{"id":4820,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:45","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/beelzebub\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:29:43","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:29:43","slug":"beelzebub","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/beelzebub\/","title":{"rendered":"Beelzebub"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4820\" class=\"elementor elementor-4820 elementor-1020\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beelzebub, God of the Christian Tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beelzebub is a god of the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>&#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221;: a demonized foreign <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the Philistines.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon: A supernatural being with predominantly harmful or ambivalent effects. It stands between gods and humans, causing illness, temptation, or misfortune, and is warded off through conjuration, apotropaic objects, and ritual.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/christianity\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The Christian tradition with its angels, demons, and mystical beings.\">Christianity<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/goetia\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Late medieval and early modern demonology of the Lemegeton tradition.\">Goetia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4530\" alt=\"Beelzebub - Gods from the Christian tradition, historical illustration\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_beelzebub.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beelzebub<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beelzebub is one of the most striking cases of a figure&#8217;s transformation in religious history: originally a local god of the Philistine city of Ekron (Baal-Zebub, &#8220;Lord of Exaltation&#8221;, later mocked as &#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221;), he became a chief <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effects are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> in biblical and Christian tradition.<\/p><p>The Gospels identify him with the prince of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span>; medieval grimoires rank him alongside Satan.<\/p><p>His reception illustrates how monotheistic polemic transforms foreign deities into demons. The name &#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221; is likely a deliberate distortion of <em>Baal-Zebul<\/em> (&#8220;Baal, the Prince&#8221;), evoking decay, flies, and putrefaction.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>As a culturally significant figure, he continues to appear in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">folk belief<\/span>, literature (William Golding&#8217;s &#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221;, 1954), and popular culture to this day.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Stages in the History of Religions<\/strong><\/p><p>Beelzebub is one of the best-documented examples in the history of religions of a deity&#8217;s pejorative transformation: a god originally venerated within a foreign tradition, converted into a demonic figure through Jewish and later Christian polemic.<\/p><p>The earliest evidence is the city deity of Ekron, one of the five Philistine cities, named in the Book of Kings (2 Kings 1:2, 6) as <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebub<\/em> (&#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221;).<\/p><p>King Ahaziah of Israel seeks healing advice from Ba\u02bfal-Zebub in that passage, a request the prophet Elijah comments on with contemptuous derision.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>The original form may have been <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebul<\/em> (&#8220;Lord of the exalted house&#8221;, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> lord), which Jewish polemic distorted into <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebub<\/em>; this is now the standard scholarly view since William F. Albright (<em>Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan<\/em>, 1968).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beelzebub at a Glance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Demonized foreign deity, chief demon<br>Origin: Philistine city of Ekron<br>Texts: 2 Kings 1, Gospels, Testament of Solomon, grimoires<br>Period: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric era in which bronze was the most important metal for tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> to the present<br>Function: Chief demon, prince of flies, tempter<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Earliest evidence for the Philistine Baal-Zebub <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> in 2 Kings 1 (9th century BCE). Demonization in the Second Temple period. Prominent role in the New Testament. Elaborated figure in early modern grimoires (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A collection of early modern ritual magic texts comprising five books (Goetia, Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, Ars Notoria); 17th century.\">Lemegeton<\/span>, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geographic Range<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Originally the Levant (Ekron), then the entire Jewish-Christian world. Modern reception worldwide through literature and popular culture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Situation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>2 Kings 1; Gospels (Matt 10:25; Matt 12:24; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15); Testament of Solomon; early modern grimoires; Milton&#8217;s Paradise Lost; modern literature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Spelling Variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Biblical Hebrew:<\/strong> <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebub<\/em> (&#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221;), 2 Kings 1:2.<br>New Testament Greek: <em>Beelzeboul<\/em> \/ <em>Beelzebul<\/em>.<br>Original Philistine: likely <em>Ba\u02bfal-Zebul<\/em> (&#8220;Baal, the Prince&#8221;).<br>Medieval Latin: <em>Beelzebub<\/em>.<\/p><p>The shift from <em>Zebul<\/em> (&#8220;Prince&#8221;) to <em>Zebub<\/em> (&#8220;Fly&#8221;) is likely a mocking distortion by the biblical authors. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the fly fits the demonological semantics of decay, putrefaction, and plague, and remains iconographically influential.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>The Bible provides no physical description. In the Middle Ages: a giant fly or a horned figure with fly wings. In the Testament of Solomon: the only male <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>, with bronze skin, ruler over flies. In grimoires: calf-shaped or with three heads.<\/p><p><strong>Behavior<\/strong><\/p><p>As chief demon, he commands other demons. Tradition assigns him the deadly sin of gluttony. In witch trial records, he is frequently named as a personal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"In Christian medieval tradition, a formal contract between a human and a demon, often signed in blood.\">pact<\/span> partner.<\/p><p><strong>Domain<\/strong><\/p><p>Cosmically, the second principal figure of hell (alongside Satan\/Lucifer). Thematically: gluttony, greed, pestilence, plague. In Ekron he was originally a healing god; after demonization, a bringer of disease.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological Origin<\/strong><\/p><p>A Philistine local deity, likely with healing functions (2 Kings 1: King Ahaziah consults him regarding his recovery). Biblical polemic demonizes him; later tradition elaborates the demonic figure.<\/p><div><p><strong>The Synoptic Gospels and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The theology and writings of the Church Fathers (2nd to 8th c.), e.g. Augustine, Jerome, Origen, Chrysostom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Patristic<\/span> Tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>In the New Testament, Beelzebub appears five times (Matthew 10:25; 12:24.27; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15.18.19). In the Synoptics, he is the supreme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>, whose power Jesus&#8217; opponents claim he uses to cast out other demons.<\/p><p>The Pharisees accuse Jesus of working with Beelzebub&#8217;s aid; Jesus&#8217; response (the well-known argument &#8220;If Satan&#8217;s kingdom is divided against itself&#8230;&#8221;) places Beelzebub virtually in identity with Satan.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>This identification became standard in the later patristic tradition (Tertullian, Origen, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Augustine of Hippo (354-430); Christian Church Father, principal works: Confessiones and De civitate Dei.\">Augustine<\/span>). In medieval demonology, the <em>Compendium maleficarum<\/em> (Francesco Maria Guazzo, 1608) presents a hierarchy in which Beelzebub is the vice-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> after Lucifer; in some Goetia lineages he is the second or third among the Goetia kings.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Beelzebub<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Beelzebub at a glance. Details on his name, description, means of warding, and parallels can be found in chapters 2, 3, 5, and 6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradition<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Originally the god of Ekron (Baal-Zebul). Recast as chief demon through biblical polemic. The name shift to &#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221; is a deliberate distortion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Object of Influence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Those changing religious allegiance and apostates (New Testament context); in medieval tradition: the gluttonous, witch-pact partners, and plague <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\">victims<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A giant fly or a horned figure with fly wings. In grimoires: calf-shaped or three-headed. Bronze skin in the Testament of Solomon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Function<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Commands other demons, causes pestilence and gluttony, appears in pact narratives. As the Philistines&#8217; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine verdict is sought.\">oracle<\/span> god: healing or <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The prediction of future events by religious or magical means.\" tabindex=\"0\">prophecy<\/span>, later inverted into its opposite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Warding off Beelzebub<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood as harmful.\">Exorcism<\/span>, avoidance of the name, sacraments. Particularly in the 17th century, court records name him as a pact partner; confession and absolution by a priest were prescribed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Counterparts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal figures (Canaanite, as the original layer), Mammon (Christian greed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\">demon<\/span>), Asmodai (Jewish tradition), and more broadly: the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\">motif<\/span> of demonized foreign deities.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Warding in Everyday Life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Warding Rituals<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood as harmful.\">Exorcism<\/span> in church tradition. The Benedictus Medal, which addresses all chief demons at once. Older folk practice: crosses and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">holy<\/span> water at sites of plague.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurations<\/strong><\/p><p>Grimoires (Lemegeton, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum) list Beelzebub with seal, rank, and retinue. Scholastic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and the beliefs of a religion.\">theology<\/span> condemns such binding formulas, while the literature on them continues to proliferate.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and Protective Symbols<\/strong><\/p><p>As with Satan: cross, crucifix, Benedictus Medal. During plague periods specifically: plague-saint medals (Sebastian, Roch), which symbolically trace the fly-plague back to Beelzebub.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Middle Ages and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The period roughly from the 15th to the 18th century.\">Early Modern Period<\/span>:<\/strong> In grimoires, he holds second rank after Satan\/Lucifer. In witch trials, he frequently appears as a pact partner. In exempla collections, he is a plague-bringer.<\/p><p><strong>Milton:<\/strong> Milton&#8217;s Paradise Lost (1667) makes Beelzebub Satan&#8217;s closest confidant and a rhetorically gifted counselor in Pandemonium.<\/p><p><strong>Modern Era<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>William Golding&#8217;s <em>Lord of the Flies<\/em> (1954) uses Beelzebub as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\">symbol<\/span> of inner degradation. Heavy metal, fantasy, and film have taken up the figure, mostly as an embodiment of demonic dissolution.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Primary Source Corpus<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Key works on Beelzebub research: Joachim Tubach, <em>Im Schatten des Sonnengottes<\/em> (Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1986), for the Ugaritic-Canaanite prehistory. William F. Albright, <em>Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan<\/em> (Doubleday, Garden City NY 1968), foundational for Jewish polemic against the Baal tradition. Marvin H. Pope, <em>Job<\/em> (Anchor Bible, 1973), for the Old Testament discussion.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"US historian of religion (born 1934); four-volume study on the history of the devil (1977-1986).\">Jeffrey Burton Russell<\/span>, <em>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiquity<\/span> to Primitive Christianity<\/em> (Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1977) and <em>Satan: The Early Christian Tradition<\/em> (1981), for the patristic treatment. Joseph Peterson (ed.), <em>The Lesser Key of Solomon<\/em> (Weiser, Boston 2001), for the Goetia tradition.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23669fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23669fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6e4ef2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6e4ef2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Zebub of Ekron: the Biblical Starting Point<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp36a1bf3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp36a1bf3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e719be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e719be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Beelzebub traces back to a specific passage in the Old Testament. In the Second Book of Kings, chapter 1, the ailing King Ahaziah of Israel sends messengers to consult <em>Baal-Zebub<\/em>, the god of Ekron.<\/p><p>Ekron was one of the five main cities of the Philistines. The prophet Elijah intercepts the messengers and announces the king&#8217;s death for having consulted a foreign god rather than the God of Israel.<\/p><p>The name <em>Baal-Zebub<\/em> means literally &#8220;Lord of the Flies.&#8221; Scholarship largely regards this as a derisive distortion of an original title.<\/p><p>A likely original form is <em>Baal-Zebul<\/em>, &#8220;exalted lord&#8221; or &#8220;Prince Baal,&#8221; where <em>zebul<\/em> is connected with the term for an elevated dwelling or princely seat. The biblical authors would have deliberately distorted the honorific title into &#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221; to ridicule the foreign <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\">cult<\/span>.<\/p><p>This interpretation is also supported by the Ugaritic texts, in which Baal appears with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> <em>zbl<\/em>. It has not been definitively proven, but it remains the most widely accepted explanation.<\/p><p>What stands firm is this: at the beginning stands not a demonic figure but a West Semitic storm deity perceived by Israel as a hostile foreign god.<\/p><p>That a regional Baal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\">cult<\/span> from the Philistine city of Ekron became a central figure of later demonology is a textbook example of how a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> reinterprets the gods of its neighbors. The once-venerated lord becomes a despised <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An image or statue venerated as divine.\" tabindex=\"0\">idol<\/span> and, finally, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\">demon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4d57078 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4d57078\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02351eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp02351eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Foreign Idol to Prince of Demons: Development in the New Testament and Beyond<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66af76f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp66af76f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp116f42b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp116f42b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the New Testament, the name appears in slightly altered form as <em>Beelzebul<\/em>.<\/p><p>In the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus&#8217; opponents accuse him of casting out demons with the help of <em>Beelzebul<\/em>, who is there called the &#8220;chief of demons.&#8221; Jesus refutes the charge with the well-known argument that a kingdom divided against itself cannot stand.<\/p><p>At this point the transformation is already advanced: the former Philistine god is now a leader of demons, practically identified or closely linked with Satan. The Gospels themselves establish the identification by moving from Beelzebul to Satan in the course of the argument.<\/p><p>In post-biblical Christian tradition, Beelzebub was elaborated into an independent figure within the hierarchy of hell.<\/p><p>Medieval and early modern demonologies assigned him a high rank, often as one of the most powerful fallen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\">angels<\/span> directly after <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lucifer\/\">Lucifer<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>. In some of these systems he was even listed as the true supreme lord of hell.<\/p><p>These hierarchies are not a unified doctrine but products of speculative literature that varies from author to author.<\/p><p>The line in the history of religions remains clear: a West Semitic Baal, mocked as a foreign god by the Hebrew Bible, declared a prince of demons in the New Testament, and elaborated into a fixed element of infernal topography in the Christian Middle Ages.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae21100 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae21100\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c6c91c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c6c91c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beelzebub in Exorcism Manuals and Witch Trials<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64b7856 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp64b7856\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7055b54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7055b54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the early modern period, Beelzebub gained practical significance in two contexts: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood as harmful.\">exorcism<\/span> and witch trials. Exorcism manuals used to interrogate allegedly possessed individuals listed demon names. Beelzebub was among the names the exorcist was expected to elicit, since knowledge of the name was believed to confer power over the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\">demon<\/span>.<\/p><p>The most famous case is that of Loudun in France, where in the 1630s nuns of a convent were considered possessed. In the records of this and similar cases, Beelzebub appears among the demons named.<\/p><p>Historical research, including Michel de Certeau&#8217;s influential study of Loudun, has shown how strongly such cases were shaped by social conflict, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> rivalry, and the expectations of the exorcists.<\/p><p>In witch trials, Beelzebub appeared at times as the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\">demon<\/span> with whom the accused were alleged to have made a pact. Caution is warranted here as well: the testimonies were produced under torture or the threat of torture and followed the prompts of the interrogators.<\/p><p>A separate strand is the so-called grimoire literature, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> handbooks with purported instructions for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\">conjuring<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span>. Works such as the <em>Grand Grimoire<\/em> or the <em>H\u00f6llenzwang<\/em> writings name Beelzebub among the infernal princes who can be conjured.<\/p><p>These texts are late compilations, often early modern or even more recent, with no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> basis; they document popular conceptions of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, not an ancient tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd1dce0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd1dce0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4b0e833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4b0e833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Fly as Image: Iconography and Literary Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc448622 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc448622\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp963cee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp963cee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The literal meaning &#8220;Lord of the Flies&#8221; has strongly shaped the imagery surrounding Beelzebub, even though it was originally a mockery. In Christian art and literature, the fly became his attribute. Flies were regarded as creatures of decay, carrion, and disease, fitting the notion of a demon associated with putrefaction and defilement.<\/p><p>In some medieval and early modern depictions, Beelzebub appears as a vast fly-like or insect-like creature; in others, as a winged <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\">demon<\/span> of conventional form. There is no unified <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\">iconography<\/span>; artists followed the demonologies of their time and their own imagination.<\/p><p>The literary reception is wide-ranging. John Milton&#8217;s <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> of the 17th century introduces Beelzebub as the highest-ranking fallen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\">angel<\/span> after Satan, his wise and dignified counselor. Milton thereby gives him a literarily elaborated personality that reaches far beyond the brief biblical notes.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>In the 20th century, William Golding&#8217;s novel <em>Lord of the Flies<\/em> (1954) brought the name to a wide readership without allowing the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being attributed with harmful or ambivalent power.\">demon<\/span> himself to appear: the title refers to the pig&#8217;s head impaled on a stake, swarming with flies, and to the evil that, in Golding&#8217;s view, lies within the human being itself.<\/span><\/p><p>In modern culture, Beelzebub is thus less a concrete figure than a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An image that stands for an abstract idea.\">symbol<\/span> of decay and of the evil that comes from within.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recommended internal links:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/christianity\/\">Christianity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lucifer\/\">Lucifer<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/leviathan\/\">Leviathan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/legion-possession-and-collective-demons\/\">Legion<\/a><\/li><li>Demonization of foreign deities in biblical polemic<\/li><li>Grimoire literature<\/li><li>Plague-saint <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\">iconography<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliography (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>A selection of key works on Beelzebub:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Tate, Marvin \/ Haas, Peter (eds.): <em>Baal Worship in the Old Testament<\/em>. Studies 1991.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Duling, Dennis C.: &#8220;Testament of Solomon.&#8221; In: James Charlesworth (ed.): <em>Old Testament Pseudepigrapha<\/em>, vol. 1. New York 1983.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Russell, Jeffrey Burton: <em>Satan<\/em>, vol. 2. Ithaca 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Forsyth, Neil: <em>The Old Enemy<\/em>. Princeton 1987.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gaster, Theodor H.: &#8220;Beelzebul.&#8221; In: <em>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible<\/em>. 2nd ed. Leiden 1999.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8736371 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8736371\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-889d9ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"889d9ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently Asked Questions about Beelzebub<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who is Beelzebub?<\/h3><p>Beelzebub (Hebrew: Baal-Zebub, Lord of the Flies) was originally the city god of the Philistine Ekron, mocked in 2 Kings 1:2-6. In the New Testament, Beelzebub is one of the epithets for Satan (Mark 3:22).<\/p><p>In the medieval grimoire system (Lemegeton, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lateinischer Originaltitel des Hexenhammers; 1486\/87 in Speyer erschienen.\" tabindex=\"0\">Malleus Maleficarum<\/span>), Beelzebub appears as one of the highest princes of hell, often second after Satan or Lucifer.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>What role does Beelzebub play in demonological literature?<\/h3><p>In the Malleus Maleficarum (1487) and in the Lemegeton (the Solomonic book), Beelzebub is one of the most powerful of the 72 princes of hell.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Johann Weyer, in his Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (1577), assigns him supreme command over the eastern army of hell. In the popular Christian imagination, he is the Lord of the Flies, a mythic reference to the stench of decay and disease.<\/span><\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who is Beelzebub?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Beelzebub (Hebrew: Baal-Zebub, Lord of the Flies) was originally the city god of the Philistine Ekron, mocked in 2 Kings 1:2-6. In the New Testament, Beelzebub is one of the epithets for Satan (Mark 3:22). 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DemonChristianityGoetia Table of Contents Beelzebub Beelzebub is one of the most striking cases of a figure&#8217;s transformation in religious history: originally a local god of the Philistine city of Ekron [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4530,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Beelzebub","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Beelzebub: God of the Christian Tradition | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Beelzebub is one of the most striking cases of a figure's transformation in religious 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