{"id":4822,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:46","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/leviathan\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:29:44","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:29:44","slug":"leviathan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/leviathan\/","title":{"rendered":"Leviathan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4822\" class=\"elementor elementor-4822 elementor-1021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan, god of the Christian tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan is a god of the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>Primordial sea serpent and chaos figure of the Hebrew and Christian tradition.<\/p><p>Leviathan appears in the Bible as a chaos dragon and adversary of creation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: A personified supreme power in a culture's pantheon, with defined domains over natural forces, fate, war, and fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices, and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/christianity\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The Christian tradition with its angels, demons, and mystical beings.\">Christianity<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anti-gods\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Powers of chaos and cosmic adversaries, counterparts in the religious-historical dualism.\">Anti-God<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4823\" alt=\"Leviathan - gods from the Christian tradition, historical illustration\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan (Heb. <em>Liwjatan<\/em>) is one of the oldest chaos figures of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Near East, appearing prominently in the Hebrew Bible (Job 40, 41; Ps 74; Isa 27) as both a menacing primordial being and a divine plaything.<\/p><p>In apocalyptic literature he becomes the eschatological enemy of the end times; in Christian demonology he rises into the hierarchy of supreme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span>, often as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent influence is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> of envy or as ruler of the deep.<\/p><p>Structurally, Leviathan belongs to the family of chaos serpents of the ancient Near East: Tiamat, Yam (Ugarit), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, Vrtra, and the Germanic Midgard Serpent.<\/p><p>The fundamental <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of establishing order by subduing the primordial monster is widespread across Indo-European and Semitic traditions. Thomas Hobbes used Leviathan as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of state power (1651); modern imagery has made him the very embodiment of the overwhelming and ungovernable.<\/p><div><p><strong>Ugaritic Lotan as Predecessor<\/strong><\/p><p>Leviathan is, from a history-of-religions perspective, one of the best-documented examples of an ancient Near Eastern chaos-serpent tradition. The oldest evidence is the Ugaritic word <em>Lotan<\/em> (in the KTU texts 1.5 and 1.83, dated to around 1400 BCE), where the seven-headed sea monster Lotan is defeated by the storm god Baal.<\/p><p>This model is closely related to the Mesopotamian Tiamat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> (Enuma Elish); both belong to the ancient Near Eastern combat myth tradition (<em>Chaoskampf<\/em>), which served as a template for the Jewish Liwjatan tradition.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Scholarship (John Day, <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>, 1985; Mark S. Smith, <em>The Origins of Biblical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The belief in a single god.\" tabindex=\"0\">Monotheism<\/span><\/em>, 2001) has examined these diffusionist connections in detail.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quick Overview: Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Primordial sea being, chaos figure, supreme demon of hell<br>Origin: Ugaritic Lotan, Hebrew Liwjatan<br>Texts: Job 40, 41; Ps 74; Isa 27; Rev 13; Enoch; Grimoires<br>Period: Late <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric era in which bronze was the most important metal for tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> to the present<br>Function: Embodiment of chaos, eschatological end-times <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777529077 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777529077\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777529077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777529077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet><em><strong>Distinction from Satan:<\/strong> Unlike <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, the personified adversary of the Jewish-Christian tradition, Leviathan is not an active agent but a <strong>cosmic monster symbolism<\/strong>, the sea beast of the Job texts, later employed as an image of ungovernable chaos in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of a religion's beliefs.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> and political philosophy (Hobbes 1651).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>First attestations in Ugaritic texts (2nd millennium BCE) as <em>Lotan<\/em>. Described in detail in the Hebrew Bible in Job 40, 41. Apocalyptic elaboration in the Second <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> period (Enoch). Christian reception in Revelation and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Theology and writings of the Church Fathers (2nd to 8th century), e.g. Augustine, Jerome, Origen, Chrysostom.\">Patristic<\/span> era. Grimoires and Hobbes in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch roughly from the 15th to the 18th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">early modern period<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geographic Spread<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Originating in the ancient Syrian-Canaanite region (Ugarit) and into biblical Israel; from there across the entire Christian world, with a strong presence in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> (the hellmouth) and literature (Hobbes, Moby Dick).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ugaritic texts (KTU 1.5); Job 40, 41; Ps 74; Ps 104; Isa 27:1; 1 Enoch 60; Rev 12, 13; Grimoires (Dictionnaire Infernal); Hobbes; modern reception.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hebrew:<\/strong> <em>Liwjatan<\/em>, &#8220;the one who coils,&#8221; &#8220;the coiling one.&#8221;<br>Ugaritic: <em>Lotan<\/em>, with direct etymological and thematic continuity.<br>Greek (LXX): <em>drakon<\/em>.<br>Latin (Vulgate): <em>Leviathan<\/em>.<\/p><p>The thematic relationship to Tiamat, Apophis, and Vrtra is undisputed; linguistically, Leviathan and Ugaritic Lotan stand in a direct line. In the Kabbalistic tradition he is occasionally conceived as female (as the consort of a &#8220;wicked Leviathan&#8221;) or as a pair (two Leviathans).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>A giant sea serpent or dragon-shaped sea monster. Job 40, 41 describes it with a fire-breathing mouth, armor of scales, and unconquerable strength. Medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>: a dragon, Leviathan as a hellmouth devouring the damned.<\/p><p><strong>Behavior<\/strong><\/p><p>In Job, the plaything of God and proof of divine supremacy. In Isa 27:1, the enemy whom God subdues at the end of days with the sword. In Revelation, the apocalyptic dragon rising from the sea.<\/p><p><strong>Domain<\/strong><\/p><p>The sea, the deep, the chaotic. In eschatological interpretation, the end times; in medieval hell iconography, hell itself.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological Origin<\/strong><\/p><p>Ugaritic roots in the Lotan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>, embedded in the combat myth of the god Baal against the sea power Yam. In the Bible, a moment of creation (the taming) as well as of the end times (destruction).<\/p><div><p><strong>Job 40, 41 as the Most Detailed Source<\/strong><\/p><p>The most extensive description of Leviathan in the Bible is found in Job 41 (in some enumerations 40:25, 41:26): a detailed 34-verse portrait of the being with scales, fire breath, an enormous mouth, and invincibility.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> context is God&#8217;s answer to Job from the storm (Job 38, 41), in which God demonstrates his cosmic sovereignty even over the powers of chaos.<\/p><p>Leviathan stands here alongside Behemoth as a double proof that creation contains powers beyond human control, yet subject to divine authority. Psalm 74:14 alludes to the cosmological prehistory (&#8220;You crushed the heads of Leviathan&#8221;); Psalm 104:26 adds a later, almost playful note (&#8220;Leviathan, which you formed to frolic there&#8221;).<\/p><p>The Jewish rabbinic tradition (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The central work of rabbinic Judaism, in Babylonian and Jerusalem versions; contains the Mishnah and Gemara.\">Talmud<\/span> Bavli Bava Batra 75a) tells of an end-times banquet for the righteous at which Leviathan&#8217;s flesh is consumed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Leviathan at a glance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan's Origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ugaritic Lotan, Hebrew Liwjatan. In the Hebrew Bible both a being subdued at creation and an eschatological adversary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Those Affected<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cosmic threat; in medieval reception the damned (hellmouth). Thematically: people at the boundary of what can be controlled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Giant sea serpent, fire-breathing mouth, armor of scales. In medieval depictions a hellmouth devouring souls.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domain<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Embodiment of chaos, threatening cosmic order, ultimately subdued. In the grimoire tradition: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent influence is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> of envy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Warding Off Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No everyday <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> practice. Theologically: trust in God as the one who subdues. In Kabbalistic and grimoire literature, specific binding formulas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan's Parallels<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tiamat (Mesopotamia), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (Egypt), Vrtra (Vedic), Midgard Serpent, the dragon of Revelation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ritual Function<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Liturgical<\/strong><\/p><p>In the Jewish end-times banquet narrative, Leviathan serves as food for the righteous (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The central work of rabbinic Judaism containing the interpretation of religious tradition.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, Baba Batra 74b, 75a). In the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fixed religious order of worship with texts, hymns, and ritual acts.\">liturgy<\/span> there is no direct reference, but the dragon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> of the Easter liturgy carries an echo.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurations<\/strong><\/p><p>Grimoires (Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Dictionnaire Infernal) list Leviathan as one of the supreme demons with seal and rank. In the Kabbalistic tradition he is part of the <em>Sitra Achra<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbolic<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>As a chaos figure, the counterimage of divine order; as a hellmouth, the iconographic focal point of medieval depictions of the last things. In Hobbes, the symbol of sovereign state power.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels and Afterlife<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ancient Near East:<\/strong> Ugaritic Lotan, Babylonian Tiamat, the same family of motifs. The basic pattern: creation through subduing the power of the primordial sea.<\/p><p><strong>Indo-European Traditions:<\/strong> Vrtra in the Rigveda, the Midgard Serpent, the dragon of Greek heroic myth. All designate the primordial force that must be subdued by the divine hero.<\/p><p><strong>Modern Reception<\/strong><\/p><p>Hobbes&#8217; <em>Leviathan<\/em> as a political metaphor for state power. Melville cites Leviathan in Moby-Dick. In contemporary usage: film, literature, and political vocabulary (surveillance state as &#8220;Leviathan&#8221;).<\/p><div><p><strong>Political and Early Modern Reception<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Thomas Hobbes in 1651, with his major political work <em>Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill<\/em>, turned the figure into an allegory of the absolute state: the &#8220;mortal god&#8221; Leviathan is the sovereign, created by contract from the state of nature (<em>bellum omnium contra omnes<\/em>), commanding over the life and death of citizens.<\/span><\/p><p>Hobbes&#8217; choice of this particular image is notable from a history-of-religions perspective: it identifies the state with the chaos power whose biblical taming provides the state with its function.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>In modern reception (Carl Schmitt, <em>Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes<\/em>, 1938) and in discussions of state sovereignty, Leviathan remains a central point of reference.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>This political reception runs parallel to the theological-demonological one, in which Leviathan features in the medieval hell hierarchy (Peter Binsfeld, <em>De confessionibus maleficarum<\/em>, 1589) as one of the seven princes of hell, responsible for the deadly sin of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"In the Christian tradition, a teaching that deviates from the orthodox position; in antiquity and the Middle Ages associated with sanctions.\">heresy<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0fa89a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0fa89a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45b6119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp45b6119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan in the Book of Job: The Divine Speech from the Storm<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b95145 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5b95145\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1068a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1068a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most detailed description of Leviathan in the Hebrew Bible is found in the Book of Job, in chapter 41. It forms part of the divine speeches in which God answers Job&#8217;s laments from the storm.<\/p><p>God describes the monster in a long series of rhetorical questions, all pointing toward the conclusion that no human being is a match for Leviathan. No one can put a hook through its nose, bridle its mouth, or pierce its hide with spears.<\/p><p>The description is concrete and vivid. Leviathan has impenetrable scales that lie close together like shields; from its mouth go torches, from its nostrils rises smoke, its breath kindles coals.<\/p><p>When it rises, even the mighty are afraid. It treats iron as straw and bronze as rotten wood. It makes the deep boil like a pot. It is king over all who are proud.<\/p><p>In the history of interpretation the question of what is meant here has been debated. An older line read Leviathan rationalistically as a crocodile; another as a pure symbol of chaos. Modern scholarship emphasizes the rhetorical context: in the Book of Job, Leviathan represents the boundary of human power and human understanding.<\/p><p>God shows Job a creature that humans can neither control nor comprehend, yet which poses no threat to God. The divine speech paradoxically transforms the chaos monster into part of an incomprehensibly vast order of creation, whose meaning remains beyond human grasp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f647dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6f647dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe9f0c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe9f0c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The West Semitic Background: Lotan and the Combat Myth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp10055ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp10055ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf9e4b2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf9e4b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan is not an isolated biblical invention. The discovery of the Ugaritic texts at Ras Shamra on the Syrian coast from 1929 onward has revealed an older background.<\/p><p>In the mythological texts of Ugarit, belonging to the second millennium BCE, there appears a serpent named <em>Lotan<\/em>, phonetically closely related to the Hebrew Liwjatan. Lotan is described there as a coiling, many-headed serpent slain by the storm god Baal or by the goddess Anat.<\/p><p>Leviathan thus belongs to the widespread ancient Near Eastern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the combat myth. In Mesopotamia the god Marduk fights against the primordial flood Tiamat in the <em>Enuma Elish<\/em>; in Ugarit Baal defeats the sea Yam and the dragon Lotan.<\/p><p>The basic pattern is similar throughout: an ordering power subdues a watery-chaotic power, often in serpent form, thereby establishing or confirming the world order.<\/p><p>The Hebrew Bible knows this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> and takes it up, but with its own distinctive treatment. Several psalms and prophetic texts speak of God shattering the heads of Leviathan or the sea dragon.<\/p><p>Scholars such as John Day have shown in <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985) how these older images continue within the biblical texts while being attributed to the one God of Israel.<\/p><p>Leviathan is thus transformed from an independent divine adversary into a creature that God subdues, or, as in the Book of Job, one that appears as his powerful but harmless plaything.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab2b5fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab2b5fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe388ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfe388ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The End-Times Banquet: Leviathan in Jewish Tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6217c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb6217c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe28435f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe28435f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In post-biblical Jewish literature, Leviathan is elaborated in distinctive ways. A broad tradition, attested in apocalypses, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The central work of rabbinic Judaism containing the interpretation of religious tradition.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, and midrashic literature, connects him with the end of time.<\/p><p>He frequently appears as a pair with the land monster <em>Behemoth<\/em>; sometimes the bird <em>Ziz<\/em> is added as a third. Leviathan rules the sea, Behemoth the land.<\/p><p>A widespread conception holds that God originally created both primordial monsters as a pair but prevented their reproduction so that they would not overwhelm the world.<\/p><p>At the end of days, so a narrative attested in several sources, Leviathan and Behemoth will be slain and their flesh served as a banquet for the righteous. From Leviathan&#8217;s hide, according to one talmudic embellishment, God fashions a tent or canopy for the pious.<\/p><p>These images are instructive from a history-of-religions perspective. The chaos monster, which in the oldest layers represented a real threat to creation, is here fully integrated into the history of salvation. It has been under control from the beginning and ultimately even serves to reward the righteous.<\/p><p>The concept of the Leviathan banquet has had a long reception in Jewish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The religion as lived in everyday life, often alongside official teaching.\" tabindex=\"0\">popular piety<\/span>; it appears in table songs for the Feast of Tabernacles. Scholarship regards this as an example of how an ancient mythic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> could remain vital across centuries through repeated reinterpretation without ever fully losing its menacing origins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb39e41a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb39e41a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ec3be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ec3be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christian Interpretation: From Hellmouth to Political Symbol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5bb46b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5bb46b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2624cb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2624cb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Christian exegetical tradition, Leviathan was predominantly interpreted negatively. Church Fathers such as Gregory the Great applied him in their Job commentaries to the devil or the Antichrist.<\/p><p>The fire-spewing mouth of the Book of Job developed in medieval art into the image of the hellmouth, a vast gaping monster-maw into which the damned are driven. This image shaped manuscript illumination, church portals, and later the morality play.<\/p><p>Another interpretive line employed Leviathan allegorically for the idea of redemption. In some medieval texts the Leviathan caught on a fishhook appears as an image of how the devil is outwitted through the Incarnation of Christ; the cross becomes the hook on which the monster is caught.<\/p><p>This concept linked the old image of the uncatchable Leviathan with Christian soteriology.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>The most consequential modern reappropriation comes from Thomas Hobbes. In his work <em>Leviathan<\/em> of 1651, he chose the biblical monster as the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image standing in for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> of the state, an artificial human composed of many humans who, through superior power, ends the state of nature as a war of all against all.<\/span><\/p><p>Hobbes drew explicitly on the word from Job about the king over all the proud.<\/p><p>The famous copperplate frontispiece, showing a giant ruler composed of many small figures, ranks among the most recognizable political images of all time. Since Hobbes, Leviathan has become in political discourse an expression for overwhelming state power, a strand of meaning connected to the original chaos dragon only through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of unconquerable might.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recommended internal links:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/christianity\/\">Christianity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lucifer\/\">Lucifer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/beelzebub\/\">Beelzebub<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/legion-possession-and-collective-demons\/\">Legion<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (closest parallel)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamia<\/a> (Tiamat tradition)<\/li><li>Dragon and combat-myth motifs<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>A selection of key works on Leviathan:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Day, John: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>. Cambridge 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Uehlinger, Christoph: &#8220;Leviathan.&#8221; In: <em>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible<\/em>. 2nd ed. Leiden 1999.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wakeman, Mary K.: <em>God&#8217;s Battle with the Monster<\/em>. Leiden 1973.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Batto, Bernard F.: <em>Slaying the Dragon<\/em>. Louisville 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schmidt, Brian B.: &#8220;Sea Monsters.&#8221; In: <em>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>. New York 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standard Literature (Christianity):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Markschies, Christoph<\/strong>: <em>Das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>, Lebensformen, Institutionen. Beck, Munich 2006.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-33e931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-33e931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions about Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>What is Leviathan?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>Leviathan is a vast sea monster of the Jewish-Christian tradition. In the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah, Psalms, Job) it appears as a chaotic primordial power of the sea that God restrains at the beginning of creation. In later Jewish apocalypticism and Christian demonology, Leviathan became a personification of evil; in Thomas Hobbes the name became the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image standing in for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> of the all-powerful state.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>Is Leviathan a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent influence is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> or an animal?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>In the original biblical tradition, Leviathan is a vast, cosmic animal, closely related to the Ugaritic Lotan and the Mesopotamian Tiamat. In later Jewish apocalypticism (the Book of Enoch) and the Christian demonology of the early modern period, it became a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent influence is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>: in Peter Binsfeld&#8217;s classification, one of the seven archdemons, responsible for the deadly sin of envy.<\/p><\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is Leviathan?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Leviathan is a vast sea monster of the Jewish-Christian tradition. 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In later Jewish apocalypticism (the Book of Enoch) and the Christian demonology of the early modern period, it became a demon: in Peter Binsfeld's classification, one of the seven archdemons, responsible for the deadly sin of envy.\"}}\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leviathan, god of the Christian tradition Leviathan is a god of the Christian tradition. Primordial sea serpent and chaos figure of the Hebrew and Christian tradition. Leviathan appears in the Bible as a chaos dragon and adversary of creation. GodChristianityAnti-God Table of Contents Leviathan Leviathan (Heb. Liwjatan) is one of the oldest chaos figures of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4823,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Leviathan chaos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Leviathan: Chaos Dragon and Adversary of Creation","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Leviathan, the primordial sea serpent and chaos figure of the Hebrew tradition, from Job and the Psalms to Christian apocalypticism.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[106,79,86],"class_list":["post-4822","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-christianity","category-cultures","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - 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