to the foxes and sketched in them a remarkably nuanced picture: there are malicious, life-force-stealing vixens, but also faithful, clever, morally exalted fox women who stand by their human partners in times of need.<\/p><p>This source situation is significant for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>. The <em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em> is not an unambiguous figure of terror, but a highly elaborated literary figure through whom Chinese authors negotiated questions of desire, morality, social advancement and the boundary between human and animal over centuries.<\/p><p>Anyone who reduces the fox spirit to the &#8220;femme fatale&#8221; overlooks the greater part of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and stories across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>. The collections of Gan Bao and Pu Songling are accessible in reliable translations and remain the basis of any serious study.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11de5b2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp11de5b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d35271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8d35271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultivation and the path to the celestial fox<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02f26b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02f26b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp58c4390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp58c4390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A central, often overlooked aspect of the fox-spirit conception is the idea of self-cultivation. According to the widespread view, the <em>h\u00fali j\u012bng<\/em> is not a supernatural being from the outset, but an ordinary fox that gradually acquires higher abilities through great age and through purposeful practice.<\/p><p>At fifty or a hundred years, so the texts say, a fox can take on human form; with further age its power grows.<\/p><p>This ascent is embedded in the Daoist-shaped conception of nurturing the life force <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Chinese thought, the active life force that flows through all things.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em> and of striving for longevity and transcendence. The fox gathers <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Chinese thought, the active life force that flows through all things.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em>; some tales say it draws it from the moon, from old graves or from human partners.<\/p><p>At the end of a very long path the fox can become the <em>ti\u0101nh\u00fa<\/em>, the &#8220;celestial fox&#8221;, a being with nine tails that has attained the status of an immortal and is no longer harmful but exalted.<\/p><p>This conception makes the fox spirit a mirror image of the human striving for cultivation. The fox does what the Daoist adept also does: it practises, it gathers, it strives beyond its own nature. This explains the moral ambivalence of the figure.<\/p><p>The fox that drains a human being&#8217;s life force in order to ascend more quickly acts as a predator; the fox that advances through virtuous conduct and the accumulation of good deeds is an almost exemplary figure.<\/p><p>The fox spirit is thus less a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> than a being on a path whose methods determine its moral rank. It shares this logic with other beings of the Chinese tradition that are capable of cultivation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp406577c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp406577c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd9c543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdd9c543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The fox cult: veneration, not merely defence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e731bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9e731bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7c898c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa7c898c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unlike many figures of terror, the fox spirit was in parts of China the object of an actual cult. Especially in northern China, in the area around Beijing and in Manchuria, the veneration of the fox was widespread until the recent past.<\/p><p>There the fox was regarded as one of the &#8220;four&#8221; or &#8220;five&#8221; powerful animal deities, alongside the weasel, the hedgehog, the snake and the rat, which were often <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> together as the <em>h\u00faxi\u0101n<\/em>, the &#8220;fox immortals&#8221;, or under similar honorific designations.<\/p><p>This veneration was ambivalent and, precisely for that reason, intense. The fox could bring a household prosperity, cause or heal illnesses, become involved in phenomena of possession and speak through mediums. Families set up small shrines, presented <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity, expressing thanks, petition or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> and sought to keep the powerful and capricious being well disposed.<\/p><p>The fox cult thus belonged to the realm of local folk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, not to the great institutional religions, and was often combated as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A derogatory term for conceptions regarded as religiously unfounded.\" tabindex=\"0\">superstition<\/span> by Confucian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The doctrine recognised as orthodox.\" tabindex=\"0\">orthodoxy<\/span> and later by modern reform movements.<\/p><p>Folkloristic and ethnographic studies of the twentieth century have documented this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed at a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> and shown that the literary fox spirit of the collections and the cultically venerated fox of the villages are two sides of the same conception.<\/p><p>The finding is important for religious studies, because it corrects a widespread misunderstanding: supernatural beings that are dangerous are not necessarily only combated.<\/p><p>Precisely because the fox was powerful and unpredictable, people sought to come to terms with it, to bind it through veneration and to draw its power over to their own side.<\/p><p>The boundary between <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> here does not run along the line of dangerousness, but along the question of whether a relationship can be established.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recommended internal links:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/china\/\">China (Daoism and folk belief)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/yaoguai\/\">Yaoguai<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/jiangshi\/\">Jiangshi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/e-gui\/\">E Gui<\/a><\/li><li>Kitsune (Japan), Kumiho (Korea), parallels<\/li><li>Liaozhai Zhiyi and classical fox literature<\/li><li>Huxian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> and folk religion<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>A selection of key works on the Huli Jing:<\/p><ul><li>Pu Songling: <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi<\/em>. Several German and English translations.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kang, Xiaofei: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/cup.columbia.edu\/book\/the-cult-of-the-fox\/9780231133388\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Cult of the Fox. Power, Gender, and Popular Religion in Late Imperial and Modern China<\/a><\/em>. New York 2006.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Huntington, Rania: <em>Alien Kind. Foxes and Late Imperial Chinese Narrative<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Karen Lucic: &#8220;Fox Wives and Foxes.&#8221; In: <em>Late Imperial China<\/em> 19 (1998).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/the-book-of-yokai-expanded-second-edition\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Book of Yokai<\/a><\/em>. Berkeley 2015 (for the Japanese parallels).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Chinese <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down tales of gods within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span><\/em>, the Huli Jing is regarded as a fox spirit that, over centuries, learns to shapeshift and that appears in the collections <strong>Soushen ji<\/strong> and <strong>Liaozhai zhiyi<\/strong> now as a dangerous seductress, now as a helpful protectress.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Huli Jing, spirit of the Chinese tradition Huli Jing is a spirit of the Chinese tradition. The fox spirit, seductress and seeker of enlightenment alike. SpiritChinaShapeshifter Table of Contents Huli Jing The Huli Jing (\u72d0\u72f8\u7cbe, &#8220;fox essence&#8221;) is one of the most heavily literarised figures of Chinese demonology. A fox that, through long life and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5105,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Huli Jing","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Huli Jing: Beings and Mythology","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Huli Jing, the Chinese fox spirit: seductress and seeker of enlightenment alike. Comparison with Kitsune and Gumiho","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[112,79,83,93],"class_list":["post-5104","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china","category-cultures","category-seduction-demons","category-spirits"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Huli Jing: Beings and Mythology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Huli Jing, the Chinese fox spirit: seductress and seeker of enlightenment alike. 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